A&P Review Chapters 1-4

What is formed from granulation tissue? A) Edema B) Secondary union C) Epithelial tissue D) Scar

D) Scar

Which of the following categories of epithelium is based on cell shape? A) Columnar B) Keratinized C) Stratified D) Transitional E) Simple

A) Columnar

How does a buffer help a solution maintain pH? A) A buffer can act like a base if pH is acidic, and it can act like an acid if pH is basic. B) A buffer releases a base to neutralize an acid. C) A buffer forms both cations and anions to counteract acids. D) A buffer releases acid to maintain proper pH.

A) A buffer can act like a base if pH is acidic, and it can act like an acid if pH is basic.

In intestinal epithelial cells, Na+ is in higher concentrations outside of the cells. This gradient provides the energy for the symport of glucose into the cells. Which of the following explain how this transport mechanism works? (Check all that apply.) A) Active transport of sodium out of the cell B) Active transport of sodium into the cell C) Carrier mediated transport of glucose into the cells D) Carrier mediated transport of sodium into the cell E) Active transport of potassium out of the cell

A) Active transport of sodium out of the cell C) Carrier mediated transport of glucose into the cells D) Carrier mediated transport of sodium into the cell

Aldosterone is a hormone that increase the level of Na+ in the blood. Considering negative-feedback regulation of blood Na+ levels, which of the following events would most likely be an effect of aldosterone on the body in blood Na+ levels decreased? A) Aldosterone would cause a decrease in the amount of Na+ that was excreted as part of urine. B) Aldosterone would cause an increase in the amount of Na+ that was excreted as part of urine. C) Aldosterone would reduce activity in the brain that stimulated salty food cravings. D) Aldosterone would decrease the amount of Na+ that is absorbed at the small intestine.

A) Aldosterone would cause a decrease in the amount of Na+ that was excreted as part of urine.

What is the examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by a disease? A) Autopsy B) Biopsy C) Histology D) Embryology E) All of the choices are correct.

A) Autopsy

Which of the following is associated with nervous tissue? A) Axon B) Desmosome C) Intercalated disc D) Lacuna E) Osteocyte

A) Axon

During the first step of gene expression, an RNA copy of a gene is made. which of the following represents the correct sequence produced from a gene segment with the following sequence: GAACTAAGC? A) CUUGAUUCG B) GAACUAAGC C) CTTGATTCG D) GUUCTUUGC

A) CUUGAUUCG

Which molecule determines the fluidity of the plasma membrane? A) Cholesterol B) Phospholipid C) Protein

A) Cholesterol

Which of the following is NOT a G-protein complex protein? A) Delta B) Gamma C) Alpha D) Beta E) None of the choices are correct.

A) Delta

Identify the embryonic germ layers. (Check all that apply.) A) Ectodem B) Endoderm C) Epiderm D) Exoderm E) Mesoderm

A) Ectodem B) Endoderm C) Epiderm

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) Endoderm - bone B) Mesoderm - muscle C) Ectoderm - skin D) Neuroectoderm - nervous system E) Neural crest cells - peripheral nervous system, skin pigment, tissues of the face

A) Endoderm - bone

Indicate the class of tissue that is capable of regeneration, is avascular, and consists of cells that are bound to each other via specialized junctions. A) Epithelial tissue B) Connective tissue C) Muscle tissue D) Nervous tissue

A) Epithelial tissue

Which type of tissue forms linings or coverings? A) Epithelial tissue B) Connective tissue C) Muscle tissue D) Nervous tissue

A) Epithelial tissue

Which type of gland possesses ducts? A) Exocrine B) Endocrine C) Ectocrine D) Epicrine E) Hypocrine

A) Exocrine

A cut along which plane would result in the anterior perspective of the body appearing normal, with no evident cut? A) Frontal B) Midsagittal C) Parasagittal D) Transverse

A) Frontal

Which of the following statements provides an accurate description of cellular physiology involving structures of the digestive system? A) Hepatocytes (liver cells) produce bile to aid in the breakdown of ingested lipids. B) Hemocytoblasts (blood stem cells) are located in the red bone marrow. C) Cardiac muscle cells contract to generate pressure that moves the blood through blood vessels. D) The epidermis, the superficial layer of the skin, is composed of multiple layers of cells.

A) Hepatocytes(liver cells) produce bile to aid in the breakdown of ingested lipids.

Which type of connective tissue forms most of the skeleton before it is replaced by bone? A) Hyaline cartilage B) Fibrocartilage C) Elastic cartilage D) Dense irregular elastic tissue E) Dense regular collagenous tissue

A) Hyaline cartilage

Red blood cells (RBCs) have been placed in three different solutions: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What is solution "C" relative to the RBC? A) Hypotonic solution B) Hypertonic solution C) Isotonic solution

A) Hypotonic solution

Which type of membrane proteins allow cells to identify one another? A) Marker molecules B) Channel protein C) Receptor proteins D) Enzymes E) Carrier proteins

A) Marker molecules

Which type of cell releases chemicals in response to injury and plays an important role in inflammation? A) Mast cell B) Adipocyte C) Osteoclast D) Stem cell E) Macrophage

A) Mast cell

What structure does "B" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? A) Membrane channel protein B) Phospholipid bilayer C) Internal membrane surface D) Peripheral protein E) Integral protein

