A&P2 • Connect • Chapter22

which are examples of obstructive lung disorders? select all that apply. a) asthma b) black lung disease c) chronic bronchitis d) tuberculosis

a) asthma + c) chronic bronchitis

why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration? a) atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area b) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, and air flows toward higher pressure regions c) pressure is the same in the atmosphere and in the lungs d) resistance increases in the lungs during inspiration, and air always takes the pathway with the greatest resistance

a) atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area

identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. select all that apply. a) bicarbonate ion b) carboaminohemoglobin c) dissolved gas d) bound to heme e) carboxyhemoglobin

a) bicarbonate ion + b) carboaminohemoglobin + c) dissolved gas

which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? choose two answers from the list below. a) diaphragm b) pectoralis major and minor c) rectus abdominis d) sternocleidomastoid e) intercostals f) scalenes

a) diaphragm + e) intercostals

which hormones promote oxygen delivery to tissues by stimulates bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) synthesis? select all that apply. a) epinephrine b) testosterone c) inhibin d) thyroxine e) gastrin f) growth hormone

a) epinephrine + b) testosterone + d) thyroxine + f) growth hormone

contraction of the diaphragm leads to which of the following? a) inspiration b) apnea c) reflexive coughing d) expiration

a) inspiration

as the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration? a) intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure b) intrapleural pressure is temporarily higher than atmospheric pressure c) intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily higher than atmospheric pressure d) intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than intrapleural pressure

a) intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure

which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase? a) it converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions b) it converts carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water which are then transported into red blood cells c) it binds bicarbonate to hemoglobin as a buffer d) it binds carbon dioxide to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin

a) it converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

the __________________ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea. a) larynx b) bronchi c) tongue d) pharynx

a) larynx

which factors affect the position of the epiglottis during swallowing? choose two answers from the list below. a) movement of the tongue b) elevation of the larynx c) elevation of the trachea d) downward movement of the larynx

a) movement of the tongue + b) elevation of the larynx

which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? select two answers from the list below. a) nares b) nostrils c) choanae d) vestibule

a) nares + b) nostrils

which are components of the upper respiratory tract? select all that apply. a) nasal cavity b) pharynx c) alveoli d) larynx e) bronchi f) trachea

a) nasal cavity + b) pharynx + d) larynx

the auditory tube (eustachian tube) and pharyngeal tonsil are associated with which portion of the pharynx? a) nasopharynx b) laryngopharynx c) oropharynx

a) nasopharynx

which structures enter the lung at the hilum? select all that apply. a) nerves b) blood vessels c) bronchioles d) lymphatic vessels

a) nerves + b) blood vessels + d) lymphatic vessels

the respiratory system does which of the following? select all that apply. a) supplies the body with oxygen b) plays a role in regulating blood pressure c) assists in the removal of carbon dioxide d) influences calcium metabolism e) functions in vocalization and speech

a) supplies the body with oxygen + b) plays a role in regulating blood pressure + c) assists in the removal of carbon dioxide + e) functions in vocalization and speech

which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that covers the lung surface? a) visceral pleura b) perichondrium c) respiratory membrane d) parietal pleura

a) visceral pleura

why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men? a) women have shorter and thinner vocal cords b) women have smaller diameter tracheae c) men have longer cricotracheal ligaments d) men have larger noses

a) women have shorter and thinner vocal cords

the normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37mm Hg and 43mm Hg. which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37mm Hg? a) respiratory acidosis b) respiratory alkalosis c) hypocapnia d) hypercapnia

b) hypocapnia

which factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? select all that apply. a) decreased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC b) increased temperature c) increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC d) decreased temperature

b) increased temperature + c) increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC

which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers? a) fornix b) medulla oblongata c) corpora quadrigemina d) pons

b) medulla oblongata + d) pons

what is the respiratory membrane? a) neural network in the medulla that controls the depth of breathing b) membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus c) membrane between the capillary network and the body's cells d) lining of the nasal cavity

b) membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus

which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae? a) alveolar sac b) pleural cavity c) meningeal cavity d) pericardial cavity

b) pleural cavity

which tissue lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx? a) stratified cuboidal epithelium b) stratified squamous epithelium c) simple squamous epithelium d) psuedostratified columnar epithelium

b) stratified squamous epithelium

irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following? a) hiccuping b) gagging c) coughing d) laughing e) yawning

c) coughing

why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat? a) CO displaces carbon dioxide on the hemoglobin molecule b) CO alters the carbonate-bicarbonate balance of the blood c) CO affects the permeability of the respiratory membrane d) CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site

d) CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site

aside from the two small nasal bones, the majority of the external (facial) features of the nose are supported by which of the following? a) bone b) muscle c) adipose d) cartilage

d) cartilage

which of the paired cartilages are attached to and support the soft tissue between the arytenoids and the epiglottis? a) cricoid b) thyroid c) arytenoid d) cuneiform e) corniculate

d) cuneiform

what is the intrapleural pressure? a) the difference between the atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures b) the weight of the atmospheric air c) the internal pressure of the lungs d) the pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

d) the pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. how does this promote alveolar gas exchange? a) the increased H+ concentration raises the pH of the blood, which promotes oxygen loading b) the released protons are pumped out of the RBC in exchange for bicarbonate ions c) H+ combines with carbonic anhydrase to form bicarbonate d) the release H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood

d) the release H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood

match each receptor to the type of stimulus it detects. central chemoreceptors - peripheral chemoreceptors - stretch receptors - irritant receptors oxygen level, carbon dioxide level and pH of the blood - smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus - pH of the CSF - inflation of the lungs

• central chemoreceptors = pH of the CSF • peripheral chemoreceptors = oxygen level, carbon dioxide level and pH of the blood • stretch receptors = inflation of the lungs • irritant receptors = smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus

place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs. • terminal bronchiole • alveolar duct • secondary bronchus • tertiary bronchus • respiratory bronchiole • primary bronchus

1) primary bronchus 2) secondary bronchus 3) tertiary bronchus 4) terminal bronchiole 5) respiratory bronchiole 6) alveolar duct

___________________ Law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases.

Dalton's

the ________________ maneuver entails increasing abdominal pressure by holding a deep breath while contracting the abdominal muscles. the depressed diaphragm increases abdominal pressure and helps push out organ contents during childbirth, urination and defecation.

Valsalva

hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits? a) 4 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3

a) 4

how is inspiratory capacity calculated? a) TV + IRV b) anatomic dead space + TV + IRV c) anatomic dead space + IRV d) VC + ERV

a) TV + IRV

how many primary bronchi serve the right lung? a) one b) two c) three d) four

a) one

which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? select all that apply. a) pharynx b) main bronchi c) larynx d) alveoli e) trachea

a) pharynx + b) main bronchi + c) larynx + e) trachea

what is the serous membrane that encloses each lung? a) pleura b) meninx c) peritoneum d) pericardium

a) pleura

which features are associated with tracheal epithelium? (select all that apply) a) psuedostratified columnar cells b) goblet cells c) stratified squamous tissue d) keratin e) mucous f) cilia

a) psuedostratified columnar cells + b) goblet cells + e) mucous + f) cilia

an inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing which type of breathing? a) quiet b) forced c) clavicular d) deep

a) quiet

___________________ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.

acidosis

the __________________ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung.

apex

movement of the _________________ cartilages results in abduction or adduction of the vocal folds.

