A&P Test 2

thoracic vertebrae

12

lumbar vertebrae

5

During childhood, bones growth in diameter by

Appositional growth

Synovial Joints

Articulating bones are covered with articular cartilage, held together by ligaments, contain synovial fluid, have a nerve and blood supply, and are surrounded by an articular capsule (large range of motion)

Which of the following regions of bone would not undergo bone remodeling as frequently as the other regions?

Compact bone

Osteons are found in _____, while trabeculae are found in _____.

Compact, Spongy

What is the structural class of synovial joint the temporomandibular belong? UPDATED

Complex synovial joint (combined hinge and plane)

flat bone ossification

Development of ossification center (osteoblasts secrete organic extracellular matrix) > Calcification (extracellular matrix calcifies) > Formation of trabeculae (to eventually fuse to form spongy bone) > development of the periosteum

periosteal arteries

Enter the diaphysis through Volkmann's canals accompanied by periosteal veins

Bones that are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue are

Flat Bones

Diarthroses

Freely moveable Ex. Hip, knee, shoulder, elbow

An overactive parathyroid gland can cause

Hypercalcemia

In fetal bone, the primary ossification center is found

In the middle of the bone

Plane Joint (biaxiel/triaxiel)

Intercarpal/ intertarsal

Locking

Knee hyperextends and locks

Largest joint in the body

Knee joint

_______ contribute(s) to the hardness of bone while ________ give(s) it flexibility.

Mineral salts; collagen and other organics

The type of bone fracture characterized by the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin is known as a(n)

Open (compound) fracture

Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification? Entry field with correct answer Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum. Calcification > Ossification center develops > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum. Ossification center develops > Formation of trabeculae > Calcification > Development of new periosteum. Development of new periosteum > Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae. Ossification center develops > Calcification > Development of new periosteum > Formation of trabeculae.

Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.

Why would running and jumping have a larger effect on bone health than walking?

Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.

Unlocking

Popliteus externally rotates femur on tibia

Hyperflexion occurs when the femur is displaced anteriorly and the tibia is displaced posteriorly. Which ligament should help prevent this movement?

Posterior cruciate ligament

Symphysis (secondary cartilaginous joint)

Presence of an intervening pad or disc of fibrocartilage interposed between the articular hyaline cartilage

Which of the following hormones are more important post-puberty for bone growth?

Sex Hormones

Osteoarthritis

Slow degeneration of articular cartilage due to aging, injury, obesity

Epiphyseal plate

Synarthrosis

Ball and socket

Triaxial

superior joint compartment

gliding movement; reotraction-retraction; jaw opening and closing

Sharpey fibers (perforating fibers)

binds bone to periosteum

Advantages of bone remodeling

allows adaptation to the extent and pattern of stress makes bone more resistant to fracture healps healing of bone after injury

Which ligament strengthens the posterior part of the knee joint?

arcuate popliteal ligament

Cartilaginous Joints

articulating bones are united by cartilage tissue ex. synchondrosis (primary) Symphysis (secondary)

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

Intervertebral Disc (IVD)

consists of anulus fibrosus: outer fibrocartilageninous ring with lamellar arrangement of collagen fibers nucleus pilposus: inner gelly-like viscous material rich in proteoglycans

Articular Cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints thickness between 5-7mm and 1-2mm in elderly

Inside periosteum

dense fibrous connective tissue

nutrient artery

enters the center of the diaphysis through a nutrient foramen. Nutrient veins exit via the same canal.

spongy bone

lightweight, forms interior bone tissue of short, flat, sesamoid, and end of long bones

PCL (posterior cruciate ligament)

limits posterior movement of tibia

Bone types

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Condyloid joints

Biaxial

Saddle joints

Biaxial

Joint ligaments that are tense restrict the range of motion and direct the movement of articulating bones with respect to each other.

True

ACL (anterior cruciate ligament)

prevents hyperextension and limits anterior movement of tibia

This tissue contains chondrocytes along with thick bundles of collagen fibers. A location for this tissue is

pubic symphysis

Knee Joint Extracapsular ligaments

Patellar ligament Medial and Lateral patellar retinacula Tibial collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament Oblique popliteal ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament

1. . What are the two main mechanisms of bone growth as a child grows into adulthood 2. In which of these growths the periosteum plays an important role?Briefly explain. 3. How the periosteum is tightly attached to the bone surface?