A) Membrane channel protein

If a toxic drug inhibited mRNA synthesis, which of the following would be most directly affected? A) Protein synthesis B) Intracellular digestion C) Microtubule production D) Secretion of glycoproteins and lipoproteins E) Active transport

A) Protein synthesis

A construction worker was injured when a metal rod penetrated his abdominal wall inferior to his umbilicus and in the hypogastric region. The rod passed through to the lumbar region.Which of the following structures was most likely damaged? A) Urinary bladder B) Stomach C) Kidney D) Liver

A) Urinary bladder

Which type of cell would have an abundance of lysosomes? A) White blood cell, a phagocyte B) Mucus cell (secretes mucus) C) Liver cells that detoxify hydrogen peroxide D) Cardiac muscle cells (require large amounts of ATP) E) Fibroblast (makes protein fibers)

A) White blood cell, a phagocyte

An organelle is A) a small structure within a cell. B) a structure composed of several tissue types. C) the basic structural unit of all living organisms. D) a group of organs with a common set of functions. E) a group of cells with similar structure and function

A) a small structure within a cell

Proteins in cells can act as important buffer systems.If intracellular pH rises, certain_________ of proteins can________H+ to return pH to normal conditions. A) amino acids; donate B) nucleotides; donate C) amino acids; accept D) nucleotides; accept

A) amino acids; donate

A tissue that has a fluid matrix is ________. A) blood B) adipose tissue C) areolar tissue D) cartilage E) bone

A) blood

To which of the following organic groups lactose belong? A) Carbohydrate B) Protein C) Lipid D) Nucleic acid E) Vitamin

A) carbohydrate

Glycolipids would contain both lipids and ________. A) carbohydrates B) proteins C) electrolytes D) cholesterol E) amino acids

A) carbohydrates

A cell uses centrioles in the process of A) cell division. B) energy generation. C) protein synthesis. D) RNA replication. E) nuclear centering.

A) cell division.

which of the following would indicate dysfunction of the respiratory system? A) Change in blood pH B) Increase in blood glucose levels C) Increased blood pressure D) All of the choices are correct.

A) change in blood pH

Cells produce and respond to chemical and electrical signals as a mean of_________. A) communicating B) metabolizing C) reproducing D) synthesizing E) using energy

A) communicating

The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is___________. A) cytology B) histology C) molecular biology D) microbiology E) surface anatomy

A) cytology

Connective tissue in tendons is A) dense regular collagenous tissue. B) dense regular elastic tissue. C) dense irregular collagenous tissue. D) dense irregular elastic tissue. E) reticular tissue.

A) dense regular collagenous tissue.

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, _________ are transferred between molecules. A) electrons B) charges C) neutrons D) protons

A) electrons

Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines? A) Histology B) Physiology C) Gross anatomy D) Radiology E) Regional anatomy

A) histology

which of the following best describes the effect that holding your breath has on blood pH? A) Holding your breath increases blood pH by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. B) Holding your breath decreases blood pH by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. C) Holding your breath increases blood pH by decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. D) Holding your breath decreases blood pH by decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

A) holding your breath increases blood pH by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

If a 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a solution of 3.5% NaCl would be A) hypertonic to the cell. B) isotonic to the cell. C) hypotonic to the cell. D) catatonic to the cell. E) All of the choices are correct.

A) hypertonic to the cell.

Which of these has the highest H+ concentration? A) Lemon juice, pH = 2.3 B) Red wine, pH = 3.2 C) Tomato juice, pH = 4.7 D) Saliva, pH = 6.6 E) Household ammonia, pH = 10.8

A) lemon juice, pH= 2.3

If the esophagus were cut from superior to inferior, as it occurs in the thoracic cavity, this would be considered a _____________ section. A) longitudinal B) transverse C) oblique D) cross

A) longitudinal

A red blood cell that is placed in a hypertonic solution A) loses water. B) gains water. C) floats. D) ruptures. E) neither gains nor loses water

A) loses water.

Ion movement across the plasma membrane creates an electrical charge difference known as ________. A) membrane potential B) extracellular glycocalyx C) respiration D) transcription E) osmosis

A) membrane potential

Stratified epithelium consists of A) multiple layers of cells. B) a single layer of cells. C) a single layer of cells that changes shape when the tissue is stretched. D) a multiple layer of cells that appears to change shape when the tissue is stretched. E) None of the choices are correct.

A) multiple layers of cells.

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of__________. A) negative feedback B) positive feedback C) dynamic equilibrium D) integration control E) set point adjustment

A) negative feedback

The "control center" of the cell is the ________. A) nucleus B) ribosome C) mitochondrion D) plasma membrane E) endoplasmic reticulum

A) nucleus

The function of the Golgi apparatus is A) packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids. B) production of microtubules. C) excretion of excess salt. D) DNA replication. E) energy production.

A) packaging and distribution of proteins and lipids.

parathyroid hormone functions to increase calcium ion levels in blood. If its secretion is regulated through negative feedback, under which conditions would this hormone normally be released? A) Parathyroid hormone secretion occurs when blood calcium levels are too low. B) Parathyroid hormone secretion occurs when blood calcium levels are too high. C) Parathyroid secretion is constant to maintain blood calcium levels. D) Parathyroid hormone secretion increases in the morning and decreases in the afternoon.

A) parathyroid hormone secretion occurs when blood calcium levels are too low.