arytenoid

_________________ is the collapse of a love or lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure.

atelectasis

which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane? a) cellular respiration b) alveolar gas exchange c) systemic gas exchange d) ventilation

b) alveolar gas exchange

the nasal vestibule is located in which portion of the nasal cavity? a) posterior b) anterior c) lateral d) medial

b) anterior

which of the paired cartilages of the larynx articulate with the cricoid cartilage? a) cuneiform b) arytenoid c) thyroid d) corniculate

b) arytenoid

the larynx is located... a) between the trachea b) between the laryngopharynx and the trachea c) between the pharynx and the nasal cavity

b) between the laryngopharynx and the trachea

what occurs during the "chloride shift" in red blood cells? select all that apply. a) chloride ions are transported out of the RBC b) bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC c) bicarbonate ions are transported into the RBC d) chloride ions are transported into the RBC

b) bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC + d) chloride ions are transported into the RBC

which would increase the efficiency of alveolar gas exchange? a) decreased respiratory membrane surface area b) breathing air that contains increases levels of oxygen c) breathing atmospheric air at high altitude d) increased thickness of the respiratory membrane

b) breathing air that contains increases levels of oxygen

which are components of the lower respiratory tract? select all that apply. a) nasal cavity b) bronchi c) pharynx d) alveoli e) trachea f) larynx

b) bronchi + d) alveoli + e) trachea

what compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin? a) carbaminohemoglobin b) carboxyhemoglobin c) deoxyhemoglobin d) oxyhemoglobin

b) carboxyhemoglobin

what compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin? a) carbaminohemoglobin b) carboxyhemoglobin c) oxyhemoglobin d) deoxyhemoglobin

b) carboxyhemoglobin

which are functions of the pleurae and pleural fluid? select all that apply. a) reduce surface tension within the lungs b) compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity c) reduce friction between membranes d) expel air during exhalation e) create pressure gradient during inhalation

b) compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity + c) reduce friction between membranes + e) create pressure gradient during inhalation

what is the role of the epiglottis? a) covers the esophagus when breathing b) covers the glottis when swallowing c) covers the glottis when breathing d) covers the posterior nasal aperture when breathing

b) covers the glottis when swallowing

which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing? a) angiogenesis b) pulmonary compliance c) ventilation-perfusion coupling d) compartmentalization

b) pulmonary compliance

the functional residual capacity is obtained by adding together which of the following respiratory volumes? a) tidal volume b) residual volume c) inspiratory reserve volume d) expiratory reserve volume

b) residual volume + d) expiratory reserve volume

aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus? a) left b) right

b) right

which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli? a) mucous b) surfactant c) water d) carbon dioxide

b) surfactant

which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value? a) expiratory reserve volume b) total lung capacity c) functional residual capacity d) tidal volume e) vital capacity

b) total lung capacity

the _______________ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

base

which equation represents the alveolar ventilation rate? a) (dead space) x (respiratory rate) b) (volume of air inhaled) x (respiratory rate) c) (volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)

c) (volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)

identify the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx. choose two of the options below. a) cricothyroid b) cricoarytenoid c) thyrohyoid d) cricotracheal

c) thyrohyoid + d) cricotracheal

which are functions of the larynx? select all that apply. a) to absorb atmospheric oxygen b) to detect odors c) to produce sound d) to keep food and drink out of the airway

c) to produce sound + d) to keep food and drink out of the airway

which structure do not function in the production of speech, but instead is primarily responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing? a) vocal ligaments b) vocal cords c) vestibular folds d) tracheal cartilages

c) vestibular folds

when do vocal produce low pitched sounds? a) when they are taut b) when they are fully abducted c) when they are relaxed d) when they vibrate more rapidly

c) when they are relaxed

the enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is ___________________ __________________.

carbonic anhydrase

the dense support material that can be palpated at the tip of your nose is composed of what type of tissue?

cartilage

the central ___________________ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

chemoreceptors

along with the arytenoid cartilage, the __________________ cartilages are also involved in movement of the vocal folds.

corniculate

the ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the __________________ cartilage.

cricoid

a blush color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called _____________________.

