A&P

Marylin has been diagnosed with a fractured dens or odontoid process. which specific bone is affected

C2

the primary mineral in bone is

Calcium

the proper sequence of events in bone repair is

Hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone

which muscle is named for its shape

Trapezius

which is true

a threshold stimulus will cause contraction of a muscle fiber

which of the following is true of the condition osteomyelitis

- it is caused by the normal skin bacterium, staphylococcus aureus - the condition involves inflammation of the bone, which is stimulated by osteoblasts releasing the chemical RANKL

Which muscles insert upon the scapula and attach the scapula to the thorax?

- levator scapulae - pectoralis minor - rhomboideus muscles - serratus anterior - trapezius

In order for both eyes to direct their gaze to the right, which of the following muscles are used? (1) right lateral rectus(2) right medial rectus(3) left lateral rectus(4) left medial rectus

1 and 4

Arrange the following list of biochemical events in the correct sequence. (1) An action potential is conducted deep into the muscle fiber by the T tubule.(2) Calcium ions bind to troponin.(3) The membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum become more permeable to calcium ions.(4) Calcium ions diffuse into the sarcoplasm around the myofibril.(5) The troponin-tropomyosin complex moves exposing active sites.

1,3,4,2,5

The region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called the

A band

Define basic multicellular unit (BMU)

A group of osteoblasts and osteoclasts that work together during bone remodeling

You are hired to work in a laboratory to measure the rate of human muscle contraction. Which of the following might decrease in quantity in muscle cells undergoing contractions?

ATP

which of the following is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone

All of these are effects of PTH - increased Ca2+ uptake by the small intestine - increased vitamin D formation in the kidneys - increased Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys - decreased Ca2+ loss by the kidneys

bone remodeling may occur

All of these choices are correct. - as bones grow - as bones adjust to stress - as fractured heal - constantly during a persons lifetime

treppe

All of these choices are correct. - can contribute to improved muscle efficiency. - may be due to an increase in the level of calcium ions around the myofibril. - is an example of a graded response. - is achieved during warm-up exercises

during the contraction phase of a muscle twitch,

actin-myosin cross-bridges form.

Tetanus of muscles is described as

action potential frequency is high enough that no relaxation of muscle fibers occurs.

The range of motion that can be accomplished at a joint by muscular contraction is ___________ range of motion.The amount of motion or movement at a joint when moved by an outside force is the __________ range of motion.

active , active

The range of motion determined by the joint's muscular contraction is ________ , whereas _______ range of motion requires some external force such as manipulation in therapy.

active, passive

Which of the following correctly describes myoglobin's special function in muscle tissue?

acts as a reservoir for oxygen

When skeletal muscle is producing carbon dioxide and water while making ATP, which chemical processes could be active at this time?

aerobic respiration

a lack of mitochondria within skeletal muscle would impair which ATP-yielding chemical process

aerobic respiration

what is an oxygen deficit

after exercise, the oxygen taken in that exceeds the oxygen required for resting metabolism

If abdominal muscles are contracted while the vertebral column is fixed this will aid in

all - vomiting , childbirth , urination , defecation

aerobic exercise

all are correct - increases vascularity of muscle. - develops fatigue-resistant fast-twitch fibers. - can increase the efficiency of slow-twitch fibers. - can increase the number of mitochondria in muscle cells.

A blow to the shoulder often breaks the clavicle, but very seldom breaks the scapula. Suggest why

all of these are valid explanations - The scapula is larger than the clavicle. - The clavicle provides the only bony attachment of the pectoral girdle to the body. - The scapula is more protected by muscle. - When the body is moving forward, the clavicle is more likely to be struck than the scapula.

which does NOT influence the range of motion of a joint

all of these influence range of motion - the shape of the articular surfaces of the bones - the amount and shape of cartilage - the amount of fluid in and around the joint - the strength and location of tendons and ligaments

a stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't this is

all or none response

which of the following statements is true

an exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column is called kyphosis

Randy is participating in a strong man competition and is required to pull a yacht as far as he can. Which type of chemical process will his skeletal muscles rely on during this competition?

anaerobic respiration

which type of respiration rapidly produces ATP for short time periods

anaerobic respiration

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both

are under involuntary control

you would look for concentric lamellae

around the central canal of an osteon

a biaxial joint has movement

around two axes at right angles to one another.

Bone growth of the epiphysis occurs at the

articular cartilage

what type of tissue covers the ends of long bones

articular cartilage

which of the following is a synovial joint

atlanto-occipital

the 1st cervical vertebrae is the

atlas

osteoclasts and osteoblasts that travel through or across the bone surface removing and replacing old bone Martin are collectivly called a(n) ________

basic multicellular unit

Harry is told he has structural damage to his dentoalveolar joint. Where specifically is the problem area

between his tooth socket and tooth

supination of the forearm and hand is accomplished by the

biceps brachia and supinator

. Of the following muscles of the thigh, which one does NOT pull the leg forward?

biceps femoris

Of the following muscles of the thigh, which one is NOT part of the quadriceps group?

biceps femoris

the process of _____ is important to change the shape of bones, adjust to bone stress, replace old bone matrix and to facilitate repair of broken bone

bone remodeling

ligaments attach

bone to bone

identify the four components of the skeletal system

bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

which statement regarding the sliding filament model is false

both actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction

A lack of glycolytic enzymes within skeletal muscle cells would impair which type of ATP-yielding process?

both anaerobic and aerobic respiration

Alex is participating in a 50 meter dash. Predict the most important chemical process his muscles will rely on during this race.

both anaerobic respiration and creatine phosphate breakdown

in smooth muscle, crossbridging occurs due to

both calcium binding to calmodulin and myosin kinase adding a phosphate to myosin heads

small channels extending through the bone matrix are

canaliculi

a passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteopath is a

canaliculus

which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification

cancellous bone is formed

the humerus articulates with the radius at the

capitulum

Which type of muscle tissue causes contraction of the heart

cardiac muscle

the locations where ossification begins in intramembranous ossification are known as

centers of ossification

the _________ region of the vertebral column is located in the neck

cervical

transverse foramina are found in ______ vertebrae

cervical

in which type of bone would osteons be present

compact bone

which type of bone has concentric lamellae

compact bone

which type of bone is considered dense bone

compact bone

Triangular muscles, like the pectoralis major are also called _____ muscles.

convergent

which occurs during recovery from oxygen deficit

conversion of excess lactic acid to glucose

articular cartilage

covers the ends of bones in synovial joints

the orburator foramen is found in the

coxa

sarcoplasm is the

cytoplasm of muscle cells

which situation occurs in electrically excitable cells

depolarization causes voltage gated sodium ion channels to open

smooth muscle

depolarizes when both sodium and calcium ions diffuses into the cell

when blood vessels become surrounded by concentric lamella forming osteons, the bone will grow in

diameter

The major movement produced during quiet breathing is accomplished by the

diaphragm

An X-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.

