A&P Midterm Homework and Quiz Accumulation

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Vitamin D3 synthesis

The hydrolysis of ATP yields the molecule ________.

adenosine diphosphate

Chemical reactions that release energy are categorized as ________.

exergonic

The smallest functional unit of life is considered to be the ________.

cell

Which of the following organ systems directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems? - cardiovascular - endocrine - respiratory - nervous

endocrine

Compared to other muscle cells, what is one thing unique to cardiac muscle cells?

intercalated discs

Chemical bonds that are created by the transfer of electrons are called __________.

ionic bonds

Which of the following are small, finger-shaped projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area?

microvilli

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP?

mitochondria

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the superficial muscles of the anterior body (1 of 3).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the superficial muscles of the anterior body (2 of 3).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the superficial muscles of the anterior body (3 of 3).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the surface anatomy of the cerebrum (lateral view).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the ventricles and associated structures.

see picture

Label the parts of the structures of the cutaneous membrane and associated structures (2 of 2).

see picture

Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?

sucrose

Collectively, the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus make up __________.

the hamstrings

Collagen, elastic, and reticular describe what?

the three types of connective tissue fibers

Which muscle dorsiflexes the foot?

tibialis anterior

A type of intercellular connection in which the outermost lipid portions of two plasma membranes is fused is termed a(n)

tight junction.

What do cervical vertebrae have that none of the other types of vertebrae have?

transverse foramina

Which of the following is the large, superficial muscle covering the upper back and portions of the neck?

trapezius

Which of the following is NOT a cranial bone?

zygomatic

What is the neurotransmitter that is responsible for triggering contraction of muscle fibers?

acetylcholine (ACh)

Which of the following is a cartilage cell?

chondrocyte

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integument?

conduction of electrical impulses

The smooth, rounded, or oval articular process of a bone is termed a

condyle

A transparent mucous membrane covering the sclera is the __________.

conjunctiva

The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the

hypodermis

Unlike skeletal tissue, cardiac muscle tissue __________.

is involuntary, and contains branched cells and intercalated discs

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by which of the following?

longitudinal fissure

The gastrocnemius is what to the soleus?

posterior

Which of the following is NOT a general sense?

taste

The photoreceptors of the retina are called ________.

rods and cones

Which of the following is not a coxal or hip bone?

sacrum

Which of the following is an oil gland that secretes into hair follicles?

sebaceous gland

The type of epithelium that is found in the exchange surfaces of the lungs is

simple squamous.

Which organ system is observed here?

Skeletal

The drug Dantrolene treats malignant hyperthermia by blocking calcium release into the sarcoplasm and terminating skeletal muscle contractions. Which of the following statements best describes why skeletal muscle relaxes in the absence of calcium?

The active site on actin is blocked by tropomyosin.

Which of the following is correct in regards to positive feedback? - Thermoregulation is an example of positive feedback. - Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body involve positive feedback. - Regardless of whether the stimulus rises or falls at the receptor, a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation. - The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus.

The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus.

Radiopacity is the ability of a substance to stop the passage of x-rays. Areas that are impenetrable by x-rays appear light or white on the exposed film. What body system would have the most radiopaque x-ray results?

The skeletal system

What is an osteocyte?

a mature bone cell

Which of the following is NOT an effect of activation of the sympathetic division?

constriction of the pupils

Which nucleus or portion of the brain is important in learning and in the storage of long-term memories?

hippocampus

Which of the following is cranial nerve (CN) X?

vagus

Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight.

vitamin D3

Before reaching the lens of the eye, light will NOT pass through which structure?

vitreous humor

The most acidic solution would have a pH of ________.

0

Select the type of sensation that comes only from the muscular system.

Proprioception

Which subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of the atom?

Protons and neutrons

Where in the skeletal system are blood cells produced?

Red bone marrow

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA copied?

S

Oligodendrocytes are to CNS as ________ are to PNS.

Schwann cells

What is the fluid inside the cell called?

cytosol

Through which mechanism does perspiration function in cooling the body?

evaporation

Which membrane type lines cavities that communicate with the exterior and have moist surfaces?

mucous membranes

Three nitrogenous base sequences on mRNA, which are complementary to gene triplets, are called

codons

The basic repeating unit of a muscle fiber is called the __________.

sarcomere

Which body section is shown here?

sagittal

Which of the following is NOT one of the special senses?