The predominant lipid in the cell membrane is a ________. A) phospholipid B) glycolipid C) cholesterol D) prostaglandin E) triglyceride

A) phospholipid

Ribosomes are organelles responsible for A) protein synthesis. B) manufacturing lipids. C) cell movement and cell shape. D) packaging "cell products" for export. E) energy production.

A) protein synthesis.

A person suffered burns over a large part of his body. Evaporation of fluid from the surface of burned areas occurs. As a result of the evaporation process, cells will tend to A) shrink. B) swell. C) rupture. D) first swell and then resume their original shape. E) remain unchanged.

A) shrink

Glands whose ducts have no branches are called ________. A) simple B) compound C) acinar D) alveolar E) branchless

A) simple

sandy had a cookie for a snack. which of the following statements accurately describes the fate of the carbon atoms in the sugar molecules present in sandy's cookie after she ingested it? A) The carbon atoms combined with hydrogen ions to buffer the stomach acids. B) The carbon atoms were released as part of carbon dioxide, which later was excreted as part of Sandy's urine. C) The carbon atoms were released as part of carbon dioxide, which later was excreted as part of exhaled air. D) The carbon atoms were stored in Sandy's bones until they were needed for some other cellular process

A) the carbon atoms combined with the hydrogen ions to buffer the stomach acids.

1.) if water accumulates between two sheets of glass, it is very difficult to separate them. Which of the following explanations best explains this situation? A) The cohesive property of water holds the two sheets of glass together. B) The adhesive property of water holds the sheets of glass together. C) The nonpolar covalent bonds in the class are attracted to the polar covalent bonds of the water, holding the two sheets of glass together.

A) the cohesive property of water holds the two sheets of glass together.

Hyperventilation causes the loss of large amounts of CO2 from the body, decreasing the amount of H+ in solution. As a result, A) the pH of body fluids will rise. B) the pH of body fluids will fall. C) the pH of body fluids will become neutral. D) the pH of body fluids will not be affected. E) None of these choices are correct.

A) the pH of body fluids will rise.

A research group is monitoring a series of reactions and have determined it is most likely a hydrolysis reaction because the number of_____________. A) water molecules decreased B) water molecules increased C) oxygen molecules increased D) oxygen molecules decreased

A) water molecules decreased

substance A is added to a solution, resulting in a decrease in the pH of the solution. substance A_________ the H+ concentration; therefore, it is considered a/an____________. A) increased; acid B) increased; base C) decreased; acid D) decreased; base

A)increased; acid

An organic molecule consists of carbon, hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , and sulfur; the molecule is probably A) carbon dioxide. B) an amino acid. C) a triglyceride (fat). D) a monosaccharide. E) a phospholipid

B) an amino acid

Which of the following chemical reactions best represents the synthesis of ATP? A) ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy B) ADP + Pi + energy → ATP + H2O C) ADP + ADP + ADP →ATP + energy D) ATP + energy → ADP + H2O E) ATP + ADP → ATP

B) ADP+Pi+energy>ATP+H2O

A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood.According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses? A) A decrease in heart rate B) An increase in the respiratory rate C) An increase in physical activity D) Unconsciousness E) Both a decrease in heart rate and an increase in the respiratory rate will occur.

B) An increase in the respiratory rate

Which of these molecules is hydrophobic? A) Glucose B) Cholesterol C) Amino acid D) Protein E) Disaccharide

B) Cholesterol

Which type of gland does not have ducts? A) Exocrine B) Endocrine C) Merocrine D) Apocrine E) Holocrine

B) Endocrine

Which organelle packages materials for secretion from the cell? A) Endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) Nucleolus D) Peroxisomes E) Flagellum

B) Golgi apparatus

In the process of tissue repair, which of the events listed below occurs last? A) The wound fills with blood and a clot forms. B) Granulation tissue develops. C) A scab forms to seal the wound. D) An inflammatory response occurs. E) Fibroblasts migrate to the area.

B) Granulation tissue develops.

Red blood cells (RBCs) have been placed in three different solutions: hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic. What is solution "B" relative to the RBC? A) Hypotonic solution B) Hypertonic solution C) Isotonic solution

B) Hypertonic solution

You are looking at a cell with the electron microscope and you notice the following characteristics: presence of many mitochondria and lysosomes; few, if any, Golgi apparatus; and many ribosomes. Which of the following is the most likely function of that cell? A) Secretion of lipids B) Intracellular digestion C) DNA replication D) Modification of protein E) Absorption of nutrients

B) Intracellular digestion

Which of the following cell structures is CORRECTLY matched with its function? A) Nucleolus - contains the genetic material of the cell B) Microtubules - cell support C) Mitochondria - protein synthesis D) Smooth ER - ATP production E) Ribosome - energy production

B) Microtubules - cell support

Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move. A) Most of the water will move by simple diffusion from solution A to solution B. B) Most of the water will move by osmosis from solution B to solution A. C) Most of the water will move by active transport from solution B to solution A. D) Most of the water will move by filtration from solution A to solution B. E) There will be no movement of water.

B) Most of the water will move by osmosis from solution B to solution A.

