A&P2 ch 18 & 19 parts 1-6x2

The velocity and pressure of blood is slowest and lowest in the capillary beds. Which of the following is not an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds? A. Lower pressure on the venous end of the capillary bed allows for greater reabsorption of fluid back to the plasma. B. Slower blood flow through capillaries allows more time for diffusion to take place in the capillary bed. C. Lower pressure reduces the chance of injury to delicate capillary vessels. D. Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation.

Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation.

Femoral artery:

Major artery of the thigh.

Superior vena cava:

Receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall.

Axillary artery:

Runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder girdle.

Large veins:

Site where blood pressure is lowest. Site where the blood volume is greatest.

Capillaries:

Site where exchanges of food and gases are made. Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest.

Arterioles:

Site where resistance to blood flow is greatest. Site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance.

Large arteries:

Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest. Site where the blood pressure is greatest.

Superior mesenteric artery:

Supplies the small intestine.

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A. They distribute blood to various parts of the body. B. Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. C. They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. D. The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A. altering blood volume B. reflex arcs involving baroreceptors C. reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers D. chemoreceptors

altering blood volume

ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for

a serious hemorrhage

The term ductus venosus refers to ________. A. a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs B. a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver C. damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins D. a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity

a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?

an increase in heart contractility

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following?

an increase in heart rate and contractility

Which of the following chemicals effects blood pressure for both the short and long term? A. aldosterone B. atrial natriuretic peptide C. angiotensin II D. nitric acid

angiotensin II

When renin is released from the kidney,

angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I.

Edema may occur when

blood pressure is high, endothelial permeability goes up, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, the plasms concentration of protein is reduced

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? A. blood viscosity B. blood vessel diameter C. blood vessels type D. total blood vessel length

blood vessel diameter

Which of the following affects blood flow through the body?

blood viscosity, turbulence, vessel diameter, vascular resistance

Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits

both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.

Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?

both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure

When carotid and aortic baroreceptors slow their discharge,

both heart rate and stroke volume increase.

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. A. capillaries B. arterioles C. veins D. arteries

capillaries

Metabolites exchange by diffusion with tissue cells in which of the following locations?

capillary

What structure do RBCs move through single file?

capillary

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.

capillary; interstitial fluid

Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?

carotid sinus and aortic arch

The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the

concentration of plasma proteins

capillaires that have a complete lining are called

continuous capillaries

In the brain the fluid that filters out of capillaries is highly regulated. You would expect to see ________ feeding the brain. A. sinusoid capillaries, with incomplete basement membrane B. fenestrated capillaries, with thin diaphragms made of extracellular glycoproteins C. metarterioles leading directly to thoroughfare cannels D. continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts

continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts

Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?

decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

If a person were to have substantial blood loss you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to occur except one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. A. increased peripheral resistance B. increased vasomotor tone C. decreased heart rate D. a weak, thread pulse

decreased heart rate

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. A. increased incidence of coronary artery disease B. increased damage to blood vessel endothelium C. decreased size of the heart muscle D. increased work of the left ventricle

decreased size of the heart muscle

Resistance is a force that

decreases blood flow

Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. A. increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases B. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases C. increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur D. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur. Less H2O will be attracted to Albumin causing H2O retention.

If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be

doubled

blood pressure is determined by

estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff

Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? A. rising blood volume B. increasing stroke volume C. falling blood volume D. increasing heart rate

falling blood volume

In general it is expected that ________. A. osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end B. hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed C. hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed D. hydrostatic pressure will rise as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed

hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output, except

increased blood concentration of glucose.

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure, except

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following, except

inhibition of EPO secretion.

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. A. the hypothalamic "thermostat" B. skin temperature C. intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms D. ADH

intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased

parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.

proteins in the blood

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.

pulse

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following, except

pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A. rapid, thready pulse B. increased heart rate C. cold, clammy skin D. rapidly falling blood pressure

rapidly falling blood pressure

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure, except

release of renin

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. A. left side of the head and neck B. left upper arm C. myocardium of the heart D. right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

right side of the head and neck and right upper arm (brachiocephalic trunk)

Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased

salt and water loss through kidneys

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?

tunica intima

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue?

tunica media

Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart?

vascular resistance

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A. hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume B. cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels C. vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone D. circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant

vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply?

vein

Blood pressure is lowest in the

veins

Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body's blood?

veins

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

venous

after blood leaves the capillaries, it enters

venules

Turbulent blood flow occurs

when there are sudden changes in vessel diameter, at high flow rates, when blood pressure is excessively high, when there are irregularities in the vessel wall

Brachial artery:

Artery usually ausculated to take the blood pressure.

Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________. A. 90/55 B. 130/80 C. 120/80 D. 150/90

90/55

Which of the following lumen diameters would be typical of a muscular artery?

0.4 cm

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?

34mm Hg

Subclavian vein:

Drains an upper extremity, a deep vein.

External jugular vein:

Drains the scalp.

Great saphenous vein:

Vessel commonly used as a coronary bypass vessel.

How would an attack by a mugger affect blood pressure? What is the physiological basis for your answer? A. Blood pressure would decrease due to parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. B. Blood pressure would increase due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. C. Blood pressure would increase due to parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. D. Blood pressure would increase due to vagal nerve stimulation. E. Blood pressure would decrease due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

Blood pressure would increase due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so? A. Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance. B. The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output. C. The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses. D. The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output.

Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance.

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. B. Blood flow to the kidneys increases. C. Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. D. The skin will be cold and clammy.

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

Pulmonary trunk:

Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary vein:

Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.

The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta? A. The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure. B. Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow. C. The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels. D. Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart.

Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart.

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. A. Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. B. Excess albumen transport protein production would decrease blood pressure. C. An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery. D. Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas.

Excess red blood cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

True or False: Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.

False

True or False: The thick-walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries.

False; elastic (conducting) arteries.

Mr. Wilson is a 45-year-old stockbroker with essential hypertension. He is African American, obese, and he smokes 2-3 packs of cigarettes daily. What risk factors for hypertension are typified by Mr. Wilson? What complications are likely if corrective steps are not taken? A. The risk factors are obesity, race, and smoking. Complications could include atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. B. The risk factors are obesity, race, a high-stress job, and smoking. Complications could include atherosclerosis, heart failure, renal failure, and stroke. C. The risk factors are obesity and race. Complications could include atherosclerosis and heart failure. D. The risk factors are obesity, race, and a high-stress job. Complications could include atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. E. The risk factors are race, a high-stress job, and smoking. Complications could include heart failure, renal failure, and stroke.

The risk factors are obesity, race, a high-stress job, and smoking. Complications could include atherosclerosis, heart failure, renal failure, and stroke.

Which of the following statements is not true of the precapillary sphincters? A. They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel. B. They regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries. C. They allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole. D. They increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries.

They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel.

True or False: The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.

True. Anastomoses: connection that is created between tubular structures, such as blood vessels or loops of intestine.

Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel?

arteriole

Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________. A. muscular arteries B. pulmonary arteries C. elastic arteries D. arterioles

arterioles

The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the

arterioles

In the condition known as ________, the wall of an artery becomes thicker and stiffer.

arteriolsclerosis

During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? A. angiotensin II B. epinephrine C. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): reduces cardiac output and systemic blood pressure

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.

blood pressure

Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. A. is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist B. is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons C. causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure D. is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level

is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist. Controlled intrinsically, independent of MAP, sensitive to O2.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by:

large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth? A. ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis B. ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres C. fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum D. ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis

ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis

A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue? A. lower heart rate and reduced blood flow B. increased angiogenesis and higher peripheral resistance C. higher peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure D. increased risk of developing atherosclerosis

lower heart rate and reduced blood flow

Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the:

lymphatic system

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?

net osmotic pressure

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the

osmolarity of intersitial fluids

In general it is expected that ________. A. osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end B. osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed C. hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed D. osmotic pressure will be higher in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end

osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed

In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow. A. continuous capillaries B. fenestrated capillaries C. metarterioles D. sinusoid capillaries

sinusoid capillaries: most preamble; found in liver, bone marrow, spleen.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) decreases in starving children because:

starvation in children results in a protein deficiency and the liver cannot produce enough protein to maintain BCOP

Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? A. superior vena cava B. right ventricle C. left atrium D. pulmonary arteries and veins

superior vena cava

In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has

the greater resistance to blood flow