Touch

The entire spinal cord is divided into ________ segments.

31

Which connective tissue cell is labeled "B"?

Adipocyte

The study of body structure is called ________.

anatomy

What is the difference between saltatory and continuous propagation of nerve impulses?

Saltatory carries impulses at a faster rate than continuous propagation.

What do ependymal cells do?

Ependymal cells line the central canal and ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Several complex joints, including the knee, contain both hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. What is the difference between these two kinds of cartilage?

Fibrocartilage has a denser network of collagen fibers and very little ground substance in the matrix as compared to hyaline cartilage.

Which of the following is NOT a taste sensation?

Oil

This tissue has specialized cells, extracellular fibers, and fluid known as ground substance.

connective

Which type of neuronal pool is depicted here and what is its purpose?

convergence, which occurs when multiple neurons feed into a single neuron.

Which of the following is a transparent, anterior continuation of the sclera?

cornea

The skin is sometimes referred to as the

cutaneous membrane.

The study of cells and cellular structures is called

cytology

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in

depolarization

The shaft of a long bone is called the ________.

diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone is called the __________.

diaphysis

Problems with joints are relatively common, especially in older people. Rheumatism is a general term for pain and stiffness in the skeletal or muscular systems, or both. Arthritis includes all the rheumatic diseases that affect joints. What types of joints are freely movable?

diarthroses

Considering that humans begin as a single cell, what term describes the changes that have to occur for the many cell types found in tissues to form?

differentiation

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called __________.

diffusion

Which of the following is NOT a common function of all living things? - growth - digestion - metabolism - responsiveness

digestion

Recall that water is an excellent solvent (as you saw in Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization). This property is due to the polar nature of water molecules. As a result of their polarity, water molecules can surround ions and keep them in solution by preventing ionic bonds from forming. What is it called when ionic bonds are broken as individual ions interact with the positive or negative ends of polar water molecules?

dissociation

The four basic types of tissue found in a complex organism such as a human body are __________.

epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural

The large "bump" on the temporal bone just posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus is the __________.

mastoid process

Which of the following is common to all connective tissue and consists of the extracellular fibers and ground substance?

matrix

Recall that cells are the smallest living units that exhibit the basic functions of living things —responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, and metabolism (as you saw in Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology). Which one of those basic functions of living things refers to the summation of all the chemical reactions in the body?

metabolism

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the bones of the skeleton (4 of 4).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the cranial meninges and associated structures.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the extrinsic eye muscles.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the gross anatomy of the spinal cord (1 of 2).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the microscopic structure of a typical bone (1 of 2).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the cell membrane.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the cell.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the muscle fiber.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the muscle twitch/tension cycle within the muscle fiber.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the muscle.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the neuron.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the sarcomere.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the structures of the cutaneous membrane and associated structures (1 of 2).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the parts of the ventral body cavity.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the shapes of bone.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the spinal curves and regions (1 of 2).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the steps to fracture repair.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the structural classification of neurons.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the structures of a typical synapse.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the structures of the ear.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the structures of the nail.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the structures of the neuron.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the superficial muscles of the posterior body (1 of 3).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the superficial muscles of the posterior body (2 of 3).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the superficial muscles of the posterior body (3 of 3).

see picture

The nervous system and most other organ systems interact with each other. Drag each function into the column of the organ system that provides that function.

see picture

Plasma membranes allow certain molecules to pass, while blocking others. Membranes with this property are called

selectively permeable.