cyanosis

which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35? a) anemia b) apnea c) alkalosis d) acidosis

d) acidosis

which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease? a) anatomic dead space b) lung compliance c) vital capacity d) physiological dead space

d) physiological dead space

with the exception of the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined with which type of tissue? a) psuedostratified columnar epithelium b) simple columnar epithelium c) stratified squamous epithelium d) psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium e) stratified columnar epithelium

d) psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

what is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity? a) residual volume + tidal volume + vital capacity b) vital capacity + anatomic dead space c) anatomic dead space + residual volume + vital capacity d) residual volume + vital capacity

d) residual volume + vital capacity

the majority of the surfaces of the nasal cavity are lined with which of the following? a) olfactory epithelium b) erectile tissue c) cartilage d) respiratory epithelium

d) respiratory epithelium

where is most carbon dioxide loaded into the blood? a) venous sinuses b) alveolar sacs c) lumen of the pharynx d) systemic capillary beds

d) systemic capillary beds

hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called __________________.

deoxyhemoglobin

the __________________ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly.

dorsal

gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following? a) tertiary bronchi b) trachea c) terminal bronchiole d) secondary bronchiole e) alveoli

e) alveoli

when the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. this process is known as _________________.

expiration

the term ________________ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood (PCO2 greater than 43mm Hg).

hypercapnia

the condition called __________________ occurs when arterial CO2 concentrations fall below normal. (PCO2 less than 37mm Hg)

hypocapnia

__________________ hypoxia is caused by inadequate pulmonary gas exchange.

hypoxemic

insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called _________________.

hypoxia

during the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ___________________.

inspiration

the upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus up the trachea to the pharynx where it is swallowed. this system of cleaning out trapped debris is called the ____________________ escalator of the trachea.

mucociliary

the palatine and lingual tonsils are located along the walls of the __________________ (division of the pharynx).

oropharynx

when oxygen binds to hemoglobin it forms the molecule called ____________________.

oxyhemoglobin

the ________________ tonsil(s) is/are found in the nasopharynx.

pharyngeal

a(n) ___________________ is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity.

pneumothorax

the ____________________ lung has three lobes and two fissures.

right

__________________ receptors respond to the degree of inflation of the lungs/alveoli.

stretch

pulmonary _________________ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension.

surfactant

the ________________ is a smooth muscle that connects the ends of the C-shaped tracheal cartilages.

trachealis

a procedure called a ________________ involves making an incision within the trachea in order to bypass an airway obstruction.

tracheostomy

true or false: evidence suggests that ventilation increases more quickly in response to high levels of CO2 than it does to low levels of O2 in the blood.

true

the sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume is the __________________ capacity.

vital

clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem? a) oxygen deficiency b) nerve damage c) vitamin deficiency d) carbon dioxide deficiency

a) oxygen deficiency

which term refers to the pressure that each individual gas in a mixture would exert if the other gases were not present? a) partial pressure b) colloid pressure c) oncotic pressure d) atmospheric pressure

a) partial pressure

which process is facilitated by the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree? a) quiet exhalation b) Valsalva maneuver c) forced inhalation d) mucociliary escalator

a) quiet exhalation

what is the function of pulmonary surfactant? a) reduces surface tension b) increases blood flow c) prevents infection d) prevents gas exchange

a) reduces surface tension

at which level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur? a) respiratory bronchiole b) primary bronchus c) tertiary bronchus d) terminal bronchiole

a) respiratory bronchiole

which term refers to one complete breath, in and out? a) respiratory cycle b) inspiration c) cardiac cycle d) expiration

a) respiratory cycle

emphysema is a respiratory disorder that results in the loss of alveoli. based on this, which of the following would be affected by emphysema? a) respiratory membrane surface area b) pressure gradient of gases c) respiratory membrane thickness d) solubility of gases

a) respiratory membrane surface area

name the lobes of the human left lung. a) superior and inferior b) superior, lateral and inferior c) anterior and posterior d) medial and lateral

a) superior and inferior

which of these occurs during exhalation? a) lung volumes remain constant and air expands b) lung volumes decrease, intrapulmonary pressure increases c) lung volumes increase, intrapulmonary pressure increases d) lung volume decrease, intrapulmonary pressure decreases

b) lung volumes decrease, intrapulmonary pressure increases

which are considered principal organs of the respiratory system? select all that apply. a) esophagus b) trachea c) pharynx d) urethra e) lungs f) larynx

