A&P2 exam 4 study guide

What percentage of blood is buffy coat?

1%

How long to RBCs live?

105 to 120 days

What percentage of blood is hematocrit?

45% in men (40% to 54% is normal range) 42% in women (38% to 47%)

What percentage of blood is plasma?

55%

Roughly how much blood is in an adult (both by percentage of body weight, and by volume)?

8% or in females it is 4 to 5 liters in males it is 5 to 6 liters

Type AB

A and B antigens, no antibodies

Embolus

A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.

What is the main function of RBCs?

A critical role in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

Structurally, how are red blood cells (RBCs, erythrocytes) different from most other cells?

A normal, mature RBC has no nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, and other organelles typical of most body cells. The depression on each flat surface of the cells results in a thin center and thicker edges- biconcave.

Hemolytic anemia

A variety of inherited blood disorders characterized by abnormal types of hemoglobin. The term hemolytic means "relating to blood breakage" and emphasizes the fact that abnormal hemoglobin often causes red blood cells to become distorted and easily broken.

What are the four blood types in the ABO system?

A, B, AB, O

What are the three stages of blood clotting (coagulation)?

Activation pathways, Thrombin formation, Fibrin Clot Formation

Which type of plasma protein is most abundant?

Albumins

Eosinophils

Although eosinophils are weak phagocytes, their major role is the release of chemicals from their granules. These immune chemicals include cell toxins and many regulators of the body's immune response. Perhaps their most important overall functions involve protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and involvement in regulating allergic reactions such as asthma.

hemophilia

An X-linked recessive disorder in which blood fails to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding if injured.

What are some common chemicals used to prevent clotting?

Antithrombins: Substances in the blood that oppose or inactivate thrombin

Neutrophils

Bacterial infections that produce an inflammatory response cause the release of chemicals from damaged cells that attract neutrophils and other phagocytic WBCs to the infection site. The process, called chemotaxis, helps the body concentrate phagocytic cells at focal points of infect.

Platelets are formed by thrompopoiesis. What are the stages of cell development in this process, starting with hematopoietic stem cells and ending with platelets?

Begins with the stimulation of precursor cells called megakaryoblasts. Controlled by the hormone thrombopoietin

SPECIAL NOTE

Blood is made of plasma and formed elements.

How does body fat percentage affect blood volume?

Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with the amount of excess body fat. This means that the less fat there is in your body, the more blood you have per kilogram of your body weight. Because females normally have a higher percent of body fat than males, they have less blood per kilogram of body weight and therefore a lower blood volume.

Blood Type A

Can only receive type O and A

Blood Type B

Can only receive type O and B

Blood Type O

Can only receive type O blood.

Thrombus

Clots sometimes form in unbroken blood vessels of the heart, brain, lungs, or other organs - a dreaded thing because clots may produce sudden death by shutting off the blood supply to a vital organ. When a clot stays in the same place where it formed.

Which clotting factor do both pathways meet at?

Common pathway

How can blood volume be measured?

Direct measurement of total blood volume can be accomplished only by complete removal of all blood from an experimental animal. In humans, indirect methods of measurement that employ "tagging" of red blood cells or plasma components with radioisotopes are used. The principle is simply to introduce a known amount of radioisotope into the circulation, allow the material to be distributed uniformly throughout the blood, and then analyze its concentration in a representative blood sample.

What hormone from the kidneys boosts erythropoiesis?

Erythropoietin

Name the layers of the pericardium, in order, from outermost to innermost.

Fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium (parietal layer, visceral layer)

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule carry?

Four

What is hemoglobin?

Four protein chains (globins), each with a heme group, form a hemoglobin molecule. Each heme contains one iron atom. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) can bind to amino acids in the globin part or oxygen (O2) may bind to the heme groups.

Myeloid stem cell

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Also produces erythocyte and thrombocyte

White blood cells (WBCs, leukocytes) can be granulocytes or agranulocytes. What is the difference between these two groups?

Granulocytes- include the three WBCs that have large granules in their cytoplasm. Agranulocytes- WBCs without stained cytoplasmic granules.

Of the five WBC types, which types are granulocytes, and which types are agranulocytes?

Granulocytes- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Agranulocytes- lymphocytes, monocytes

In the blood clotting what starts each pathway?