What is the final target destination in the brain of both the posterior column and spinothalamic pathways?

sensory cortex

The membrane lining the peritoneal cavity is an example of what type of membrane?

serous

Which of the following provides control over skeletal muscles?

somatic nervous system

A commonly performed exfoliative cytology procedure is a Pap test for cervical cancer. The test involves scraping a small number of epithelial cells from the tip of cervix, which has the same type of epithelial tissue as the vagina. What kind of epithelial cells are being collected during a Pap test?

stratified squamous

A useful technique for long-term drug administration, called transdermal administration, involves putting a sticky, drug-containing patch over an area of thin skin. What epidermal layer is found in thick and NOT in thin skin?

stratum lucidum

The skin is ________ to the heart.

superficial

A shift of positively charged ions into the cell is called __________.

depolarization

Which of the following is a freely movable joint?

diarthrosis

Which of the following is a red-yellow or brown-black pigment produced in the epidermis?

melanin

Which level of organization is depicted here?

organ

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the directional terms (1 of 2).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the directional terms (2 of 2).

see picture

All anatomical terms and directions are always based on what premises? - Superior is always up. - The person must always be standing up. - The person is in anatomical position. - The person is always standing.

The person is in anatomical position.

Which of the following is NOT a muscle for chewing food?

buccinator

Bicarbonate is an example of which of the following?

buffer (I think)

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are examples of __________.

carbohydrates

Which of the following is an automatic processing center that controls balance and fine-tuning of learned movements?

cerebellum

Which gives the correct order of meninges from outside to inside?

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Which abdominal pelvic region is directly medial and superior to the left lumbar? - right hypochondriac - hypogastric - umbilical - epigastric

epigastric

Which of the following is the layer of collagen fibers that surrounds the entire muscle?

epimysium

What are chemical structures that contain more than one atom bonded together by shared electrons?

molecules

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called what?

osmosis

Which of the following is responsible for the production of new bone?

osteoblasts

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the __________.

papillary layer

The hair cells of the cochlear duct that are responsible for hearing are located in the __________.

spiral organ

Which of the following is NOT an auditory ossicle?

stapedius

What is the deepest epidermal layer called?

stratum basale

What is the main role of vitamin D3 produced in the skin?

Uptake of calcium

The main function of this organelle is to produce __________.

ATP

The hormone calcitonin functions to

depress calcium levels in body fluids.

Where is the latissimus dorsi located?

lower back

Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelia?

storage

What is the importance of the lipids that are stored in the skeletal system?

They are stored as energy reserves.

Homeostasis refers to which of the following? - a state in which the body does not make any changes - a state where the body is not functionally normally - a state in which a stimulus is amplified or increased - a state of consistent internal environment

a state of consistent internal environment

Malignant hyperthermia causes a high demand for ATP within the muscle cells. Which of the following ATP-consuming events causes skeletal muscles to relax?

active transport of Ca2+ back into the terminal cisterns

During David's hyperthermic crisis, Dr. Hodges reports that he has an elevated level of exhaled carbon dioxide. Which ATP-generating metabolic pathway produces carbon dioxide as a by-product?

aerobic metabolism

Which of the following is connected by peptide bonds and function as a building block for proteins?

amino acids

Which phase of mitosis involves the splitting or "pulling apart" of chromatids?

anaphase

Ions with a negative charge are called

anions

The aqueous humor fills and stabilizes which of the following?

anterior cavity

Recall that a synovial membrane lines the cavity of a freely movable joint (as you in saw Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization). The synovial fluid it secretes lubricates the joint and permits smooth movement. What kind of cells secrete the synovial fluid?

fibroblasts

In which part of the eye is the highest concentration of cones found?

fovea

The ________ is considered the site of sharpest vision, while the ________ is the blind spot of the eye.

fovea centralis; optic disc

Which plane of dissection would cut through hypochondriac, umbilical, and epigastric abdominopelvic regions all at the same time? - frontal or coronal - sagittal - midsagittal - transverse

frontal or coronal

The head of the humerus articulates with what on the scapula?

glenoid cavity

The energy of motion is called what?

kinetic energy

Pollex is __________ to the olecranon. - medial and distal - lateral, proximal, and anterior - lateral, distal, and ventral - medial, posterior, and proximal

lateral, distal, and ventral

The pale crescent or half-moon at the base of the nail is called the __________.

lunula

Cells in the digestive tract have to transport digested materials across the plasma membranes of their apical surfaces. What structure would help increase the ability of these cells to transport digested nutrients?

microvilli

The major function of the golgi apparatus is to __________.