1. Longitudinal Growth and Appositional Growth 2. Appositional: periosteum causes new bone deposition 3. Sharpey's (perforating) fibers which tightly hold the periosteum to the bone surface

Gout

A type of arthritis: deposition of sodium urate crystals in the articular capsule leading to inflammation

cartilage: structure

made of collagen (type II), elastic fibers and proteoglycan lacks vascular/nerve supply regeneration is slow

In which region of a long bone, such as the humerus, would you find the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?

metaphysis

Which of the following is a function of calcium in the body?

nerve cells require extracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) for proper functioning Ca2+ is a cofactor needed for many enzymes to function properly Ca2+ is required for the process of blood clotting Ca2+ is needed by muscle cells for contraction

ossification (bone formation)

observed: during embroyonic and fetal development when bones grow before adulthood when bones remodel when fratures heal

What factors affect bone growth and remodeling?

-age, exercise -nutritional state: calcium, Vitamin A,C,D -Hormones: gorwth hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF), thyroid hormone, sex hormones

Which of the following structures is used to reduce friction in joints? 1. Bursae; 2. Synovial fluid; 3. Accessory ligaments; 4. Labrum

1 & 2

Bursae

sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that are found between bone and surrounding soft tissue; help to cushion and allow movement by reducing friction

Factor affecting contact and range of motion at synovial joints

structure and shape of articulating bones strength and tautness of the joint ligaments arrangement and tension of the muscles contact of soft spots hormones (relaxin allows increased range of movement during late stage pregnancy) disuse (range of motion can be reduced after prolonged disused ex. fracture of a bone)

Accessory Ligaments of Synovial Joints

Extracapsular (medical and lateral collateral ligament in knee joint) Intracapsular (anterior and posterior cruciate ligament) Articular dics (menisci) Labrum a fibrocartiligous lip) Articular fat pad (accumulation of adipose tissue in synovial membrane)

During the process of bone formation in a fetus, a primary ossification center develops in the epiphysis of a cartilage model of a long bone.

False

In primary ossification, the first type of bone that forms and replaces the cartilage model is compact bone.

False

Osteocytes within lacunae are only found in compact bone and not within the trabeculae of spongy bone.

False

Supports of the medial longitudinal arch

Ligaments: plantar calcaneonavicular (spring ligament) Aponeurosis: plantar aponeuorsis (tie beam) Long muscle tendon: flexor hallucis longus (bow string); tibialis anterior and posterior Small muscles of foot: flexor digitorum brevis (less important)

While the bones of this joint may fracture, they rarely become dislocated. The articular capsule and accessory ligaments of this joint make it one of the strongest structures in the body.

Hip Joint

Cartilage types

Hyaline Cartilage: majority of the cartilage in the body (template for bones, trachea) Fibrocartilage: rich in thick bundles, provides strong tense strength (menisci) Elastic cartilage: Rich in elastic fibers (eternal ear)

open (compound) fracture

broken bone penetrates through the skin

A gomphosis is which type of joint?

fibrous and a syndesmosis

Synovial fluid

formed by transudate of blood vessels in synovial membrane and hyaluronic acid/proteins secrested by synovial cells

impacted fracture

fracture in which one bone fragment is pushed into another

comminuted fracture

fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed (broken into many pieces)

pott fracture

fracture of the distal end of the fibula with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation

Tendon Sheaths

tube-like bursae that wrap around tendons subject to a great deal of friction

Articular discs 1. maintain the stability of a joint; 2. direct flow of the synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction; 3. are made of hyaline cartilage; 4. are only found in the vertebral column.

1 & 2

1. Briefly descibe (using a flowchart) the ossification in a long bone. 2. What changes will you expect in the weight bearing bones (e.g. in tibia and femur) of a child who have chronic deficiency of dietary calcium?

1. Development of cartilage model (chondroblasts which form the cartilage model) > growth of cartilage model (by cell division of chondrocytes > Development of primary ossification center (bone tissue replaces cartilage) > Development of the medullary cavity (bone breakdown by osteoclasts)> Development of secondary ossification center (occur in epiphysis)> formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage) 2. weight bearing bones will become less rigid and it cannot support compression force due to body weight. As a result the bones will become bent (ricket)

1. What are the essential structural components and accessory structures found in synovial joints? 2. How the synovial fluids are produced in a joint cavity? Mention functions

1. Essential structural components: synovial cavity articular cartilage articular capsule, intrinsic ligaments 1. Accessory structures: Accessory ligaments (extracapsular and intracapsular) Articular dics Labrum Articular fat pad 2. Synovial fluid is formed by transudate of blood vessels in synovial membrane and hyaluronic acid/proteins secreted by synovial cells. Functions: Lubrication of the joint Provide oxygen and nutrition to chondryocytes Macrophages remove debris and protect against infection Shock absorption

1. Articular discs (menisci) are structures present inside some synovial joints in order to improve the joint function. What type of tissue articular discs is made of? 2. What are the main roles of articular discs in knee joint function? 3. Which meniscus in the knee joint is more prone to injury and why?