diaphysis

Damage to the muscle called the levator ani would result in

difficult defecation and decreased support for the pelvic viscera

the displacement of a bone from its normal position is called

disarticulation luxation

the 3 arches of the foot

distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking

bone formation associated with cartilage is called _______ ossification while bone formed in connective tissue membranes is called _____ ossification

endochondral; lntramembranous

Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is

endochondrial

what is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity

endosteuem

turning the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally is

eversion

the lateral leg muscles have what actions on the foot

eversion plantar flexion

which is true about skeletal muscle

every muscle fiber receives a brace of an axon from the nerve

the bone that articulates with the acetabulum is the

femur

the large bone in the thigh is the

femur

the flat bones of the skull develop from

fibrous connective tissue

Which of the following is inserted on the calcaneus by the Achilles tendon?

gastrocnemius

which of the following muscles is used when walking on your tip toes

gastrocnemius

The bulge of the calf is caused by the ________ and ________ muscles.

gastrocnemius; soles

When you say "ah" and stick out your tongue, which muscle do you use?

genioglossus

The cubital or elbow joint is an example of a _____ joint.

hinge

Which is mismatched?

hip joint - cruciate ligaments

the coal bone is known as the

hipbone

the rotator cuff muscles

hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula.

A dislocated shoulder involves separation of the __________ from the scapula.

humerus

the deltoid tuberosity is found on the

humerus

the glenoid cavity is where the

humerus articulates with the scapula

a synchondrosis contains _______ cartilage

hyaline

the type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is

hyaline cartilage

which of the following is associated with osteoclast reabsorption of bone

hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix

The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of

hydroxyapatite crystals

a corner determines the cause of death to be strangulation because this delicate bone is fractured

hyoid

the large depression on the medial side of the ilium is the

iliac fossa

anabolic steroids can do all of the following except

increase the number of muscle fibers

the site where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column is the

intervertebral foramen

an example of a symphysis is the

intervertebral joint

During development, some bones arise from thick connective tissue membranes in a process known as ______ bone formation, and other bones arise from a hyaline cartilage model in a process known as ______ bone formation.

intramembranous ; endochondral

What is the type of ossification that forms the flat bones of the skull?

intramembranous ossification

the parietal bone is formed by

intramembranous ossification

muscles that change the shape of the tongue are called

intrinsic muscles

The opposite of eversion is

inversion

the electrical properties of cells are the result of

ion concentration differences across the plasma membrane

the zygomatic bone is an example of a

irregular bone

physiological contracture

is a condition in which cross-bridges cannot release.

muscle tone

is a constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time.

the joint capsule

is a double layer of tissue that encloses a joint.

a person sits on his/her

ischial tuberosity

the portion of coal bone a person sits on is the

ischial tuberosity

Each _____ includes a Z disk and extends from each side of the Z disk to the ends of the myosin myofilaments.

isotropic band or I band

which of the following is a function of the vertebral column

it allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord

spaces in the bone matrix that are occupied by osteocytes are

lacunae

thin sheets of bone matrix are

lamellae

An exaggerated curvature of the lumbar region is

lordosis

a person with a fracture mandible has a broken

lower jaw

Which of the following is found inferior to the maxilla and has a posterior articulation with the temporal bone?

mandible

a synchondrosis

may be temporary.

What is the area where marrow is located?

medullary cavity

The thick fibrocartilage disks found in the knee joint are called

menisci

which of the following bones is part of the neurocranium

occipital bone

Raising the eyebrows is the action of the _____ muscles.

occipitofrontalis

visceral smooth muscle

occurs in sheets and exhibits numerous gap junctions.

an action potential

occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level

Which type of bone cells lie in lacunae?

osteocytes

which of the following is mismatched

parathyroid hormone - increases calcium loss in the kidneys

The opposite of supination is

pronation

Flexion of the hip is a movement produced by the

psoas major and iliacus

alaxander has been diagnosed with a pituitary tumor, which means the tumor is in the

sella turcica

what strengthens the attachment of the tendons or ligaments to bone

sharpen fibers

the common name for the tibia is the

shinbone

Maureen is hiking in the cold, and to maintain homeostasis her body begins to

shiver

which of the following is correctly matched

short bone - carpal bone

Bone growth at the articular cartilage is responsible for bone growth of

short bones

The subscapular and subacromial bursa are associated with the _________ joint.

shoulder

Which type of muscle tissue causes peristalsis

smooth muscle

the epiphyseal plate of a growing bone is actually a temporary joint called a

synchondrosis

When you "pull your tummy in" and compress your abdomen, you use the rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. This is an example of muscles working as

synergists

When two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone, this is called a

synostosis

most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are ______ joints

synovial

which of the following joints is the most movable

synovial

the inability to produce the fluid that keeps most joints moist indicates a disorder of the

synovial membrane

which is NOT a property of the myosin head

they bind to troponin

which is true concerning fast twitch muscle fibers

they split ATP rapidly

myosin is also known as the

thick myofilament

which is composed of myosin molecules

thick myofilaments

Classify a vertebra with the following characteristics: (1) superior articular processes face posteriorly (2) circular vertebral foramen (3) long spinous processes

thoracic

the ribs articulate with the _____

thoracic vertebrae

which of the following is true

thoracic vertebrae have long, thin spinous processes

a muscle fiber will respond to a stimulus when that stimulus reaches the ____ level

threshold

the extensor policies braves moves the

thumb

the humerus articulates with the ulna at the

trochlea

which of the following is most distal in location on the humerus

trochlea

the sagittal suture is located between the

two parietal bones

the opening in vertebrae for the spinal cord is the

vertebral foramen

aerobic respiration

yields as many as 36 ATP per glucose molecule metabolized

getting a kiss on the cheek means this bone is involved

zygomatic bone

identify the components of the skeletal system

- bones - cartilage - ligaments

places in the skeleton where bones meet are called

- cartilaginous discs - joints

select muscles that are named for their shape. Select all that apply

- deltoid - orbicularis oris - trees major

Select all of the movements allowed at the temporomandibular joint.

- depression and elevation - protraction and retraction

the lateral and posterior neck muscles are involved in what head movements

- extension - lateral flexion - rotation

shivering raises body temp because

- it increases heat production up to 18 times that of resting levels - the process of muscle contraction produces heat

what are two reasons why the number of bones vary with age

- seasmoid bones form within tendons in response to stress - some bones fuse together with age

What are some good ways to prevent effects of aging on the joints?

- strengthen muscles - stretching routines - use them regularly.