Which cell type would have many Golgi apparatuses? A) White blood cell, a phagocyte B) Mucus cell (secretes mucus) C) Liver cells that detoxify hydrogen peroxide D) Cardiac muscle cells (require large amounts of ATP) E) Fibroblast (makes protein fibers)

B) Mucus cell (secretes mucus)

What structure does "A" represent on the diagram of the plasma membrane? A) Membrane channel protein B) Phospholipid bilayer C) Internal membrane surface D) Peripheral protein E) Integral protein

B) Phospholipid bilayer

To which of the following organic group does hemoglobin belong? A) Carbohydrate B) Protein C) Lipid D) Nucleic acid E) Vitamin

B) Protein

Which of the following matrix molecules tends to trap large quantities of water? A) Collagen B) Proteoglycan C) Elastin D) Hyaluronic acid E) Reticular fibers

B) Proteoglycan

Which of the following activities is a function of the plasma membrane? A) Digestion of unneeded cell organelles B) Recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system C) Transport of products from the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum D) Cell metabolism E) Detoxification

B) Recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system

What occurs when wound edges are far apart? A) Edema B) Secondary union C) Neutrophil inactivation D) Granulation tissue

B) Secondary union

Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue? A) Conduction of action potentials B) Secretion and absorption of molecules C) Support of other tissue types D) Contraction E) Shock absorption

B) Secretion and absorption of molecules

Which organ system is the location of blood cell production ? A) Cardiovascular B) Skeletal C) Digestive D) Nervous E) Endocrine

B) Skeletal

An infant is born with a genetic defect that greatly reduces his production of brown fat. Which of the following will most likely apply to this infant? A) The infant will have difficulty absorbing nutrients at the small intestine. B) The infant will have difficulty regulating his body temperature. C) The infant will have very stretchy tendons. D) The infant will have reduced bone mass. E) The infant will have difficulty breathing.

B) The infant will have difficulty regulating his body temperature.

1 What is a collection of similar cells and surrounding substances? A) Organ B) Tissue C) Organ system D) Extracellular matrix E) Intracellular matrix

B) Tissue

An organ is A) a small structure within a cell. B) a structure composed of several tissue types. C) the basic structural unit of all living organisms. D) a group of molecules with a common set of functions. E) a group of cells with similar structure and function

B) a structure composed of several tissue types

The energy stored in ATP is a form of________energy. A) mechanical B) chemical C) kinetic D) heat E) electrical

B) chemical

Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with ________ tissue. A) epithelial B) connective C) muscular D) nervous E) All choices are correct.

B) connective

Solubility refers to the ability of one substance to ________ in another. A) react B) dissolve C) precipitate D) conduct E) None of the choices are correct

B) dissolve

The environment outside the plasma membrane is most appropriately referred to as ________. A) intracellular B) extracellular C) multicellular D) centrocellular E) None of the choices are correct.

B) extracellular

A particular membrane transport process exhibits saturation, uses carrier molecules, but does NOT require ATP. The process is probably ________. A) active transport B) facilitated diffusion C) osmosis D) pinocytosis E) phagocytosis

B) facilitated diffusion

The study of tissues is____________. A) cytology B) histology C) molecular biology D) microbiology E) surface anatomy

B) histology

Pinocytosis A) is a form of exocytosis. B) involves ingestion of liquids rather than particles. C) does not require ATP. D) forms vesicles only when large amounts of material are being transported. E) does not require the formation of vesicles.

B) involves ingestion of liquids rather than particles.

Molecules that serve as chemical signals to open or close gated ion channels are ________. A) isotopes B) ligands C) responders D) communicators E) membrane potentials

B) ligands

In general, water-soluble molecules diffuse through the ________; and lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the ________. A) membrane channels; membrane channels B) membrane channels; lipid bilayer C) lipid bilayer; membrane channels D) lipid bilayer; lipid bilayer E) None of the choices are correct.

B) membrane channels; lipid bilayer

All of the chemical reactions within a cell are known as cell______________. A) reproduction B) metabolism C) communication D) inheritance E) movement

B) metabolism

Which of the following is NOT true of enzymes? A) They are catalysts that increase the rate of a reaction. B) One enzyme can have many reactions. C) They may need a cofactor to be functional. D) The active site has a specific shape to match the reactant(s). E) A slight change in shape can affect function.

B) one enzyme can have many reactions.

The greater the concentration of a solution, the greater the A) tendency for water to diffuse from the solution. B) osmotic pressure of the solution. C) number of carrier molecules present. D) amount of solvent. E) rate of facilitated diffusion.

B) osmotic pressure of the solution.

Cytoplasm is found A) in the nucleus. B) outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane. C) in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. D) on the cristae of the mitochondria. E) between the phospholipids in the plasma membrane.

B) outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane.

Certain cells in the liver ingest bacteria and debris from damaged cells by a process called ________. A) pinocytosis B) phagocytosis C) biocytosis D) diffusion E) exocytosis

B) phagocytosis

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates in the body? A) Structural component of DNA B) Protection C) Bulk in feces D) Energy E) Structural component of RNA

B) protection

Most enzymes are__________. A) cofactors B) proteins C) lipids D) carbohydrates E) nucleic acids

B) proteins

The study of the body's organization by areas is ________. A) systemic anatomy B) regional anatomy C) molecular biology D) microbiology E) surface anatomy

B) regional anatomy

A buffer will A) enhance changes in the pH of the solutions. B) resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions. C) have no effect on the pH of the solutions. D) make a solution more acidic. E) make a solution more basic.