1. Fibrocartilage ( thick bundles of collagen fibers, strong, not covered with perichondrium) 2. Distribution load provide stability assist in lubrication cushion the underlyng bone fro high amount of forces 3. The medial meniscus due to its tight attachment to the tibial collateral ligament, restricting movement

1. Name the three bony arches observed in the foot. 2. Which of these arches have the maximum vertical height? 3. Name the bones that contribute to form this arch. 4. What functional advantage did humans gain from having the bony arches in foot?

1. Medial Longitudinal arch Lateral Longitudinal arch Transverse Longitudinal arch 2. Medical Longitudinal arch 3. Medial Longitudinal arch (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, first 3 metatarsals Lateral Longitudinal arch (calcaneus, cuboid, 4 and 5th metatarsals) Transverse Longitudinal arch (three cuneiforms, cuboid, and bases of metatarsals) 4. Stores energy during running, helps with walking over uneven surface, and reduces musculoskeletal wear/damage from impaction during running/walking

1. What type of joint the knee joint is categorized as? 2.The mismatch in the shape of articular surfaces on femoral and tibial condyles and a weak, incomplete articular capsule would have made the knee joint very unstable; name the accessory structures that afford stability to the knee joint. 3. What are the attachment points of anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments? 4. What are the main functions in the movement of the knee?

1. Modified hinge joint; compound joint; diarthrosis 2. Stabilized by accessory ligaments (extracapsular and intracapsular, and menisci 3. Cruciate ligaments restricts the relative displacements of tibial and femoral articular surface ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) prevents hyperextension and limits anterior movement of the tibia PCL: (posterior cruciate ligament) limits posterior movement of tibia 4. Movement between the femoral and tibial articular surfaces (rolling vs sliding)

1. How synovial joints are classified structurally and based on types of joint movements? Give one example for each type in both classifications. 2. Among them which types permit only uniaxial movement?

1. Movement: "Ball and Socket" Spherical head articulates with an opposing cup permitting movement around three axis (triaxial/multiaxial) Ball and socket joint between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone 1. Simple: single cavity between two bones (hip bone) 2. Pivot and Hinge

1. What are the main functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone development? 2. Name the cells from which they originate. 3. Give an example of one hormone that stimulates the activity of osteoblasts and another one for osteoclasts 4. Explain briefly how osteoblasts help in deposition of new bone matrix. ********

1. Osteoblasts: synthesizes and secretes collagen, secretes proteins important for bone mineralization, and promotes osteoclast differentitation in response to parathyroid hormone 1. Osteoclasts: Helps in bone remodeling through resorption of bones 2. Osteoblasts originate from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) 2. Osteoclasts originate from the fusion of monocytes 3. Osteoblasts is stimulated by: Testosterone/Estrogen 3. Osteoclasts are stimulated by parathyroid hormone

1. Fracture of the neck of the femur is especially common among elderly women. What is the commonest underlying cause for the femoral neck fracture in this population? 2. Why does the bone become brittle in this situation 3. Describe briefly how osteoclasts cause resorption of the bone.

1. Osteoporosis 2. The loss of collagen content in the bone due to the disease makes the bone brittle 3. After osteoclasts form a sealed compartment they release acid which breaks down organic matrix then the degradation products are released to extracellular fluid by transscytosis

1. Describe briefly (you can use a flow diagram) how the parathyroid gland regulates the Ca++ homeostasis in the body. 2. What is the main effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on osteoclasts 3. how osteoblasts play an important role in the execution of this hormonal action?

1. Refer to stimulus flow chart 2. Parathyroid hormone indirectly stimulates the osteoclasts to increase bone resorption and release of calcium in plasma 3. parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts on osteoblasts to increase RAMKL expression, which in turn activates osteoclasts *refer to osteoclast diagram

1. In what structural and functional categories do the intervertebral joints between two vertebral bodies fall into? 2. Briefly describe the structure of intervertebral disc and explain how it helps to trasmit the load efficiency. 3. What is herniation of disc and what complication can it lead to?