b) trachea + c) pharynx + e) lungs + f) larynx

how many lobes make up the left lung? a) 4 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3

c) 2

which are cuboidal cells that are responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung? a) chondrocytes b) Type I alveolar cells c) Type II alveolar cells d) alveolar macrophages

c) Type II alveolar cells

how is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood? a) as a dissolved gas within blood b) bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin c) as bicarbonate

c) as bicarbonate

where does systemic gas exchange occur? a) in the trachea b) across the respiratory membrane c) at the capillary networks of the tissues d) mitochondrion

c) at the capillary networks of the tissues

airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following? a) esophagus b) trachea c) bronchioles d) primary bronchi

c) bronchioles

which two factors facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues? select two answers from the list below. a) cooler temperatures b) active transport of O2 out of the bloodstream c) lower PO2 in tissue fluid d) binding of protons to hemoglobin

c) lower PO2 in tissue fluid + d) binding of protons to hemoglobin

which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange? a) expiratory reserve volume b) physiological dead space c) forced expiratory volume d) anatomical dead space

d) anatomical dead space

which best defines partial pressure? a) the number of moles of one specific type of gas divided by the volume that the entire gas mixture occupies b) the total pressure exerted by the inhaled air against the walls of the alveoli c) the percentage of a particular kind of gas within a gas mixutre d) the pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone

d) the pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone

what is the role of the nasal conchae? a) to restrict the flow of air through the nasal cavity b) to provide an open passageway for air within the nose c) to exchange gasses with the bloodstream d) to ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus

d) to ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus

true or false: the residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration.

false

true or false: the respiratory control centers of the brainstem are involved in voluntary respiration.

false

true or false: the volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.

false

the concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a silt. this silt is called the ___________________.

hilum

the sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the ___________________ capacity.

inspiratory

the ___________________ ___________________ volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.

inspiratory reserve

_______________ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.

tidal

true or false: prolonged exposure to oxygen at 2.5ATM can be toxic.

true

true or false: the anatomical dead space is subtracted from tidal volume when calculating the alveolar ventilation rate.

true

true or false: when the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

true

the _______________ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups.

ventral

match each type of hypoxia to its cause. hypoxemic hypoxia - ischemic hypoxia - anemic hypoxia - histotoxic hypoxia inadequate pulmonary gas exchange - inadequate circulation of blood - inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia - metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them

• hypoxemic hypoxia = inadequate pulmonary gas exchange • ischemic hypoxia = inadequate circulation of blood • anemic hypoxia = inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia • histotoxic hypoxia = metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them

the __________________ neurons inhibit the inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group.

E

how is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae? select three answers from the list below. a) it is humidified b) it is warmed c) it is absorbed d) it is cleansed

a) it is humidified + b) it is warmed + d) it is cleansed

__________________ refers to a shift in the pH of blood above 7.45.

alkalosis

most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ____________________ of the lungs.

alveoli

what is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2? a) 25mm Hg b) 95mm Hg c) 65mm Hg d) 40mm Hg

b) 95mm Hg

what is the final branch of the conducting division? a) respiratory bronchiole b) terminal bronchiole c) tertiary bronchus d) segmental bronchus

b) terminal bronchiole

why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration? a) the parietal pleura and visceral pleura are connected along their surfaces via tight junctions b) the cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura c) air entering the pleural cavity pushes against the visceral pleura d) muscles in the walls of the alveoli contract, pulling them open and sucking air into the lungs

b) the cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura

what is the function of the coarse hairs present in the nasal vestibule? a) to warm the inspired air b) to trap dust, microbes and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired c) to allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air d) to separate the nasal cavity into right and left halves

b) to trap dust, microbes and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired

RBCs usually leave the systemic capillaries at about 75% oxygen saturation. which term refers specifically to the oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through a capillary bed? a) inspiratory reserve volume b) venous reserve c) utilization coefficient d) ambient PO2

b) venous reserve

which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx? choose two of the options below. a) vestibular ligaments b) vocal cords c) vocal folds d) vestibular folds

b) vocal cords + c) vocal folds

most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following? a) bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2 b) CO2 released from carbamino compounds in the plasma c) CO2 released from carbaminohemoglobin in the erythrocytes d) CO2 carried in the plasma as dissolved gas

a) bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2

which tissue lines the nasopharynx? a) stratified squamous epithelium b) simple squamous epithelium c) psuedostratified columnar epithelium d) stratified cuboidal epithelium

c) psuedostratified columnar epithelium

most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ___________________ dissolved in the plasma.

bicarbonate

the C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue? a) elastic cartilage b) bone c) hyaline cartilage d) fibrocartilage

c) hyaline cartilage

the auditory tube (eustachian tube) and pharyngeal tonsil are associated with which portion of the pharynx? a) laryngopharynx b) oropharynx c) nasopharynx

c) nasopharynx

where are the sensory receptors for smell located? a) ala nasi b) respiratory epithelium c) olfactory epithelium d) nasal vestibule

c) olfactory epithelium

chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ___________________ chemoreceptors. a) central b) spinal c) peripheral d) pontine

c) peripheral

which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus? a) pulmonary lobule b) alveolus c) lobe d) bronchopulmonary segment

d) bronchopulmonary segment

Dalton's Law states which of the following? a) the volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature b) at a constant temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility and its partial pressure c) the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a given temperature d) the total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present

d) the total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present

long term inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to _________________, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.

emphysema

the ___________________ is an elastic cartilage structure in the larynx which helps prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing.

epiglottis

true or false: all of the oxygen transported in the blood is usually unloaded at a systemic capillary.

false

true or false: intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure.

false

the cardiac notch is the indentation located on the ______________ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart.

medial

the layer of serous membrane called the parietal _________________ lines the thoracic cavity.

pleura

the system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ___________________ system.

respiratory

____________________ ___________________ are the first airways capable of gas exchange and are therefore considered part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system.

respiratory bronchioles

the laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's Apple") is an anterior peak on the ________________ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.

thyroid

select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below. a) emphysema b) chronic bronchitis c) pulmonary edema d) dyspnea

a) emphysema + b) chronic bronchitis

which respiratory volume takes into consideration the rate at which is exhaled? a) forced expiratory volume b) tidal volume c) inspiratory reserve volume d) expiratory reserve volume

a) forced expiratory volume

the right lung has how many secondary bronchi? a) three b) one c) five d) two e) four

a) three

as the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. this is an example of which gas law? a) Dalton's Law b) Boyle's Law c) Charles' Law d) Henry's Law

b) Boyle's Law

hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of the brainstem respond to which of the following? a) cerebrospinal fluid pH b) PO2 of arterial blood c) PCO2 of arterial blood d) arterial blood pH

b) PO2 of arterial blood

which factors affect the position of the epiglottis during swallowing? choose two answers from the list below. a) elevation of the trachea b) elevation of the larynx c) movement of the tongue d) downward movement of the larynx

b) elevation of the larynx + c) movement of the tongue

which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange? a) pneumonia b) emphysema c) asthma d) bronchitis

b) emphysema

airflow alternates through the right and left nasal fossa in response to the engorgement of which of the following? a) olfactory mucosa b) erectile tissue c) alar cartilage d) respiratory epithelium

b) erectile tissue

which muscle (or muscle group) aids the diaphragm as a synergist during resting respiration? a) sternocleidomastoid b) internal and external intercostals c) erector spinae d) pectoralis major and minor

b) internal and external intercostals

which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not for food? a) oropharynx b) nasopharynx c) laryngopharynx

b) nasopharynx

which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli? a) water b) surfactant c) mucous d) carbon dioxide

b) surfactant

chronic __________________ is characterized by a reduction in the number of cilia lining the airway and increased mucus production.