List the following structures in order from smallest to largest. (1) muscle fiber(2) myofilament(3) myofibril(4) muscle fasciculus

2,3,1,4

Arrange the following events in endochondral ossification in proper sequence: (1) Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die. (2) Chondrocytes hypertrophy. (3) Cartilage model is formed. (4) Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage called the primary ossification center. (5) Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

3,2,1,5,4

t/f : the 2 types of bone development formation include endochondral and endosteal bone

FALSE

t/f the average adult skeleton has 270 bones

FALSE

t/f the two anatomical portions od the skeleton are the skull and vertebral column

FALSE

t/f: bone remodeling stops during puberty

FALSE

which of the following is true

Optimal actin and myosin overlap will produce maximal contraction.

which of the following statements regarding PTH is true

PTH causes increased reabsoption of CA2+ in the kidneys

the muscle that is used to cross the legs is the

Sartorius

which is the longest muscle in the body

Sartorius

Susan slipped on the ice and was unable to be fully mobile for several days. What disruption to homeostasis would you predict she experienced during her immobile period in terms of her muscular system?

Susan was more cold than usual because her inactivity prevented her muscles from helping to regulate her body temperature.

A young woman is in a car accident. When she regains consciousness, she notices a sharp pain in her left arm. Looking down, she sees a bone sticking out. This is a compound fracture.

TRUE

t/f : the application of pressure crates a slight electrical charge on oseteoblasts

TRUE

t/f : the application of small electrical charges to broken bones are sometimes used to enhance healing

TRUE

t/f there are 22 bones that comprise the skull

TRUE

t/f twenty-six bones make up the vertebral column

TRUE

what is a triad

a T tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae

Lyme disease is

a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks

which is true concerning smooth muscle

a calcium-calmodulin complex initiates cross bridge formation

rheumatoid arthritis is

a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease

a proper definition of muscle tone is

a constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time

Well developed mentalis muscles result in

a dimple in the chin

osteomalacia is

a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion

osteoporoisis is

a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix

rickets is

a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones

osteogenesis imperfecta is

a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen development

a synergist is

a group of muscles that work together to cause movement

gout is

a metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid in blood

an isometric contraction is described as

a muscle produces an increasing tension as the length remains constant.

an isotonic contraction is described as

a muscle produces constant tension during contraction.

An eccentric contraction is described as

a muscle produces tension, but the length of the muscle is increasing.

an antagonist is

a muscle working in opposition to another muscle

What is tropomyosin?

a protein found along the groove of the F-actin double helix

in which situation does a resting membrane potential exist

a relaxed muscle fiber

Which of the following will respond to a threshold stimulus with an all-or-none contraction?

a single muscle fiber and a single motor unit

which could interfere with normal childbirth

a small pelvic outlet

which of the following does not occur at the knee joint

abduction

Select the types of angular movements allowed at synovial joints.

abduction extension flexion

which is found in the posterior group of forearm muscles

abductor pollicis longus

the gluteus Maximus

accounts for a sprinters stance

list some of titans roles in muscle contraction

accounts for muscles extensibility and elasticity allows the sarcomere to recoil and stretch

synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain

acetylcholine

The active sites to which cross-bridges attach are found on the

actin myrofilaments

Heather is watching a movie. What type of chemical pathway do her muscles depend upon at this time?

aerobic respiration

which of the following movements is possible at the hip or coxal joint

all of these are possible - rotation - flexion - addiction - circumduction

The upper limb and its girdle are attached rather loosely to the rest of the body. This arrangement

allows a wide range of movements

The type of movements where one linear part of the body bends relative to another part would be ______ movements.

angular

the anterior cruciate ligament prevents ______ displacement of the tibia

anterior

the anterior end of the iliac crest is the

anterior superior iliac spine

In a herniated ("ruptured" or "slipped") disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the ___________ cracks and the _____________ oozes out.

anulus fibrosus ; nucleus pulposus

the clavicle is part of the

appendicular skeleton

the pelvic girdle and lower lib are part of the

appendicular skeleton

ellipsoid joints

are actually modified ball and socket joints.

Synovial joints are different from both fibrous and cartilaginous joints because synovial joints

are enclosed by a joint capsule

Haversian systems or osteons

are the basic units in compact bone tissue

Delores is seeing a neurologist for severe inflammation in a specific type of joint. Which of these joints would be most likely to cause problems with the spinal cord?

atlantoaxial joint

the auditory ossicles are part of the

axial skeleton

the hyoid bone is part of the

axial skeleton

the sternum is part of the

axial skeleton

the vertebral column is part of the

axial skeleton

in humans

back muscles are strong to maintain erect posture

This type of joint is multiaxial allowing a wide range of movement.

ball and socket

which of the following joints is most movable

ball and socket

Which of the following muscles would be considered an antagonist to the rectus femoris

biceps femoris

of the following muscles of the thigh, which is on the posterior side

biceps femoris

which is a posterior thigh muscle

biceps femurs

which of the following is an example of how the cardiovascular system contributes to osteoporosis

blood clotting starts repair process

Dr. Jagasia informs a patient they have fractured the most anterior part of their vertebra. Which part is most likely affected?

body

osteomyelitis is

bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.

Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of

bone matrix

name the process which changes the shapes of bones to adjust to bone stress, replaces old bone matrix and facilitate the repair of broken bones

bone remodeling

which type of muscle tissue is autorhythmic

both cardiac and smooth muscle

the thumb and the big toe are similar in that

both have two rather than three phalanges.

The processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

both process form woven bone

which type of muscle tissue possesses striations

both skeletal and cardiac muscle

canaliculi are found in this type of bone tissue

both spongy and compact

in which type of bone are osteoblasts and osteoclasts present

both spongy and compact

which of the following about the femur is TRUE

both the greater and lesser trochanters are attachment sites for muscles

in a farm accident, a man has his arm severed midway between his wrist and elbow. what is severed

both the radius and the ulna

the common name for the sternum is the

breastbone

the heel of the foot is formed by the

calcaneus

Sally has elevated levels of blood calcium. What chemical would you expect to find in high levels in response to this condition?

calcitonin

osteoclast activity would decrease when ________ levels are elevated

calcitonin

which of the following is an example of how the endocrine sysetem affects osteoporosis

calcitonin is used to treat osteoporosis

when an acting potential reaches the presynaptic terminal

calcium ions diffuse into the presynaptic terminal through voltage gated ion channels

how does the Urinary System contribute to osteoporosis

calcium ions released from the bones are excreted

Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of _____, _____, and _____ in the diet.

calcium, phosphate , and vitamin D

what is the role of pacemaker cells

can rapidly develop action potentials

which type of muscle tissue has cells that branch

cardiac muscle

Which skull canal does the internal carotid artery pass through?