B) resist drastic changes in the pH of the solutions.

Salt was added to a beaker of distilled water (the water was not stirred). A sample taken from the bottom of the beaker was found to be 20% salt. At the same time, a sample taken from the top of the beaker was found to be 2% salt. After 24 hours A) the difference in the percentage of salt between the top and bottom samples would increase. B) the percentage of salt in the top and bottom samples would be approximately equal. C) the samples would still be 2% and 20% respectively. D) the salt would float to the top. E) None of the choices are correct

B) the percentage of salt in the top and bottom samples would be approximately equal.

The primary structure of a protein is A) the number of polypeptide chains in the molecule. B) the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. C) the folded, helical nature of the molecule. D) represented by multiple polypeptide chains. E) the hydrogen bonds between amino acids.

B) the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

Mitosis forms A) two daughter cells with half the DNA of the parent cell. B) two daughter cells with the same amount of DNA as the parent cell. C) daughter cells called gametes. D) two daughter cells with twice the amount of DNA as the parent cell. E) one daughter cell and another incomplete cell.

B) two daughter cells with the same amount of DNA as the parent cell.

An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is A) vitamin C. B) vitamin D. C) vitamin B. D) vitamin F. E) vitamin H

B) vitamin D

The breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ATP can be described as ___________. A) anabolic and endergonic B) catabolic and exergonic C) anabolic and exergonic D) catabolic and endergonic E) anabolic and exothermic

B)catabolic and exergonic

1 The structural and functional unit of all living organisms is the________. A) ribosome B) cell C) organ D) organelle E) plasma membrane

B)cell

Which type of transport proteins use cell energy to move molecules across the plasma membrane? A) Cadherins B) Ligand-gated ion channels C) ATP-powered pumps D) Leak-ion channels

C) ATP-powered pumps

Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected? A) Simple diffusion B) Osmosis C) Active transport D) Facilitated diffusion E) Filtration

C) Active transport

What is a malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue? A) Sarcoma B) Lymphoma C) Carcinoma D) Melanoma E) Both "Carcinoma" and "Sarcoma" are correct

C) Carcinoma

Which of the following type of connective tissue is mismatched with its matrix? A) Areolar - loosely packed matrix of protein fibers B) Bone - mineralized matrix C) Cartilage - highly vascular matrix D) Blood - fluid matrix E) Bone - highly vascular

C) Cartilage - highly vascular matrix

From the following list, select the one organic substance found in the human body. A) Oxygen B) Water C) Glucose D) Calcium

C) Glucose

Which type of cell would have an abundance of peroxisomes? A) White blood cell, a phagocyte B) Mucus cell (secretes mucus) C) Liver cells that detoxify hydrogen peroxide D) Cardiac muscle cells (require large amounts of ATP) E) Fibroblast (makes protein fibers)

C) Liver cells that detoxify hydrogen peroxide

Which of the following terms encompasses all of the other ones? A) Catabolism B) Anabolism C) Metabolism D) Oxidation reactions E) Reduction reactions

C) Metabolism

Which type of tissue is contractile? A) Epithelial tissue B) Connective tissue C) Muscle tissue D) Nervous tissue

C) Muscle tissue

Which type of cell breaks down bone tissue? A) Mast cell B) Adipocyte C) Osteoclast D) Stem cell E) Macrophage

C) Osteoclast

The cell is the basic unit of life. All cellular structures exhibit special functions. Match the structure with its function. What is the function of "A"? A) Directs cellular activities, contains DNA B) Contains digestive enzymes C) Outer boundary of cell, controls entry and exit of substances D) Major site of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available E) Site of protein synthesis

C) Outer boundary of cell, controls entry and exit of substance

Which of the following lists the components of a nucleotide? A) Phosphate, lipid, nitrogenous base B) Monosaccharide, nitrogenous base, sucrose C) Phosphate, monosaccharide, nitrogenous base D) Phosphate, sucrose, amino acid E) Monosaccharide, amino acid, phosphate

C) Phosphate, monosaccharide, nitrogenous base

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched with its function? A) Channel proteins - are part of an intercellular communication system B) Marker molecules - are primarily steroids C) Receptor proteins - attach to ligand molecules D) Peripheral proteins - penetrate the lipid bilayer from one surface to the other E) Nongated ion channels - are always closed

C) Receptor proteins - attach to ligand molecules

What is a malignant tumor derived from connective tissue? A) Melanoma B) Lymphoma C) Sarcoma D) Carcinoma E) Both "Carcinoma" and "Sarcoma" are correct.

C) Sarcoma

A DNA base sequence is A T G C C G. The sequence of bases in a strand of mRNA transcribed from this sequence of bases in DNA would be A) T A C G G C. B) U T C G G U. C) U A C G G C. D) A U G C C G. E) T A G G G G.

C) U A C G G C.

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue would be found in A) a nerve. B) the brain. C) a ligament. D) a skull bone. E) a lymph node.

C) a ligament.

Normal pH range for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. If blood pH falls below 7.35, A) an imbalance called alkalosis results. B) nothing happens as this is an acceptable deviation. C) an imbalance called acidosis results. D) the blood becomes saltier. E) the number of red blood cells decreases.

C) an imbalance called acidosis results.