modify and package secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

Nonstriated, involuntary muscle is

smooth

The muscle tissue without striations is ________ muscle.

smooth

Recall that neurons communicate through electrical events that affect their plasma membranes (as we saw in Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization). These events also occur in the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibers. What kind of nervous cells provide support to neurons?

neuroglia

What type of molecule is represented here?

nucleic acid

Recall that a skeletal muscle begins at an origin, ends at an insertion, and contracts to produce a specific action (as you saw in Chapter 7: The Muscular System). Generally, a muscle's origin remains stationary, and the insertion moves. Recall we can also describe muscles by their primary actions. What is the name for a muscle that helps a prime mover work efficiently?

synergist

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

temperature maintenance

The process of synthesizing an mRNA chain through the use of DNA molecules is called

transcription

The synthesis of a protein using information provided by the sequence of codons along the mRNA strand in the cytosol is called what?

translation

Which anatomical landmark is lateral, superior, and posterior to the oris? - nasal - mental - otic - occipital

otic

Hip fractures most often occur in individuals over the age of 60, when osteoporosis has weakened the thigh bones. These injuries may be accompanied by dislocation of the hip. What is the name of the pelvic joint cavity that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint?

acetabulum

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic shapes of epithelium?

pseudostratified

What is the lateral bone of the forearm?

radius

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the nerve plexuses.

see picture

Select the mechanism by which the nervous system affects the skeletal system.

By controlling muscle contractions, which exert force on bone

Jaw muscle contraction (masseter spasm) is one of the key physical findings seen in David's case of malignant hyperthermia. Explain how calcium functions to cause contraction of a skeletal muscle cell.

Calcium binding to troponin triggers it to change shape and pivot. This action pulls tropomyosin off the actin binding sites for myosin on the thin myofilament. This sets the stage for cross bridge formation. At this point, the myosin heads have already been activated by the hydrolysis of ATP before cross bridges can form.

Which of the following molecules are considered inorganic?

Water

An enzyme is a(n) __________.

catalyst

The brain and spinal cord comprise the

central nervous system.

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are both examples of what?

endocytosis

Which type of solution causes a red blood cell to shrivel and shrink?

hypertonic

A severe head injury may damage cerebral blood vessels and cause bleeding into the cranial cavity. If blood is forced between the dura mater and the skull, the condition is known as an epidural hemorrhage. A subdural hemorrhage is bleeding between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. What is the deepest or innermost layer of the cranial meninges?

pia mater

Which of the following is directly lateral to the mediastinum? - pleural cavity - pelvic cavity - pericardial cavity - peritoneal cavity

pleural cavity

The increasingly forceful labor contractions that lead to childbirth are an example of which type of mechanism?

positive feedback

Although the integumentary and skeletal systems support each other, both systems also have their own unique functions. Drag and drop each of the functions listed below into the column of the organ system that provides that function.

see picture

Where are the saccule and utricle located?

vestibule

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the anatomy of the eye.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the bones of the skeleton (1 of 4).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the bones of the skeleton (2 of 4).

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the bones of the skeleton (3 of 4).

see picture

The integumentary system protects deeper structures from which of the following?

- Dehydration (water loss) - Physical damage from impacts - Chemicals - Infections ALL OF THEM^

Identify the component of the nucleus in which rRNA synthesis and the assembly of ribosomal subunits occur.

3

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are non-coding repeating regions in DNA. The number of STR repetitions vary among individuals and can be used for identification in a process called DNA fingerprinting. How do the nucleotides of DNA code for protein?

A sequence of three nitrogenous bases represents a single amino acid.

When the abdominal muscles contract forcefully, pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity can increase dramatically, applying pressure to internal organs. The pressure is relieved if an individual exhales at the same time. But during vigorous isometric exercises or when lifting a weight while holding one's breath, pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity can rise high enough to cause a variety of problems. Among them is the development of a hernia. A hernia develops when an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the surrounding body cavity wall. Diaphragmatic hernias are a common type of hernia. What is the action of the diaphragm?

Contraction of the diaphragm expands thoracic cavity and compresses abdominopelvic cavity.

Which type of reaction is depicted here?