carotid canal

the wrist is composed of eight

carpal bones

An example of a saddle joint is the

carpometacarpal joint

cartilaginous joints unite two bones by means of

cartilage

chondroblast produce

cartilage matrix

Joints joined together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage would be classified as ______ joints.

cartilaginous

the orbicularis oculi muscle

causes crow's feet wrinkles

the sarcolemma is the

cell membrane of a muscle fiber

A movement through 360 degrees that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called

circumduction

Select the types of circular movements allowed at synovial joints

circumduction pronation rotation

the type of lamellae that forms the outside surface of compact bone is

circumferential

the flexion of the elbow represents a

class III lever system

the collar bone is the

clavicle

The failure of the palatine processes of the maxillary to fuse properly during development results in

cleft palate

the radiologist informs Mathew that his fracture has not penetrated the skin, Mathew has

closed fracture

the pelvic diaphragm consist of what two muscles

coccygeus and levator ani

osterngensis imperfects can be caused by abnormally formed

collagen

A condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations between contractions is called

complete tetanus

the knew joint is an example of a _____ joint

complex ellipsoid

the type of lamellae found in osteons is

concentric

T tubules

conduct action potentials deep into the muscle

Osteoblasts involved in bone growth in length come primarily from

connective tissue surrounding blood vessels from the endosteum

which is NOT a function of skeletal muscle

constriction of organs

muscle myofibrils

contain myosin and actin myofilaments

Actin myofilaments

contain strands of fibrous actin.

describe the H zone of a sarcomere

contains both myosin and actin myofilaments

cartilage

contains chondrocytes located in lacunae

spongy bone tissue

contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae

the mastoid process

contains mastoid air cells

Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in

continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane

a myofibril is the

contractile thread that extends the length of the muscle fiber

the capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as

contractility

If sodium ions cannot enter a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus,

contraction cannot occur

A drug that interferes with the active transport of calcium ions from the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum would result in

contraction with no relaxation

the zygomaticus major muscle

contributes to laughing and smiling.

the depressor angel iris muscle

contributes to pouting

The condition of painful, spasmodic contractions of muscles is referred to as

cramps

during resting conditions, _____ is synthesized to store energy

creatine phosphate

Rigor mortis occurs after death because

cross-bridges form but can't release.

A woman who drops something on her foot might injure which of the following bones?

cuneiform

one effect of aging on the skeletal system is

decreased bone matrix and decreases collagen fibers are effects of aging

how does the reproductive system contributes to osteoporosis

decreased estrogen levels following menopause contribute to the disease

which is NOT an age related change in skeletal muscle

decreased recovery time

synovial fluid

decreases friction between bones

All of the following muscles are rotators of the arm. Which is a lateral rotator of the arm?

deltoid

Raising your arm to shoulder level is accomplished almost entirely by the

deltoid

which would contribute to muscular fatigue in the muscle fiber

depletion of ATP reserves

Acetylcholine binds to a membrane bound receptor and causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open and results in

depolarization

In order to put on a glove, the fingers are abducted by hand muscles called the

dorsal interossei

Contraction of the inferior rectus muscle directs the pupil to look

down

sixty-five year old Stephen has a knee replacement surgery which requires a thin section of his distal femur to be removed. which is true?

due to the invasive nature if the surgical procedure, Stephen is at risk for osteomyelitis, a bacterial infection of bone

the olecranon process of the ulna is commonly known as the

elbow

If you ask someone a question and they do not know the answer, which type of nonverbal expression are you likely to get from that person?

election of the clavicles and scapulae

the opposite of depression is

elevation

which type of joint is mismatched with its location

ellipsoid - between femur and tibia

which of the following about bone growth is true

endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate

the epiphysis of the clavicle are formed by

endochondral ossification

the ethmoid and sphenoid bones are formed by

endochondral ossification

the inferior portion of the occipital bone is formed by

endochondral ossification

in smooth muscle, most of the calcium needed for muscle contraction

enters from extracellular fluid

during a muscle fiber contraction, which decreases in size

entire sarcomere, H zone, I bands

what is the role of myosin phosphatase

enzyme that removes phosphate from myosin

which connective tissue layer is outside all the others

epimysium

Long bones grow in length at the

epiphyseal plate

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?

epiphyseal plate

it is possible to determine if a Childs long bone is growing by examining a radiograph of the

epiphyseal plate

what is the site of long bone growth

epiphyseal plate

what is the end of a long bone

epiphysis

which back muscle inserts on the ribs and vertebrae

erector spinae

how does the respirator system contribute to osteoporosis

excessive smoking lowers estrogen levels, which increases bone loss

functionally, smooth muscle

exhibits autorhythmic contractions

acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of

exocytosis

which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct

exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling

Contracting the trapezius muscle would

extend and laterally flex the neck.

skeletal muscles

extend from one bone to another bone

the ancones works with the triceps brachia to

extend the forearm

which muscle extends the four lateral toes

extensor digitorum longus

which muscle extends the big toe

extensor hallucis longus

a muscle that extends both the wrist and the index finger is the

extensor indicis

which abdominal wall muscle is the most superficial of the oblique muscles

external abdominal oblique

which skull canal conveys sound waves to the eardrum

external auditory canal

the collar that forms around the opposing ends of a bone fragments is called a

external callus

In a contracted muscle, the A bands do narrow because the length of the myosin myofilaments changes,.

false

The type of neurotransmitter or hormone that binds to receptors on smooth muscle plasma membranes determines the response of the muscle.

false

t/f the tightness of the ligaments at each joint is the only limiting factor of movement at that joint

false

ribs that do not attach directly to the sternum

false ribs

inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue resulting in stiffness and soreness is

fibrositis

Pain in a synovial joint such as the hip can occur because of irritation of the nerves in the

fibrous capsule of the joint

a joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no no movement would be classified as a.

fibrous joint

A patient in a skiing accident is told that the lateral side of the ankle joint has been crushed. The bone that has been injured is the

fibula

the lateral malleolus is part of the

fibula

Which muscle everts and plantar flexes the foot?

fibularis brevis

Which of the following muscles is found in the lateral compartment of the leg?

fibulas longus

the common name for the phalanges is the

finger bones

Bones are classified as one of four types, based on their shapes. The bones of the cranium are examples of ______ bones.

flat bone

bones that are thing and have a broad curved shape are classified as

flat bone

Bowing the head is an example of

flexion

The opposite of extension is

flexion

the tires major and tires minor are not involved in

flexion and abduction of the arm

The radial pulse can be felt just lateral to the tendon of the

flexor carpi radialis

which muscle flexes the wrist

flexor carpi radialis

If a person drums their fingers on the table, they would be using which of the following muscles?