Two solutions, A and B, have the same osmolality. What does that mean? A) Solution A has more solute particles than solution B. B) Solution B has more solute particles than solution A. C) Both solutions have the same number of solute particles. D) Solution A is water and sugar; solution B is water and salt. E) Solution A is pure water, and solution B is water and salt.

C) both solutions have the same number of solute particles.

Vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin, would move across the plasma membrane into the cell A) in vesicles. B) through vitamin membrane channels. C) by dissolving in the lipid bilayer. D) by transport with carrier molecules. E) by active transport.

C) by dissolving in the lipid bilayer.

Which molecule is produced as a waste product of the metabolism of glucose by cells? A) Water B) Oxygen C) Carbon dioxide D) Carbon monoxide E) Nitrogen

C) carbon dioxide

The second most abundant of the lipids in the plasma membrane is/are ________. A) glycolipids B) saturated fats C) cholesterol D) phospholipids E) triglycerides

C) cholesterol

The three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue are A) hyaluronic acid, collagen, and reticular fibers. B) proteoglycan, elastin, and reticular fibers. C) collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers. D) proteoglycan, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. E) chondronectic, osteonectin, and fibronectin.

C) collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers.

The four primary tissue types are A) epithelial, cartilage, muscle, and brain. B) connective, epithelial, skin, and blood. C) epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. D) glands, bone, lungs, and kidney. E) bone, skin, blood, and muscle.

C) epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Membrane proteins that extend into the lipid bilayer are called ________. A) peripheral proteins B) extrinsic proteins C) integral proteins D) glycoproteins E) lipoproteins

C) integral proteins

Hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. Hyaluronic acid A) resists stretching. B) functions as an insulator. C) is a good lubricant for joint cavities. D) promotes oxygen transport in the plasma. E) is a protein.

C) is a good lubricant for joint cavities.

The pH value A) increases with acidity. B) is measured on a scale from 0 to 10. C) is determined by the concentration of H+ in a solution. D) reflects the Na+ content of body fluids. E) decreases with alkalinity.

C) is determined by the concentration of H+ in a solution.

If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution A) is hypertonic to the cell. B) will cause crenation of the cell. C) is hypotonic to the cell. D) will shrink the cell. E) will not affect the cell.

C) is hypotonic to the cell.

Endocytosis A) is movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. B) is a process that requires a carrier molecule but does not use cellular energy. C) is the bulk uptake of material through the plasma membrane by vesicle formation. D) moves material out of the cell. E) ends cell functions.

C) is the bulk uptake of material through the plasma membrane by vesicle formation.

To which of the following organic groups does a steroid belong? A) Carbohydrate B) Protein C) Lipid D) Nucleic acid E) Vitamin

C) lipid

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic function of a cell? A) Reproduction and inheritance B) Metabolism and energy use C) Movement D) Synthesis E) Communication

C) movement

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means A) only gases and water can pass through it. B) substances need permission to pass through it. C) only certain substances can pass through it. D) substances need carrier molecules to pass through it. E) ATP is always needed to move molecules across the plasma membrane.

C) only certain substances can pass through it.

Which of the following is a source of nitrogen for the body? A) Carbohydrates B) Water C) Proteins D) Glucose E) Lipids

C) proteins

Proteins A) are the body's source of immediate energy. B) are the building blocks of nucleotides. C) provide much of the structure of body cells and tissues. D) contain the genetic information of the cell. E) insulate and cushion the body

C) provide much of the structure of body cells and tissues.

Blood cells are produced in hemopoietic tissue found in A) yellow bone marrow. B) brown bone marrow. C) red bone marrow. D) white bone marrow. E) compact bone.

C) red bone marrow.

A cell is A) a small structure within a molecule. B) a structure composed of several tissue types. C) the basic structural unit of living organisms. D) a group of organs with a common set of functions. E) a group of atoms with similar structure and function

C) the basic structural unit of living organisms

If the thoracic cavity cut along the Midsagittal plane, which of the following descriptions of the two halves would be accurate? A) The midsagittal cut would create an anterior half that contained portions of the lungs and heart and a posterior half that contained the spinal cord. B) The midsagittal plane would produce a medial half and a lateral half, each containing a lung. C) The midsagittal plane would produce a right half that contained one lung and a left half that contained a lung and most of the heart. D) The midsagittal plane would produce an inferior half that contained portions of the heart and portions of both lungs and a superior half that contained portions of the lungs and the thymus.

C) the midsagittal plane would produce a right half that contained one lung and left half that contained a lung and most of the heart.

Anatomy is A) the study of function. B) a branch of physiology. C) the study of structure. D) the study of living organisms. E) the study of homeostasis.