bronchitis

which is true about carbon dioxide loading? a) CO2 is actively transported from tissue fluid into the plasma b) carbonic anhydrase actively pumps CO2 into the red blood cells c) carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions d) bicarbonate ions (HCO3) bind to hemoglobin and are transported inside the red blood cells

c) carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

which factor is typically responsible for setting the respiratory rate in healthy individuals? a) arterial blood pH b) PCO2 of arterial blood c) cerebrospinal fluid pH d) PO2 of arterial blood

c) cerebrospinal fluid pH

the respiratory division of the respiratory system includes which of the following? a) nostrils b) larynx c) pharynx d) alveoli

d) alveoli

which explains why the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is nonlinear (s-shaped)? a) hemoglobin has only one binding site for oxygen b) oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is inversely related to the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, so the midportion of the curve flattens out c) hemoglobin binds more oxygen at higher temperatures d) binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the midportion of the curve becomes steeper

d) binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the midportion of the curve becomes steeper

the ________________ respiratory group adjusts the respiratory rate based on stimuli from the limbic system or cerebral cortex.

pontine

match each respiratory volume to its definition. Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) - Residual Volume (RV) - Tidal Volume (TV) - Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing - the amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume - the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration - the amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval

• Tidal Volume (TV) = the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = the amount of air that may be exhaled over the Tidal Volume • Residual Volume (RV) = the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration • Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) = the amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval

match each of the following to its description. oxyhemoglobin - deoxyhemoglobin - carboxyhemoglobin - carbaminohemoglobin hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it - hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it - compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide - hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it

• oxyhemoglobin = hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it • deoxyhemoglobin = hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it • carboxyhemoglobin = hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it • carboaminohemoglobin = compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide

match each type of lung cancer to its description. squamous-cell carcinoma - adenocarcinoma - small-cell carcinoma originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria - originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly - originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium

• squamous-cell carcinoma = originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium • adenocarcinoma = originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria • small-cell carcinoma = originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

which muscles are used for inspiration? a) external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes b) sternocleidomastoid, external oblique, rectus abdominis c) external intercostals, external oblique, scalenes d) internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, sternocleidomastoid

a) external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes

which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning? a) hypoxemic b) anemic c) ischemic d) histotoxic

a) hypoxemic

a person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing? a) passive b) quiet c) eupneal d) forced

d) forced

the separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following? a) oral cavity b) oropharynx c) nasopharynx d) laryngopharynx

d) laryngopharynx

active tissues are warmer than less active ones. based on that information, which of the following statements is true? a) more oxygen will be delivered to cooler tissues b) less oxygen will be delivered to warmer tissues c) less oxygen will be delivered to more actives tissues d) more oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues

d) more oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues

which term refers to the most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity and extending to the soft palate? a) oropharynx b) epiglottis c) laryngopharynx d) nasopharynx

d) nasopharynx

which describes the respiratory cycle? a) volume exhaled during quiet breathing b) rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm c) exchange of gases across the alveolar membranes d) one complete inspiration and expiration

d) one complete inspiration and expiration

the lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse? a) fetal hemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen b) the brainstem has not developed c) the trachea is too pliable and collapses with inspiration d) surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities

d) surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities

which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi? a) bronchioles b) pharynx c) epiglottis d) trachea

d) trachea

active tissues generate extra CO2, which lowers the pH of the blood and facilitates the unloading of oxygen. because of this, more oxygen is release to tissued with higher metabolic rates, a phenomenon known as the ___________________ effect.

Bohr

deoxygenated blood can carry more carbon dioxide, whereas oxygenated blood has a lower carbon dioxide carrying capacity. this phenomenon is known as the ____________________ effect.