flexor digitorum profundus

the muscles of the anterior group of forearm muscles are primarily

flexors

the maxilla forms the

floor of the orbit

which of the following is NOT a cartilaginous joint

fontanelles

the spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called

fontanels

which of the following anatomical features of bones is correctly matched with its function

foramen - a hole for a blood vessel

which skull canal transmits branches of the trigeminal nerve

foramen ovale

the frontal bone is known as the

forehead

one ATP molecule is required for

formation of the cross-bridge, for movement of the cross-bridge, and for release of the cross-bridge.

intramembranous ossification

forms the bones of the roof of the skull

the medial malleolus

forms the medial side of the ankle joint.

the most common bone disease is osteoporosis. the most common consequence of this disease is

fractures

which cranial bone forms the bony eyebrow ridges and roofs of the orbits

frontal

Consider the following four phrases and select the one that does not belong with the others.

fuels runner in a marathon

List the arrangement of components found in a third-class lever.

fulcrum-pull-weight

the adductor longs is named for its

function and size

. Muscles can be classified by their shape and fascicle orientation. Which shape has the muscle fibers that run the length of the muscle and taper at each end?

fusiform

proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage

give cartilage its resilient nature

what is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body

glenohumeral joint

the simplest types of movements at a synovial joint are _____ movements

gliding

the type of movement between carpal bones is described as

gliding

which of the following is part of a thin myofilament

globular (G) actin

a common site for injections is

gluteus medius

the joint between the teeth and the mandibular alveolus is an example of a

gomphosis

Which thigh muscle adducts the thigh and flexes the knee?

gracilis

a bone fracture generally found in children that is incomplete is a

greenstick fracture

where chemical stimulates interstitial cartilage and appositional bone growth

growth hormone

Betsy took a fall, broke her arm, and when she took the cast off she was alarmed to see that her muscles

had undergone atrophy

a bone fracture in which the two bone sections do not seperate is a

hairline fracture

the biceps femurs is part of the

hamstrings

troponin

has a calcium-binding site.

the acromion process

has an articulation with the clavicle

woven bone

has its collagen fibers randomly oriented

cardiac muscle cells are like skeletal muscle cells in that they both

have striations

which of the following parts of a rib articulates with the body of a vertebra

head

the ligamentum nuchae

helps keep the head erect

what results from damage to annulus fibrous and release of nucleus pulpous

herniated disk

Tetanus of a muscle is thought to be caused by

high calcium ion concentrations in the sarcoplasm

In a laboratory experiment, the resting membrane potential of a muscle is measured and is found to be more negative. Which of the following has occurred

hyper polarization

A boy grew rapidly and reached a height of 6'2" by the time he was 13. He had normal body proportions and sexual development was only slightly retarded. Which of the following caused his condition?

hyper secretion of growth hormone

Abnormal forced extension beyond normal range of motion is called

hyperextension

which represents a class I lever system

hyperextension of the head

A young boy (10 years old) exhibited the following symptoms: advanced development of secondary sexual characteristics and rapid growth. Which of the following caused his condition?

hypersecretion of testosterone

the largest and most superior coal bone is the

ilium

How do the lymphatic and immune systems contribute to osteoporosis?

immune cells resist infections and release chemicals that promote tissue repair

which of the following is not a function of bone

immunity

Miguel falls out of a tree and breaks his fall by putting his arm out, fracturing his radius and ulna. What specific type of bone fracture is Miguel most likely to have?

impaction fracture

which of the following concerning types of muscle contractions is false

in isometric contractions, the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant

Curare blocks acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate. This would result in

inability of the muscle fiber to respond to nervous stimulation

how does the digestive system contribute to osteoporosis

inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D in the diet

As muscle activity increases, the body temperature

increase

parathyroid hormone (PTH) causes

increased RANKL and decreased OPG.

A child ingested an organophosphate poison used to kill insects. Soon the child's muscles began spastic contractions. Predict what occurred at the synaptic cleft.

increased accumulation of acetylcholine from presynaptic neurons

Which of the following is NOT a known effect of illegal use of anabolic steroids in large dosages?

increased cardiovascular fitness

Which of the following helps explain the increased tension seen in multiple wave summation

increased concentration of calcium ions around the myofibrils

what effects can be attributed to increased pressure on a bone

increased osteoblast activity

Which of the following changes have the potential to dramatically affect the potential difference across the plasma membrane?

increased permeability of the membrane to sodium ions and increased intracellular concentration of potassium ions

which does NOT occur due to the effects of aging on the joints

increased production of synovial fluid

select the term that does not belong

increased vascularity

intense exercise that results in a great deal of anaerobic activity

increases musclular strength and mass

which of the following bones forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

inferior nasal conchae

arthritis is

inflammation of a joint.

Which of the following muscles is part of the rotator cuff

infraspinatus

One cause of spastic paralysis might be

inhibition of acetylcholinesterase

facial muscles are unusual in that they

insert and sometimes originate on skin and connective tissue.

When a skeletal muscle contracts to cause a given movement, the more movable end of attachment of the muscle is termed its

insertion

Jasmine trips and tries to break her fall by putting her hand to the ground. The doctor informs her she has injured the ____ joints in her wrist

intercapal joints

Which abdominal wall muscle inserts on the 10th to 12th ribs and rectus sheath?

internal abdominal oblique

what structure forms between the ends of a broken bone and also the marrow cavities

internal callus

which muscles contracts during forced expiration

internal intercostals

what thoracic muscles are involved in expiration

internal intercostals & transversus thoracics

What back muscle originates on the vertebral spinous processes?

interspinales

the type of lamellae found between osteons is

interstitial

the loss of weight that occurs with aging is due to compression of the

intervertebral discs

the fibrocartilage located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae is the

intervertebral disk

the fibrous capsule

is a layer of tissue that is continuous with the periosteum

synovial fluid

is a thin lubrictaing film covering the surface of a joint

calcitonin

is associated with decreased osteoclast activity

lamellar bone

is organized into thin sheets of tissue

hyaluronic acid

is responsible for the lubricating properties of synovial fluid.

a fasciculus

is surrounded by perimysium.

complete tetanus

is the condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations.

incomplete tetanus

is the condition in which the muscle fiber only partially relaxes between contractions.

the refractory period

is the time during which the tissue cannot respond again

A toxin released by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum causes the food-borne illness known as botulism, which inhibits the release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction. What effect does this have on the person?

it causes flaccid paralysis and if it affects the respiratory muscles, can result in death

which is NOT true of muscular atrophy

it is irreversible

identify the statement concerning skeletal muscle that is true

it is responsible for locomotion

Which of the following is NOT true of the latch state of smooth muscle contraction

it occurs when the phosphate is removed while the cross bridges are not attached to actin

Atrophy at the neuromuscular junction that naturally occurs with age would have what effect on muscles?

it would decrease the number of action potentials sent to the my-fiber

a place where 2 or more bones come together is a

joint and an articulation

in the body lever systems, the

joint represents the fulcrum point

Which skull canal contains blood vessels that drain blood from the skull?