C) the study of structure

Osmosis is the diffusion of ________ across a selectively permeable membrane. A) urea B) oxygen C) water D) sodium E) sugar

C) water

Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue? A) Transport B) Support C) Storage D) Contraction E) Insulation

D) Contraction

Which type of cell has abundant mitochondria? A) White blood cell, a phagocyte B) Mucus cell (secretes mucus) C) Liver cells that detoxify hydrogen peroxide D) Cardiac muscle cells (require large amounts of ATP) E) Fibroblast (makes protein fibers)

D) Cardiac muscle cells (require large amounts of ATP)

Which of the following structures is found in the nucleus? A) Cristae B) Cytosol C) Cisternae D) Chromosome E) Flattened membrane sacs

D) Chromosome

Which type of connective tissue is found in the walls of large arteries? A) Hyaline cartilage B) Fibrocartilage C) Elastic cartilage D) Dense irregular elastic tissue E) Dense regular collagenous tissue

D) Dense irregular elastic tissue

Which type of membrane proteins can catalyze chemical reactions on the inner or outer surfaces of the plasma membrane? A) Marker molecules B) Channel protein C) Receptor proteins D) Enzymes E) Carrier proteins

D) Enzymes

Which type of cell forms protein fibers in connective tissue proper? A) Osteoblast B) Osteoclast C) Osteocyte D) Fibroblast E) Chondroblast

D) Fibroblast

What is the microscopic study of tissues? A) Anatomy B) Physiology C) Pathology D) Histology E) Embryology

D) Histology

The cell is the basic unit of life. All cellular structures exhibit special functions. Match the structure with its function. What is the function of "B"? A) Directs cellular activities, contains DNA B) Contains digestive enzymes C) Outer boundary of cell, controls entry and exit of substances D) Major site of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available E) Site of protein synthesis

D) Major site of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available

Which of the following occurs when the permeability of blood vessels increases during inflammation? A) Removal of foreign material from the blood B) Increased blood flow to the area C) Redness and heat at the injury site D) Migration of white blood cells to the site of injury E) No change in osmotic balance between blood and tissues

D) Migration of white blood cells to the site of injury

Which type of tissue contains cells called neurons? A) Epithelial tissue B) Connective tissue C) Muscle tissue D) Nervous tissue

D) Nervous tissue

Which type of cell has the potential to differentiate to form adult cell types? A) Mast cell B) Adipocyte C) Osteoclast D) Stem cell E) Macrophage

D) Stem cell

An electrolyte is A) a combination of atoms held together by chemical bonds. B) a positively charged ion. C) a negatively charged ion. D) a substance that conducts electricity when placed in solution. E) the alteration in the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

D) a substance that conducts electricity when placed in solution.

As cell division begins, DNA in the nucleus condenses to form ________. A) RNA B) cytosol C) genes D) chromosomes E) chromatin

D) chromosomes

Metabolic water refers to the water molecules produced during normal cellular metabolism. Which types of metabolic reactions are important for the production of metabolic water? A) Dehydration reactions B) Hydrolysis reactions C) Catabolic reactions D) Reversible reactions

D) dehydration reactions

Hydrogen bonds are important for all of the following except A) producing surface tension in water. B) helping hold a protein structure together. C) helping hold DNA strands together. D) helping atoms give up or receive electrons

D) helping atoms give up or receive electrons.

An enzyme A) has a two-dimensional shape. B) is permanently changed in a chemical reaction. C) increases the activation energy needed in a chemical reaction. D) is a protein catalyst. E) cannot be denatured.

D) is a protein catalyst

Glucose is the A) storage carbohydrate in animals. B) storage carbohydrate in plants. C) nondigestible plant polysaccharide. D) major nutrient for most body cells. E) sugar found in RNA.

D) major nutrient for most body cells.

To which of the following organic groups does DNA belong? A) Carbohydrate B) Protein C) Lipid D) Nucleic acid E) vitamins

D) nucleic acid

In the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region A) outside the cell to a region inside the cell. B) inside the cell to a region outside the cell. C) of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. D) of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. E) None of the choices are correct.

D) of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

White blood cells engulf foreign particles by means of ________. A) macrocytosis B) pinocytosis C) exocytosis D) phagocytosis

D) phagocytosis

An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a/an____________. A) neurologist B) anatomist C) engineer D) physiologist E) histologist

D) physiologist

The main components of the plasma membrane are A) carbohydrates, ions, and lipids. B) lipids and ions. C) proteins and carbohydrates. D) proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. E) ions, lipids, and proteins.

D) proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

Chemical reactions with the property of being able to proceed from reactants to products and from products to reactants are called _________ reactions. A) exchange B) synthesis C) decomposition D) reversible E) mirrored

D) reversible

ATP A) is a nucleotide found in DNA. B) stores genetic information. C) is a sugar found in transfer RNA. D) serves as the energy currency of the cell. E) can store but cannot release energy in the cell

D) serves as the energy currency of the cell.

The organelle that protects cells from the damaging effects of medications and toxins is the ________. A) ribosome B) microtubule C) secretory vesicle D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) mitochondria

D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Solution A has a pH of 10, and solution B has a pH of 2. Which of the following statements about these solutions is true? A) Solution A and solution B are both basic. B) Solution B is basic. C) Solution A is acidic. D) Solution B has a higher H+ concentration than solution A. E) Solution A has a higher H+ concentration than solution B.

D) solution B has a higher H+ concentration than solution A.

An anatomical image created from sound waves is a/an ________. A) radiograph B) CT scan C) MRI D) sonogram

D) sonogram

An epithelial tissue has multiple layers, flat and irregular cell shape, dead outer layers of cells, and keratin present in some cells. This is A) pseudostratified keratinized squamous epithelium. B) simple cuboidal epithelium. C) simple transitional epithelium. D) stratified keratinized squamous epithelium.

D) stratified keratinized squamous epithelium.