Decomposition

Dr. Hodges notes that David's exhaled carbon dioxide levels are elevated. List all the metabolic pathways that function to synthesize ATP for skeletal muscle contraction. Which of these pathways produces carbon dioxide as a by-product?

Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate - Anaerobic metabolism. Aerobic metabolism: has the highest yield of ATP (32) and produces CO2.

Malignant hyperthermia causes a hypermetabolic state in skeletal muscle, which is triggered by high demands for ATP during uncontrolled muscle contractions. Question part a: What is the role of ATP in cross bridge cycling? Question part b: What is the role of ATP in generating a resting membrane potential? Question part c: What is the role of ATP in maintaining calcium concentration gradients?

For part a: Activation of the myosin head is required for contraction and uses one ATP per cross bridge cycle. For part b: The Na+/K+ pump helps maintain resting membrane potential, which is a prerequisite for depolarization and action potential propagation. The pump hydrolyzes one ATP molecule in the transport of three Na+ out of the cell and two K+ into the cell. For part c: Calcium must be actively pumped back into the terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to terminate the contraction and relax the skeletal muscle. For every Ca2+ transported, one ATP molecule is hydrolyzed.

During malignant hyperthermia, there is an increased amount of calcium released into the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle cells. Question part a: What organelle stores calcium in muscles cells? Question part b: Describe the events that must occur in the muscle cell before calcium is released from this organelle.

For part a: Sarcoplasmic reticulum For part b: The junctional fold of the motor end plate must be depolarized and a wave of depolarization travels along the sarcolemma.The transverse tubules carry the depolarizing current to the interior of the muscle cell where they activate voltage-sensitive channels to change shape. This shape change opens calcium-release channels in the terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Once open a massive amount of calcium floods into the sarcoplasm.

The skin provides a somewhat waterproof outer shell that helps the body retain water. However, one of the integument's other functions involves losing water (along with salts and organic wastes). Which function is that?

Heat loss through sweating

On a hot day, the nervous system helps regulate body temperature most directly through its interactions with which organ system?

Integumentary system

The exposed surface of an epithelial cell is referred to as the __________.

apical surface

Dantrolene is the only drug available to treat malignant hyperthermia. It works by inhibiting calcium channels of the terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Explain how this inhibition helps to terminate skeletal muscle contraction. What effect would this have on David's body temperature?

Once the outflow of calcium stops, the active transport of calcium back into the SR "catches up," causing a net reduction in the concentration of calcium in the sarcoplasm. In the absence of calcium, troponin reverts back to its original shape. This pulls tropomyosin back over the myosin binding sites on the thin myofilament which blocks the formation of cross bridges between actin and myosin. Once the uncontrolled skeletal muscle contractions stop, David's body temperature would begin to fall back toward normal.

Osteoporosis is a condition that reduces bone mass so much that normal function is compromised. Sex hormones are important in maintaining normal rates of bone deposition. Over age 45, an estimated 29 percent of women and 18 percent of men have osteoporosis. Osteoporotic bones break easily and do not repair well. Which bone cells are responsible for the formation of new bone matrix?

Osteoblasts are the bone cells that produce new bone matrix.

Which of the following is true?

Skeletal muscles pull on bones to produce movement.

Which organ system serves as the primary protection of the central nervous system?

Skeletal system

What role does the female integumentary system have in human reproduction?

Specialized integumentary glands produce milk.

In which of the epidermal layers are the cells undergoing mitosis?

Stratum basale

Identify the order of layers that a piece of glass would puncture as it passes through the skin on the palm of the hand.

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale, dermal papillae

Which of the following is the simplest level of organization?

chemical

Diets that contain large amounts of saturated fatty acids have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease and other cardiovascular problems. What makes a saturated fatty acid different from an unsaturated fatty acid?

The carbon atoms in saturated fatty acids have four single covalent bonds and therefore have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.