jugular foramen

Eighty-year old Mrs. Smith has a bent-over stance with a noticeable hump back. Along with osteoporosis, Mrs. Smith also is afflicted with which condition?

kyphosis

this condition is also known as hump back

kyphosis

how does the muscular system contribute to osteoporosis

lack of exercise reduces muscle stress on bone

how does the integumentary system contribute to osteoporosis

lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption

A waste product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells is

lactic acid

the posterior part of the vertebral arch is the

lamina

The time between application of the stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of contraction is called the _____ phase.

latent or lag phase

Eversion and plantar flexion is accomplished by muscles in the ______ compartment.

lateral

Moving the mandible to the side as when grinding the teeth is

lateral excursion

jill, an avid runner, experiences pain on her greater trochanter. Where is Jill's pain located

lateral femur

Yolanda, a yoga instructor, tells her class to stretch the muscles of the side of the trunk by instructing them to perform ___.

lateral flexion

the infraspinatus

laterally rotates the arm

the arm is attached to thorax by the

latissimus dorsi and pectorals major

the primary function of osteoblasts is to

lay down bone matrix

the pelvic diaphragm is formed by the

levator ani and coccygeus muscles

which muscle will elevate the scapula

levator scapulae

the ligament at the head of the femur is the

ligamentum teres

the apendecular skeleton consists of the

limbs and their girdles

the medullary cavity is

lined with endosteum

the synovial membrane

lines the joint everywhere except over the articular cartilage

Which back muscle extends the head?

logissimus capitis

bone that are longer than they are wide and generally have enlarged ends for articulations are _______ bones

long bone

the length of the resting sarcomere is

longer than the length of a contracted sarcomere.

which of the following muscles does NOT extend the next

longus capitis

the skull bone that forms the chin is also the only bone connected to the skull by a freely moveable joint. this bone is the

mandible

Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to

manufacture blood cells

Which of the following muscles is involved in chewing gum

masseter

Muscles that elevate the jaw and close the mouth include the

masseter and medial pterygoid

which of the following bones contains a sinus

maxilla

which of the following facial bones is correctly matched with its function

maxilla - possesses sockets for teeth

a cleft palate results from incomplete development of the

maxillae

which anatomical term is correctly matched with its description

meatus 0 a tunnel

in which of the following locations in a growing bone would greatest osteoclast activity be found

medullary cavity

the knuckles of the hand are formed by the distal ends of the

metacarpals

LaTonya gets her hand caught in the car door at her knuckles. Which of these specific joints is injured?

metacarpophalangeal joints

the foot contains

metatarsals

the stem cells of osteoclasts are

monocytes

which statement concerning the ankle joint is true

most common injuries to this joint occur because of a forceful inversion of the foot

Movements of the body are usually smooth and occur at differing rates because

motor units contract out of phase at their own rates

which action is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle

moving your feet in walking

which back muscle extends and rotates the vertebral column

multifidus

the stretch of elastic components of a muscle adds to the increased tension during

multiple wave summation

identify the statement concerning the general functional characteristics of muscle that is true

muscle tissue shortens forcefully but lengthens passively

skeletal muscle develops from multinucleated cells called

myoblasts

muscle hypertrophy results from increased numbers of

myofibrils and sarcomeres

ATPase is found in

myosin heads

in excitation-contracting coupling,

myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin

which is mismatched

myosin myofilaments - thin myofilaments

What canal conveys tears from the eyes to the nasal cavity?

nasolacrimal canal

which of the following is not a carpal

navicular

Which of the following causes an unequal ion concentration across the resting plasma membrane?

negatively charged proteins do not readily diffuse across the plasma membrane

The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called

neuromuscular junction

Which of the following structures contains the other four items listed

neuromuscular junction

which event occurs on the postsynaptic membrane

neurotransmitter combines with a receptor molecule

in appositional growth of cartilage

new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue

which of the following bony features is not associated with the skull

obturator foramen

A person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones?

occipital

the point of the elbow is the

olecranon process

appositional growth deposits a new layer of bone

on the surface of the bone

a sarcomere extends from

one Z disk to an adjacent Z disk

the digastric muscle is involved in

opening the mouth

the type of muscle that functions as a sphincter is

orbicular

Closing or puckering the lips is the action of the _____ muscle.

orbicularis fris

of the following muscles of the head, which one wraps around the orbits

orbicularis oculi

The sternocleidomastoid muscle extends from the mastoid process of the temporal bone to the sternum and medial clavicle. When both sternocleidomastoid muscles contract, the head is flexed. The end of the muscle that connects to the sternum is the

origin

the brachioradilis is named for its

origin and insertion

When repolarization of the cell membrane is complete, the

original polarity of the cell is restored

which type of bone cells package calcium and phosphate ions

osteoblast

the remodeling of bone tissue is a function of

osteoblast and osteoclast activity

which of the following occurs in the formation of mineralized bone matrix

osteoblast from collagen and proteoglycans

which type of bone cells combine hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone

osteoblasts

which type of bone cells posses extensive ER and ribosomes

osteoblasts

which type of bone cells give rise to osteoblasts

osteochondral progenitor cell

the stem cells of osteoblast and chondroblast are

osteochondral progenitor cells

which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix

osteoclast

When blood calcium levels are low

osteoclast activity increases

when a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. which of the following does this

osteoclasts

which type of bone cells are large cells that form from fusion of monocytes

osteoclasts

which type of bone cells have ruffled borders and secrete acids

osteoclasts

which of the following is correctly matched

osteoclasts-responsible for reabsorption

the cell type that is the responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the

osteocyte

what are the maintenance cells in bone tissue

osteocytes

which type of bone cells have processes that lie in canaliculi

osteocytes

brittle bone disorder is another name for

osteogenesis imperfecta

how does the nervous system contribute to oseteoporsis

pain following injury helps prevent further injury

which muscles are involved in swallowing

palatopharyngeus

Sam was a 60 year old man. As a result of picking up a heavy object he fractured the radius and ulna of his right arm. X-rays indicated that he had severe osteoporosis. His blood calcium levels were above normal and the pathologist found cancer cells that produced a hormone-like substance. That substance was most likely

parathyroid hormone

osteoclast activity increased by

parathyroid hormone

what chemical causes an increase in the blood calcium level

parathyroid hormone

the lambdoidal suture is located between the

parietal and occipital bones

An antibody test on smooth muscle reveals fewer dense bodies and intermediate filaments in a patient with a colon disorder. What is the purpose of these structures?