1. Structural: symphysis Functional: amphiarthrosis 2. IVD (invertebral disk) structure: annulus fibrosus: outer fibrocartilageinous ring with lamellar arrangement of collagen fibers and nucleus pulposus: inner gelly-like viscous material rich in proteoglycans 3. Disc herniation is the weakness of annulus fibrosus which can cause abnormal bulging of the disc or herniation of the nucleus pulposus Herniation occurs mostly in the posterior aspect of the vertebral body and can cause nerve root compression

Bone formation after fracture

1. reactive phase: formation of fracture hematoma 2a. reparative phase: fibrocartilaginous callus formation 2b. reparative phase: bony callus formation 3. bone remodeling phase

1. In which structural class of synovial joint the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) belongs to? 2. What are the functions of the articular disc in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). 3.Dislocation of the articular disc can lead to locked jaw. How the articular disc is stabilized in the joint?

1. temporomandibular joint is a complex synovial joint (divided into two seperate compartments by articular disc) 2. The functions of the articular disc in TMJ are -stabilization of the condyle -reducing wear by lowering the frictional force -Lubrication of the joint 3. The articular disc is stabilized in the joint in the TMJ -disc edges are fused with the part of the capsular ligament that tightly surrounds the lower part of the jaw -well-defined bands in the capsular ligament attach the disc to the medial and lateral poles of the condyle -thick anulus prevents the disc from sliding off the condyle

Coccyx Vertebrae

4 fused vertebrae into 1

Which is the proper sequence of steps in the healing of a fracture (the steps are listed below but are not in the correct sequence of events): 1 osteoblasts form trabecular bone that joins together the fractured ends of the bone and bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus 2 bone remodeling occurs and compact bone replaces the spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture site 3 fibroblasts and chondrocytes from the periosteum form the fibrocartilage callus 4 a fracture hematoma forms and bone cells in the region of the fracture die 5 phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove the dead cells and damaged tissue around the hematoma

4, 5, 3, 1, 2

Sacrum Vertebrae

5 fused into 1

cervical vertebrae

7

Hip Joint

Acetabular labrum: a fibrocartilage rim around acetabular articulating surface Ligament of head of femur (intracapsular ligament): triangular in shpe. provides vasculature to head of femur. (previously thought to limit overadduction) Transverse acetabular ligament: a ligament crosses over the acetabular notes; provides attachment to head of femur

Which of the following statement(s) about the structures making up a synovial joint is incorrect? Articular cartilage reduces friction between articulating surfaces in the joint during movement and helps to absorb shock. Synovial fluid which contains hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid, helps to nourish chondrocytes, absorb shocks, and supply nutrients and remove wastes. Articular discs absorb shocks and help to distribute synovial fluid across the articular surfaces of the joint. All of these are correct statements.

All are correct

Which of the following could contribute to a decreased range of motion if a person wore a cast for several weeks which prohibited movement at a particular joint, such as the elbow? a decrease in synovial fluid thus reducing the lubrication of the joint muscle atrophy thus resulting in weakness in the muscles that would move and stabilize the joint reduced flexibility of the tendons and ligaments at the joint all of these could be contributing factors none of these are factors that would limit range of motion

All of these

Which factors help to keep the articular surfaces in contact and affect the range of motion? structure or shape of articular bones strength and tension (tautness) of the joint ligaments arrangement and tension of the muscles contact of soft parts all of these choices

All of these are correct

Amphiarthroses

Allow little movement Ex. Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, interosseous membrane

Synarthroses

Allow no movement Ex. Suture, epiphyseal plate

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? Entry field with correct answer Diaphysis - shaft of bone Epiphysis - proximal and distal ends of the bone Epiphyseal growth plate - found in metaphysis of a growing bone Articular cartilage - composed of elastic cartilage to allow flexibility Endosteum - lines the medullary cavity

Articular cartilage - composed of elastic cartilage to allow flexibility

Fibrous Joints

Articulating bones are held together by dense fibrous connective tissue Permit little to no movement Ex. Sutures Syndesmoses Interosseous membranes

Nodding your head yes to answer a question occurs at the ____ Shaking your head no to answer a question occurs at the____ . Both movements are occurring at a functionally classified___ joint

Atlanto-occipital Atlanto-axial Diarthrosis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmune disease causing inflammation of joint structure. Can lead to fibrosis or even ossification of joint space

Planer joints

Biaxial or triaxial

Temporomandibular Joint

Formed between mandibular fossa of temporal bone and condylar process of mandible only mobile joint in skull only synovial joint where both articular surfaces are covered by fibrocartilage

Colles fracture

Fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly

Intrinsic Ligaments of hip joint

Illiofemoral ligament: inverted y shape, strongest ligament of the body, prevents hypertension Pubofemoral ligament: prevents over abduction Ischiofemoral ligament: restricts medial rotation

Which of the following do not descend from mesenchyme cells? Entry field with correct answer Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Chondrocytes

Osteoclasts

How do osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together in the bone remodeling process?