The transfer of information from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) is known as ________. A) transduction B) translocation C) translation D) transcription E) transmutation

D) transcription

Which of the following nitrogen bases is found in RNA but not DNA? A) Adenine B) Guanine C) Thymine D) Uracil E) Cytosine

D)Uracil

An organic molecule such as a vitamin that makes an enzyme functional is called a/an___________. A) buffer B) coactivator C) catalyst D) coenzyme

D)coenzyme

Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. What does "A" represent on the diagram? A) Phosphorus B) Oxygen C) Nitrogen D) Polar (hydrophilic) region E) Nonpolar (hydrophobic) region

D)polar (hydrophilic) region

Which of the following statements is true? a) the coordinated activity of the organ systems is necessary for normal function. b) because organ systems are so interrelated, dysfunction in one organ system can have profound effects on other systems. c) an organism is any living thing considered as a whole ,whether composed of one cell, such as a bacteria, or trillions of cells, such as a human. d) living things are highly organized, and disruption of this organized state can lead to loss of function and death. E) ALL OF THESE STATEMENTS ARE TRUE.

E) ALL OF THESE STATEMENTS ARE TRUE.

This is a figure of a skin wound. What does "A" represent? A) Dermis B) Subcutaneous adipose tissue C) Epidermis D) Blood vessel E) Blood clot

E) Blood clot

Communication between cells is essential to coordinate the activity of the trillions of cells that make up the human body. Which of the following is/are directly involved in carrying out communication between cells? A) Lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane B) Receptor proteins of the plasma membrane C) Chemical signal molecules released by cells D) Mitochondria E) Both "Receptor proteins of the plasma membrane" and "Chemical signal molecules released by cells" are correct.

E) Both "Receptor proteins of the plasma membrane" and "Chemical signal molecules released by cells" are correct.

Which type of membrane proteins are integral proteins that move ions or molecules across plasma membrane? A) Marker molecules B) Channel protein C) Receptor proteins D) Enzymes E) Carrier protein

E) Carrier proteins

Which type of cell forms cartilage? A) Osteoblast B) Osteoclast C) Osteocyte D) Fibroblast E) Chondroblast

E) Chondroblast

Which of the following structures is likely to consist of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue? A) Tendons B) Cartilage C) Elastic ligaments D) Bone E) Dermis of the skin

E) Dermis of the skin

What is a disc-shaped structure with especially adhesive glycoproteins around each cell that bind cells to one another? A) Hemidesmosomes B) Adhesion belt C) Tight junction D) Gap junction E) Desmosomes

E) Desmosomes

Which of the following could be used to study general features of cells? A) A magnifying glass B) Scanning electron microscope C) Transmission electron microscope D) Binoculars E) Light microscope

E) Light microscope

Which of the following are symptoms of inflammation? A) Swelling, bleeding, and numbness B) Heat, swelling, and blistering C) Blistering, pain, and swelling D) Pain, redness, and bleeding E) Redness, heat, and pain

E) Redness, heat, and pain

The cell is the basic unit of life. All cellular structures exhibit special functions. Match the structure with its function. What is the function of "C"? A) Directs cellular activities, contains DNA B) Contains digestive enzymes C) Outer boundary of cell, controls entry and exit of substances D) Major site of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available E) Site of protein synthesis

E) Site of protein synthesis

Phospholipids A) contain subunits called amino acids. B) are water-soluble. C) are a type of steroid. D) are fat-soluble vitamins. E) are found in plasma membranes.

E) are found in plasma membranes.

Plasma membrane phospholipids A) have polar (charged) tails. B) are arranged in a single layer. C) have tails that face the exterior of the membrane. D) are 95% cholesterol. E) have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

E) have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

Channel proteins A) are binding sites for other molecules. B) utilize the G protein complex to function. C) are found only on endoplasmic reticulum. D) allow cells to recognize one another. E) provide a tunnel through which ions or molecules can enter or leave the cell.

E) provide a tunnel through which ions or molecules can enter or leave the cell.

The plasma membrane A) separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell. B) is a rigid protein membrane. C) is not permeable. D) has a single layer of phospholipids. E) regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell

E) regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell.

Active transport A) follows osmotic pressure gradients. B) can move substances along their concentration gradient. C) does not require metabolic energy (ATP). D) involves vesicle formation. E) requires ATP.

E) requires ATP.

Epithelium that is primarily secretory in function would most likely be A) simple squamous. B) stratified squamous. C) keratinized columnar. D) transitional. E) simple cuboidal.

E) simple cuboidal.

If one of the functions of the capillaries is to supply body cells with oxygen and nutrients, you would expect the capillary walls to consist of A) connective tissue. B) keratinized epithelium. C) stratified squamous epithelium. D) simple columnar epithelium. E) simple squamous epithelium.

E) simple squamous epithelium.

Blood contains NaC1, protein, and cells. The NaC1 is in a/an_________, the protein is in a/an________, and the cells are in a____________. A) emulsion; solution; suspension B) solvent; emulsion; colloid C) colloid; suspension; solution D) suspension; colloid; solution E) solution; colloid; suspension

E) solution; colloid ; suspension

The type of cell connection that serves as a permeability barrier is a ________. A) hemidesmosome B) desmosome C) gap junction D) intercalated disc E) tight junction

E) tight junction

Phospholipids are important components of the plasma membrane. What does "B" represent on the diagram? A) Phosphorus B) Oxygen C) Nitrogen D) Polar (hydrophilic) region E) Nonpolar (hydrophobic) region

E)nonpolar (hydrophobic) region