part of the intracellular cytoskeleton

Peter receives a blow to the front of the knee on the soccer field and collapses. the bruised bone is the _________

patella

which is correctly matched

patella - bone within tendon of quadriceps

which muscle will depress the scapula or elevate the ribs

pectoralis minor

which muscle of the chest has its insertion on the humerus

pectorals major

Judd has a fractured coxal bone, which means he has a broken

pelvis

Muscles that have their fasciculi arranged like barbs of a feather along a common tendon are called

pennate

the type of muscle that can contract with the greatest force is the

pennate

a connective tissue sheath around cartilage is the

perichondrium

the connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the

perichondrium

the covering of the outer surface of bone is the

periosteum

which of the following membranes covers the surface of a mature bone

periosteum

the joint between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna is a _____ joint

pivot

a joint that consist of two opposed flat surfaces of approx equal size is a ______ joint

plane

the joint between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae is a ______ joint

plane

Sergio needs to reach the bowls on the top shelf, which are slightly out of reach. Which type of movement below would give him the greatest chance of success in reaching the bowls?

plantar flexion

the outside of the resting plasma membrane is _______ relative to the inside of the resting plasma membrane

positively charged

skeletal muscle fibers

possess striations

the muscles responsible for extending the wrist and fingers are mostly found on the ________ of the forearm; whereas the muscles responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers are mostly found on the ________ of the forearm

posterior ; anterior

Mary Lu is experiencing pain from her sacroiliac joint. In what region of her body is she most likely feeling pain?

posterior pelvic region

the greater sciatic notch is found on the

posterior side of the ilium

which is true during the resting membrane potential

potassium is concentrated primary inside the cell

when the myosin head flexes onto a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called the

power stroke

identify functions of the skeletal system

production of blood cells and platelets protection of internal organs

select all of the functions of the skeletal system

production of blood cells and platelets protection of internal organs storage of minerals

the sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is

proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, remodeling

osteomyelitis causes destruction of bone tissue primarily by

promoting inflammation and overstimulation of osteoclast activity

rotting the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly is

pronation

important functions of the skeletal system include

protection of the brain and soft organs

a myofilament is the

protein strand composed of actin or myosin

which of the following matrix molecules in cartilage tends to trap large quantities of water

proteoglycan

the opposite of retraction is

protraction

the function of a bursa is to

provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction.

which muscle flexes the vertebral column

psoas minor

the orbicularis iris muscle

puckers the moth for kissing

which abdominal wall muscle originates on the iliac crest and the lower lumbar vertebrae

quadratus lumborum

which muscle is named for its location

quadriceps femoris

Which of the following is a group of four muscles in the anterior thigh?

quadriceps remoras

If you break the lateral bone of your forearm, you have fractured your

radius

the elevator palpebrae superiorsis muscle

raises the eyelid

Too much acetylcholinesterase causes

rapid degradation of acetycholine.

the elevated oxygen consumption relative to activity level after exercise has ended called

recovery oxygen consumption

The abdominal muscle that has its origin at the pubic crest and symphysis pubis is the

rectus abdominis

When an intramuscular injection is given in the anterior aspect of the thigh, the injection is in the

rectus femoris

Name the air-filled spaces lined by mucous membranes found within flat and irregular bones.

red marrow cavities

after contraction has occurred, the calcium is

released from troponin.

myosin phosphatase

removes phosphate from myosin.

muscular dystrophy is characterized by

replacement of muscle cells by connective tissue.

Returning the thumb to the anatomical position after touching the little finger is

reposition

muscles exhibit the property of excitability. this means that the muscle

responds to stimulation by the nervous system

a pivot joint

restricts movement to rotation.

multiple wave summation

results in complete and incomplete tetanus.

Raul's father tells him not to slouch, and to put his shoulders back. What specifically must Raul do to improve his posture?

retract his scapulae

Which muscle retracts, rotates, and fixes the scapula?

rhomboideus major

which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton

rib

Contracting the right sternocleidomastoid muscle would

rotate the head toward the left

Turning a structure around its longitudinal axis is called

rotation

The muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the

rotator cuff

osteoclast have projections that cause bone reabsorption called

ruffled borders

Maya is experiencing pain and discomfort in her posterior coxal region. Which specific joint may be the problem?

sacroiliac joint

In order for the excitation-contraction coupling to occur, the production of an action potential must occur within the ______ of a muscle fiber.

sarcolemma

T tubules are invaginations of the

sarcolemma

Arrange these structures as they participate in excitation-contraction

sarcolemma, T tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium Iona

the coracoid process is found on the

scapula

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is called

scoliosis

which of the following evens occurs last

secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses

Which muscle rotates and protracts the scapula, and elevates the ribs?

serrates anterior

the growth spurt seen in puberty is triggered by

sex hormones

twelve year old Madeline has not yet experienced a bone growth spurt, meaning she is not yet producing which chemical necessary

sex hormones

What are caveolae?

shallow invaginations of cell membrane

these collagen fibers help to connect ligaments and tendon to the periosteum of the bone

sharpen fibers

The glenoid labrum is part of the _____ joint while the acetabular labrum is part of the _____ joint.

shoulder ; hip

some flat and irregular bones of the skull have air-filled spaces called

sinuses

Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the

size of muscle fiber

Which type of muscle tissue causes flexion and extension of the arm

skeletal muscle

Which type of muscle tissue has neuromuscular junctions

skeletal muscle

which type of muscle tissue is multinucleate

skeletal muscle

the model that describes the contraction of the muscle is called the

sliding filament model

Shannon, a boxer, is informed after a fight that she has a broken ethmoid bone, and that due to its location she may have difficulty with which of these special senses?

smell

Which type of muscle tissue causes vasoconstriction

smooth muscle

which type of muscle tissue has spindle-shaped cells

smooth muscle

which is true

smooth muscle is found on the walls of hollow organs

articular cartilage provides

smooth surface where bones meet

depolarization of the cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx of

sodium ions

Which muscle plantar flexes the foot?

soleus

Anatomy students are viewing bone and identifying the sella turcica, pterygoid processes, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, and the foramen rotundum. What bone are they studying?

sphenoid bone

what condition is the failure of vertebral laminae to fuse

spina bifida

three-year old Trevor is admitted to the hospital with a stenosis (narrowing) of the foramen magnum, which directly affects what

spinal cord

the posterior, inferior projection from vertebrae is the

spinous process

in which type of bone would trabeculae be present

spongy bone

which type of bone appears porous

spongy bone

Choosing from the lateral neck muscles, which muscle is the prime mover for flexion of the head at the neck

sternocleidomastoid

manubrium, body, and xiploid process are all parts of the

sternum

the anterior boundary of the rib cage is the

sternum

Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of yellow marrow is to

store adipose tissue

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium ions

The muscle shape that has the capacity to shorten to the greatest degree is

straight

the proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the

strength of the bone

The term "shin splints" is applied to

stress fractures of the fibula 2 to 5 cm distal to the knee.