Sodium chloride dissolved in water is an example of which of the following?

a solute

Homeostasis refers to which of the following?

a state of consistent internal environment

Which of the following is the correct definition of an acid?

a substance that releases hydrogen ions into a solution

Recall that a single axon of a motor neuron may branch to control more than one skeletal muscle fiber (as you saw in Chapter 7: The Muscular System). Each branch ends in an axon terminal that is part of a neuromuscular junction. Each skeletal muscle fiber has only one neuromuscular junction. A motor unit is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. What is the name of the neurotransmitter released by a neuron to communicate with skeletal muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine

Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter?

acetylcholinesterase

The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from

actin and myosin arrangement.

A cell must expend energy to accomplish substance movement during ________.

active transport

Probably more than 6 million people in the United States alone have at least a partial hearing deficit. Conductive deafness results from conditions in the external or middle ear that block the normal transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window, for example, when the external acoustic meatus is plugged by built-up wax or trapped water. Scarring or perforation of the tympanic membrane and immobilization of one or more of the auditory ossicles are more serious causes of conductive deafness. In nerve deafness, the problem lies within the cochlea and receptors that either cannot respond or their response cannot reach its CNS destinations. What is the final destination of auditory information?

auditory cortex

A structure that allows the middle ear to communicate with the nasopharynx is the

auditory tube.

What we perceive also varies with the state of our nervous system. Recall that the sympathetic nervous system is often called the "fight or flight" system (as you saw in Chapter 8: The Nervous System). During sympathetic activation, you experience an increased state of alertness. In other words, you have a heightened awareness of sensory information. The sympathetic nervous system—which works through control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions—is a division of what nervous system?

autonomic nervous system

Which division of the skeleton does bone "F" belong to?

axial

Recall that the epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium and is found where mechanical stresses are severe (as you saw in Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization). Such an epithelium provides physical protection against abrasion and chemical attack and helps keep microorganisms outside the body. What is the name of the structure that connects epithelia cells to underlying connective tissue?

basement membrane

What structure is deep to the epidermis and superficial to the dermis?

basement membrane

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?

bone tissue

David's body temperature rises far above normal during his surgery. Which of the following structures plays a role in regulating body temperature?

both skin and skeletal muscle

Recall that skeletal muscle tissue is described as striated voluntary muscle tissue (as you saw in Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization). This description is based on the presence of regularly repeating groups of actin and myosin filaments within skeletal muscle cells. It also refers to the fact that the nervous system provides voluntary control over this tissue. What kind of striated muscle tissue is under involuntary control?

cardiac

Recall that atoms are the smallest stable units of matter (as you saw in Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology). In the first level of organization, the chemical level, atoms combine to form larger structures, such as molecules or groups of molecules, with complex shapes. In the second level of organization, different molecules interact to form larger structures with specific functions. After the chemical level, what is the next or second level of organization?

cellular level of organization

Glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called ________ glands.

ceruminous

Drugs are commonly injected into tissues rather than directly into the bloodstream. This method makes it possible to introduce a large amount of a drug at one treatment, yet have it enter the circulation gradually. An intramuscular (IM) injection introduces the drug into the mass of a large skeletal muscle. Bulky muscles, like the gluteus maximus and deltoid muscles that contain few large vessels or nerves make ideal injection sites. The vastus lateralis muscle is another common injection site. The vastus lateralis belongs to the quadriceps group. What is the principle action of the vastus lateralis and the other quadriceps muscles?

extension of the knee

To form an effective barrier that protects underlying tissues, the epithelial cells of the skin must hold onto one another and also be connected to the rest of the body. They do this with specialized cell junctions known as desmosomes and hemidesmosomes (as you saw in Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization). Desmosomes lock together the plasma membranes of epithelial cells, forming the different strata of the epidermis. Hemidesmosomes firmly attach the deepest cells of the stratum basale to the extracellular basement membrane. What kind of specialized cell junction permits the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between two cells?

gap junction

The cerebrum is the largest region of the brain. It is the site where conscious thought and intellectual functions originate. Disorders of the cerebrum can affect the ability to perform daily intellectual tasks, for example speaking, reading and motor control. Aphasia is a disorder affecting the ability to speak or read and is often the result of a severe stroke or tumor that affects a large area of the cerebral cortex, including the speech and language areas. Dyslexia is a disorder affecting the comprehension and use of words. A seizure is a temporary cerebral disorder accompanied by abnormal involuntary movements, unusual sensations, or inappropriate behavior. Much of our conscious and intellectual functions reside in the cortex of the cerebrum. What is the name of the folds or convolutions that are found on the cerebral cortex and expand its surface area?