Haldane

_____________________ Law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air.

Henry's

the peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in which of the following? select all that apply. a) blood oxygen saturation b) blood carbon dioxide saturation c) cerebrospinal fluid pH d) blood pH e) blood pressure

a) blood oxygen saturation + b) blood carbon dioxide saturation + d) blood pH

the nasal septum is composed of which of the following types of tissue? select all that apply. a) bone b) fibrocartilage c) elastic cartilage d) dense connective tissue e) hyaline cartilage

a) bone + e) hyaline cartilage

which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus? a) bronchopulmonary segment b) lobe c) alveolus d) pulmonary lobule

a) bronchopulmonary segment

what are the four predominant components of inspired air? select four options from the list below. a) carbon dioxide b) water vapor c) carbon monoxide d) oxygen e) sulfur f) nitrogen

a) carbon dioxide + b) water vapor + d) oxygen + f) nitrogen

which factors would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? select all that apply. a) decreased PO2 of surrounding tissue b) increased PO2 of surrounding tissue c) decreased blood pH d) increase blood pH

a) decreased PO2 of surrounding tissue + c) decreased blood pH

which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells? a) systemic gas exchange b) alveolar gas exchange c) ventilation d) cellular respiration

a) systemic gas exchange

what is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange? a) terminal bronchioles b) respiratory bronchioles c) tertiary bronchi d) bronchioles

a) terminal bronchioles

what does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule? a) the heme group b) both the heme and the globin c) lipid side chains on the globin group d) the globin group

a) the heme group

ambient (outside) air at 22ºC is inhaled. the gases are warmed to body temperature (37.5ºC) by the time they reach the alveoli of the lungs. according to Charles's law, what will happen to the volume of the inhaled air? a) the volume will increase b) the volume will not change c) the volume will decrease

a) the volume will increase

how do the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree help conserve energy? a) they facilitate recoil during exhalation b) they facilitate recoil during inhalation c) they limit the range of muscles of inhalation d) they increase the range of muscles of inhalation

a) they facilitate recoil during exhalation

which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages? a) thyroid cartilage b) cricoid cartilage c) arytenoid cartilage d) cuneiform cartilage e) corniculate cartilage

a) thyroid cartilage

pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following? a) tuberculosis patients b) adolescents and children c) athletes d) women

a) tuberculosis patients

which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration? a) ventral respiratory group b) dorsal respiratory group c) pneumotaxic center d) pontine respiratory group

a) ventral respiratory group

peripheral chemoreceptors trigger an increase in ventilation in response to which of the following? a) high levels of blood O2 b) high levels of blood CO2 c) low levels of blood CO2 d) high blood pH values

b) high levels of blood CO2

name the lobes of the human right lung. select all that apply. a) lateral b) middle c) inferior d) horizontal e) superior

b) middle + c) inferior + e) superior

a patient is brought into the emergency room with an obstruction in the laryngopharynx. as the resident physician, what would you do? a) order a bronchoscopy b) perform a tracheostomy c) perform a laryngectomy d) order rhinoplasty

b) perform a tracheostomy

which includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting zones and respiratory zones that have been damaged by disease? a) anatomical dead space b) physiological dead space c) tidal volume d) vital capacity

b) physiological dead space

identify the components of a respiratory membrane. select all that apply. a) Type II (great) alveolar cell b) two separate basement membranes c) endothelial cell of capillary d) one shared basement membrane e) Type I (squamous) alveolar cell

c) endothelial cell of capillary + d) one shared basement membrane + e) Type I (squamous) alveolar cell

which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation? a) inspiratory reserve volume b) expiratory reserve volume c) residual volume d) tidal volume

c) residual volume

where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur? a) conducting division b) upper respiratory tract c) respiratory division

c) respiratory division

which best describes what happens during exhalation? a) the diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out b) the diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out c) the diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out d) the diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out

c) the diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out

the tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called _________________. the upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.

cilia

what is the function of the trachealis muscles? a) they pull on the arytenoid cartilages to abduct or adduct the vocal cords b) they elevate the larynx during swallowing c) contract to produce suction and pull air into the lungs d) they constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air

d) they constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air

carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. what is the most common form? a) bicarbonate ion b) carbaminohemoglobin c) dissolved gas d) carboxyhemoglobin

a) bicarbonate ion