a sarcomere is the

structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle cell

joints are classified according to the

structure of the joint

which of the following bony features is mismatched with its description

styloid process - point of articulation of mandible with skull

which muscle fixes the clavicle or elevates the first rib

subclavius

Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly is called

supination

Of the following muscles of the forearm, which one rotates the forearm to turn the palm upwards?

supinator

In order to stabilize the hyoid so that the larynx can be elevated in swallowing, the _____ muscle group is used.

suprahyoid

A tennis player complains of severe pain in the shoulder when serving or returning an overhead volley. Which of the rotator cuff muscles is probably damaged?

supraspinatus

Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that

surrounds each muscle fiber

epimysium

surrounds individual muscles

the junction of two pubic bones is the

symphysis pubis

What would result from a lack of extracellular calcium ions at the neuromuscular junction?

synaptic vesicles would fail to fuse and ACh would not be released

the coccyx is also called the

tailbone

tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and the fibula

talus

which of the following bones is paired

temporal

A person who has cerebrospinal fluid draining from the ear probably has a fracture of the

temporal bone

Alan suffers a concussion. Which bone has possibly been traumatized?

temporal bone

in the TMJ joint, the mandible articulates wit the

temporal bone

a band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a

tendon

which muscle abducts and flexes the thigh

tensor fasciae latae

a sustained muscle contraction is known as

tetanus

which of the following events occurs during the lag phase of a muscle twitch

the action potential is propagated from the presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane

In order for muscle relaxation to occur,

the active sites on actin must be blocked.

oxygen deficit represents

the amount of oxygen that cells need to replenish ATP supplies after exercise.

in a syndesmosis

the bones are held together by ligaments called interosseous membranes.

A cancer patient is told by their physician that their colon is lacking smooth muscle tone. What does this mean?

the colon is unable to maintain constant tension for sustained periods of time

what is a cross-bridge

the combination of myosin heads with active sites on actin molecules

The type of muscle fatigue known as "psychological fatigue" is the result of

the emotional state of the individual

the insertion is

the end of the muscle where the action occurs

If an X-ray shows a black area in the region of the epiphyseal plate,

the epiphyseal plate has not completely ossified

the longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when

the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue.

When comparing the female pelvis with the male pelvis, which of the following statements is false?

the female pelvis is heavier

If all of the calcium within a muscle fiber was removed, which of the following could still occur?

the heads of myosin molecules return to their resting position and the recovery stroke occurs

Which of the following statements regarding the temporomandibular (TMJ) joint is correct?

the joint is a combination plane and ellipsoidal joint

John Flashback was running downfield with the football. As he tried to avoid a tackle, he stepped in a hole and his foot was twisted under him with great force. The X-ray shows a "broken ankle". The structure that is most likely broken is the

the lateral malleolus

which of the following statements concerning the maxilla is false

the maxilla articulates with the mastoid process

osteoarthritis is

the most common type of arthritis

the coccyx is

the most inferior portion of the vertebral column

what is the power stroke

the movement of myosin head while attached to actin myofilament

a concentric contraction is described as

the muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.

concentric contractions occur when

the muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.

the prime mover is

the muscle that does most of the movement

Consider a chemical that blocks the action of acetylcholinesterase. What effect does this have on muscles?

the muscle would have no way to relax, and spastic contractions would result

when comparing smooth and skeletal muscle cells, which is true

the myofibrils in smooth muscle do not form sarcomeres

increased strength of a trained muscle is due to

the nervous systems ability to recruit a large number of motor units simultaneously

whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying

the number of motor units recruited

which of the following is false

the olecranon process is located on the distal end of the ulnae

excitation-contraction coupling begins with

the production of an action potential in the sarcolemma

why does muscle activity affect the temp of body

the rate of chemical reactions increases in muscle fibers during contraction, so the rate of heat production also increases

which of the following ribs attaches to there sternum at the sternal angle

the second

smooth muscle is regulated by all of the following except

the somatic nervous system

the origin is

the stationary end of the muscle

which of the following concerning sutures is false

the tissue between the bones is hyaline cartilage

The plasma membrane of an excitable cell is more permeable to potassium ions because

there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+

a herniated disc occurs when

there is protrusion of the nucleus pulposus.

which of the following statements concerning bursae is true

they are formed by an extension of the synovial membrane

Callie is a world class marathon runner. Which of the descriptions about her dominant type of skeletal muscle is FALSE?

they are well adapted to anaerobic activity

articular frets on the transverse processes are characteristics of ______ vertebrae

thoracic

The thenar muscles are involved in controlling the ____; the hypothenar muscles control the ____.

thumb ; little finger

an example of a long bone would be

tibia

Of the following muscles of the leg, which one is on the anterior side of the leg?

tibialis anterior

which muscle dorsiflexes and inverts the foot

tibialis anterior

a woman pinched her phalanx. she hurt her

toe or her finger.

If you stepped in a hole in the yard and sprained your ankle, you have

torn a ligament of the ankle

interconnecting rods of bone are

trabeculae

which abdominal wall muscle inserts on the diploid process and the lines alba

transverse abdominis

which muscles moves the scapula

trapezius

If a man exercises by doing push-ups every day, he would strengthen or enlarge which of the following muscles

triceps brachii

Which of the following muscles extends the forearm and has its insertion on the ulna?

triceps brachii

The diffusion of calcium ions into a smooth muscle cell does not depolarize the membrane so no action potential occurs

true

which would occur as a result of a single muscle contraction

twitch

a styloid process is found on the

ulna

the olecranon process is found on the

ulna

cartilaginous joints

unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.

which of the following is an example of extension

using your finger to point out an area on a map

which is a part of the quadriceps femurs muscle group

vastus lateralis

Those ribs that attach directly to the sternum are referred to as _____ ribs.

vertebrosternal

andre is in a car accident and fractures his maxilla. to which group of bones does this belong

viscerocranium

a tumor discovered in the posterior orbit would most likely impact

vision

what chemical ingested or synthesized by the body is necessary for calcium absorption

vitamin D

These are blood vessels that carry blood from the medullary cavity and periosteum to the osteon and run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.

volkmann canals

Channels that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge or voltage across the plasma membrane are called

voltage-gated channels

which of the following bones forms the nasal septum

vomer and ethmoid

multiunit smooth muscle is located in the

wall of blood vessels

osteoarthritis usually is caused by

wear and tear of the joint.

which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true

when blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases

sully is involved in a car accident in which he is rear-ended. the traumatic hyperextension of his head caused

whiplash

A sharp object penetrated a synovial joint. From the following list of structures, select the order in which they were penetrated. (1) tendon or muscle (2) ligament (3) fibrous capsule (4) skin (5) synovial membrane

4,1,2,3,5