gyri

Recall that exocrine glands secrete their products onto an epithelial surface (as you saw in Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization). These secretions reach the surface either directly (mucous cells) or through tubular ducts that open onto the surface of the skin, or onto an epithelium lining, an internal passageway that connects to the exterior. Exocrine glands can be classified according to their mode of secretion or type of secretion. Which type of exocrine secretion is characterized by the entire cell becoming packed with secretory vesicles and then bursting, releasing the secretion but killing the cell?

holocrine

Recall that the nervous system directs immediate responses to stimuli (as you saw in Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology). It usually does so by coordinating the activities of other organ systems. It also provides and interprets sensory information about internal and external conditions. What is the name for the stable internal environment that every living organism must maintain to survive?

homeostasis

The term used to describe muscular growth in response to usage is

hypertrophy

Which of the following contains large quantities of adipose tissue, blood vessels, and nerve cells, but does not contain any vital organs?

hypodermis

Recall that cations are atoms that have lost an electron and so have a positive electrical charge (as you saw in Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization). Atoms that have gained electrons have a negative electrical charge and are called anions. What kind of bonds do cations and anions form?

ionic bonds

Atoms that are of the same element but contain different numbers of neutrons are called

isotopes

The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called

keratin

Mutations are permanent changes in the nucleotide sequence of a cell's DNA. Mutations may involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes and their long segments of DNA, or they may involve only single nucleotides. Most mutations occur during DNA replication, when cells are preparing for cell division. What is the term for when a person's cells do NOT all have the same genetic makeup?

mosaicism

Clostridium tetani bacterium can cause the disease called tetanus. When active in body tissues, these bacteria release a powerful toxin that affects the central nervous system. Motor neurons, which control skeletal muscles throughout the body, are particularly sensitive to it. The toxin suppresses the mechanism that inhibits motor neuron activity. The result is a sustained, powerful contraction of skeletal muscles throughout the body. A typical skeletal muscle contains thousands of muscle fibers. Some motor neurons control a single muscle fiber, but most control hundreds or thousands of muscle fibers through multiple axon terminals. What is the term for a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls?

motor unit

Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.

muscle

Which of the following is a pain receptor?

nociceptor

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify different types of epithelial tissues.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the accessory structures of the eye.

see picture

Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the anatomy of the eye (2 of 2).

see picture

Demyelination is the progressive destruction of myelin sheaths, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The result is a gradual loss of sensation and motor control that leaves affected body regions numb and paralyzed. One demyelination disorder is multiple sclerosis. What is the name of the glial cell that produces myelin in the central nervous system?

oligodendrocytes

Generally it is accepted that some kinds of fatty acids are healthier than others. What fatty acid found in fish is associated with reduced risks for heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases?

omega-3 fatty acids

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions (Ca2+) are important in many physiological processes, NOT the least of which is muscle contraction. Recall that the skin plays an important role in calcium metabolism by synthesizing vitamin D3 (as you saw in Chapter 5: The Integumentary System). This vitamin is modified by the liver and converted by the kidneys into calcitriol, the hormone essential for calcium and phosphate absorption by the small intestine. Our bones also have a role in calcium metabolism (as you saw in Chapter 6: The Skeletal System). They provide a mineral reserve for maintaining normal calcium (and phosphate) levels in body fluids. What is the name of the bone cell that secretes acids and enzymes that dissolve the bony matrix and release the stored minerals through osteolysis?

osteoclast

The bone cells that contribute to increases in calcium in blood are the

osteoclasts

Recall that bone is a supporting connective tissue (as you saw in Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization). All of the features and properties of the skeletal system ultimately depend on the unique and constantly changing properties of bone. What is the name of the mature bone cell that lives in the lacunae of bone?

osteocytes

Several inheritable mitochondrial disorders are the result of defective enzymes that reduce the efficiency of ATP production. The process of mitochondrial energy production is known as aerobic metabolism because it consumes what?