Osteoclasts cut a cylindrical channel through the bone. Osteoblasts follow, laying down bone on the durface of the channel until matric surrounds the central blood vessel of the newly formed osteon

Complete the sentence with the best term. ____ the receptors, respond to low blood calcium levels. ____input activates the control center when blood calcium is low. ____ is/are the effector(s) of PTH. Osteoclasts ___ in response to PTH: The kidney ___ in response to PTH: __ is secreted in response to PTHs effects on the kidney.

PT Gland Cells Cyclic AMP Osteoclasts and Kidney Cells Release Calcium to enter the blood Increase reabsorption of Calcium Calcitriol

Which of the following adducts and flexes the hip? pectineus gluteus maximus biceps femoris quadratus femoris

Pectineus

Synovial Joints: Classification

Simple: single cavity between two bones (hip) Compound: synovial cavity shared by more then two bones (elbow joint) Complex: articular disc divides the joint cavity into two seperate compartments (temporomandibular joint)

Joint between manubrium and first rib prior to adulthood

Synarthrosis

Structure of Synovial Joints

Synovial cavity containing synovial fluid Articular cartilage Articular capsule (joint capsule): Consists of an outer fibrous membrane/capsule and inner synovial membrane and covers the joint cavity

Which of the following is mismatched? Entry field with correct answer Periosteal arteries - supply the periosteum and outer part of the bone. The nutrient arteries enter through Volkmann's canals and supply the inner and outer part of the bone. Metaphyseal arteries help to supply the red bone marrow and tissue of the metaphysis. Epiphyseal arteries supply the epiphysis red bone marrow and tissue.

The nutrient arteries enter through Volkmann's canals and supply the inner and outer part of the bone.

Hinge joints

Uniaxial

Which of the following is mismatched? Entry field with incorrect answer Zone of resting cartilage - anchors the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis. Zone of proliferating cartilage - Large chondrocytes arranged in stacks divide to replace those dying at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - consists of rapidly dividing immature chondrocytes Zone of calcified cartilage - is converted into bone by endochondral ossification. Epiphyseal line - signifies the end of longitudinal bone growth

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - consists of rapidly dividing immature chondrocytes

The joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum can be described by which term(s)? Select all that apply. a synchondrosis a synarthrosis a cartilaginous joint a synovial joint a diarthrosis

a synchondrosis a synarthrosis a cartilaginous joint

secondary curves

adaptation for posture and movement leads to the formation of the curves in the vertebral column

Synchondrosis (primary cartilaginous joint)

advancing centers of ossification are seperated by an area of hyaline cartilage

public symphysis

amphiarthrosis

The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____.

hyaline cartilage

The prime mover of hip flexion is the __________.

illiopsoas

Which of the following would not be a common occurrence at joints due to aging? ligaments become stretched and lengthen the amount of synovial fluid produced decreases osteoarthritis due to wear and tear on joints can occur articular cartilages become thinner exercise can help an older person maintain their range of motion

ligaments become stretched and lengthen

Which is a degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost due to a combination of aging, obesity, wear and abrasion of the joints? gouty arthritis Lyme disease bursitis osteoarthritis synovitis

osteoarthritis

primary curves of the spine

present during birth

Inferior joint compartment

rotational movement, initial movement for jaw opening

compact bone

strong, form diaphysis of long bone

Functions of skeletal system

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production

Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint? the saddle joint between the thumb and trapezium of the wrist the hinge joint of the elbow the joint between a metacarpal and the proximal phalanx the ball-and-socket joint between the scapula and humerus the plane joints between the carpal bones (wrist)

the hinge joint of the elbow

When walking down stairs or a steep hill, the knee is flexed. Which structure prevents the tibia from sliding too far posteriorly, and the femur from sliding too far anteriorly?

the posterior cruciate ligament

Herniation of disc

weakness of anulus fibrosus can cause abnormal bulging of the disc or herniation of nucleus pulposus occurs mostly in the posterior aspect of the vertebral body and can cause nerve root compression; the travering nerve