oxygen

Recall that sensory receptors are present in the dermis and deeper layers of the epidermis (as you saw in Chapter 5: The Integumentary System). Dermal nerve fibers monitor these sensory receptors, which provide sensations of touch, pain, pressure, and temperature. What is the name of the dermal layer that consists of areolar tissue that contains the capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons that supply the surface of the skin?

papillary

The connective tissue covering the outer surface of a bone is (the)

periosteum

What membrane transportation process is depicted at numbers 1 and 2?

phagocytosis

Recall that carbon is the second most common element in our body and is found in all organic molecules. Recall, too, that carbon atoms contain four electrons in their outer electron shell. With this number of electrons, carbon atoms may form up to four single covalent bonds. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between bonding atoms. What kind of covalent bond is formed when the electrons are NOT shared equally between the bonding atoms, for example, when hydrogen and oxygen atoms bond in a water molecule?

polar

Neural tissue is very active metabolically. What imaging technique allows for the visualization of metabolic and physiological activity in soft neural tissue structures like the brain?

positron emission tomography (PET)

Which of the following describes an epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells with varying heights?

pseudostratified

Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin that mainly involves the papillary layer of the dermis. The inflammation typically begins in an area of the skin exposed to infection or irritated by chemicals, radiation, or mechanical stimuli, such as scratching. What is the name of the other, deeper layer of the dermis?

reticular layer

How well you see, or visual acuity, is rated on the basis of the sight of a "normal" person. A person whose vision is rated 20/20 can see details at a distance of 20 feet as clearly as a "normal" individual would. Disorders that affect how light enters the eye can also affect vision. Cataracts can result from drug reactions, injuries, or ultraviolet radiation from sunlight or other sources. Over time, the lens becomes less elastic, takes on a yellowish hue, and eventually begins to lose its transparency. As the lens becomes opaque, or "cloudy," the individual needs brighter and brighter reading light and visual clarity fades. What is the name of the photoreceptor-containing eye structure where light rays are focused?

retina

The visual pigments of the photoreceptors are synthesized from vitamin A. The body contains vitamin A reserves for several months, and a significant amount is stored in the cells of the pigmented part of the retina. If dietary sources are inadequate, these reserves are gradually exhausted, and the amount of visual pigment in the photoreceptors begins to decline. Daylight vision is affected. However, in daytime, the light is usually bright enough to stimulate any remaining visual pigments in the cones. As a result, the problem first becomes apparent at night, when the light is dim and cannot activate the rods. This condition, known as night blindness, can be treated by administering vitamin A. What is the name of the compound that the visual pigments are derived from?

rhodopsin

The major cause of malignant hyperthermia is uncontrolled release of calcium into the sarcoplasm of muscle cells. What intracellular organelle functions to store and release calcium?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Burns are relatively common injuries that result from skin exposure to heat, friction, radiation, electrical shock, or strong chemical agents. When evaluating burns in a clinical setting, two key factors must be determined: the depth of the burn and the percentage of skin surface area that has been burned. What kind of burn is characterized by blistering?

second-degree burn

Drag each example into the appropriate column for the major function it represents.

see picture

A collection of cells that work together designates a(n)

tissue

What is the function of the compound seen here?

to serve as an energy reserve

Skeletal muscle contraction is calcium dependent. The protein ________ binds calcium and is part of the _________ myofilament.

troponin; thin

Recall that two methods are used to refer to the locations of aches, pains, injuries, and internal organs of the abdomen and pelvis. Clinicians refer to four abdominopelvic quadrants. Anatomists refer to nine abdominopelvic regions. Which one of the nine abdominopelvic regions contains the intersection of all four abdominopelvic quadrants?

umbilical region

Which gland is responsible for odorous secretions concentrated in the armpits and groin?

apocrine sweat gland

Which of the following is a bundle of smooth muscle cells that connects to each hair?

arrector pili

The number of protons in an atom is known as the atom's __________.

atomic number

Which of the following is the correct definition of an isotope?

atoms of a given element that differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus

This muscle allows you to do a "pull-up," or pull yourself up from a hanging position.

biceps brachii