In both pathways a sequential series of chemical reactions called a clotting cascade precedes the formation of prothrombin activator. This substance is the catalyst needed for conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in stage 2 of the clotting process.

What are the two blood clotting pathways?

Intrinsic, and extrinsic pathway

Which parts are reused after RBCs is broken down?

Iron is returned to the bone marrow for use in synthesis of new hemoglobin, Amino acids released from the globin portion of the degraded hemoglobin molecule, are used by the body for energy or for synthesis of new proteins.

What is pericardial fluid?

Lubricating fluid that fills the space in the pericardial space the layers to prevent friction and damage to membrane during contraction it is secreted by the serious membrane.

What is a blood clot?

Mechanism involves a series of chemical reactions that takes place in a definite and rapid sequence resulting in a net of fibers that traps red blood cells.

Monocytes

Monocytes are motile and highly phagocytic cells capable of engulfing large bacterial organisms and viral- infected cells.

In leukopoiesis there are two lines it can go down, what are the two lines?

Myeloid stem cell line, lymphoid stem cell line

Are Rh antibodies present before exposure to the Rh antigen?

NO

Are platelets cells?

No, they are cell fragments

SPECIAL NOTE

Note that blood is the only fluid tissue in the body.

SPECIAL NOTE

Note that one of blood's mechanisms is transportation (of nutrients, wastes, hormones and heat, among other things).

How many oxygen molecules can one heme group/iron ion carry?

One

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Plasma is whole blood minus cells. Serum is whole blood minus the clotting elements. Plasma is prepared by centrifuging anticoagulated blood. Serum is prepared by allowing blood to clot.

What chemical promotes fibrinolysis?

Plasmin: Enzyme in the blood that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fibrin, causing it to dissolve

What is erythropoiesis?

Process of red blood cell formation.

Where and how are old and defective RBCs destroyed?

Red blood cells break apart, or fragment, in the capillaries as they age. macrophage cells in the lining of blood vessels particularly in the liver and spleen, phagocytose (ingest and destroy) the aged abnormal, or fragmented red blood cells.

Of the two blood types in the Rh system, which has Rh antigens?

Rh-positive

Explain erythroblastosis fetalis.

Rh-positive blood cells enter the mother's bloodstream during delivery of an Rh-positive baby. If not treated, the mother's body will produce anti-Rh antibodies. A later pregnancy involving an Rh-negative baby is normal because there are no Rh antigens in the baby's blood. A later pregnancy involving an Rh-positive baby may result in erythroblastosis fetalis. Anti-Rh antibodies enter the baby's supply and cause agglutination of RBCs with the Rh antigen.

Explain the Rh system.

Rh-postive blood means that an Rh (or D) antigen is present on its RBCs. Rh-negative blood, on the other hand, is blood whose red cells have no Rh antigens present on them.

What are some factors that can promote blood clotting, aside from the clotting factors?

Rough spot in the endothelium. Abnormally slow blood flow. Once started, clots tend to grow

What is hemostasis?

Slows and stops bleeding when a vessel is injured.

What is the pericardial space?

Small space between the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium

Lympocytes

T lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific antigens. Activated B lymphocytes are also called plasma cells.

How is the biconcave shape useful to RBCs?

The biconcave is useful to red blood cells because it gives a large surface area relative to its volume compared with a sphere. A flattened shape also permits interior hemoglobin to be close to the plasma membrane where gas exchange occurs. Perhaps most importantly, the biconcave disk shape of red blood cells reduces cell spinning and thus minimizes turbulence as blood flows through large vessels.

Basophils

The cytoplasmic granules of these WBCs contain histamine (an inflammatory chemical) and heparin (an anticoagulant).

What is the pericardium?

The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac

What is the apex of the heart?

The lower boarder of the heart, which forms a blunt point

How is blood clotting prevented in the absence of damage?

The perfectly smooth surface of the normal endothelial lining of blood vessels does not allow platelets to adhere. Antithrombins: Substances in the blood that oppose or inactivate thrombin

What is the base of the heart?

The upper border of the heart.

Thromboytopenia

This condition is characterized by bleeding from many small blood vessels throughout the body, most visibly in the skin and mucous membrane.

What is the function of the heart?

To pump blood around the body

Which is the universal recipient?

Type AB

Which blood type is the universal donor?

Type O

In the three phases of hemostasis which types are temporary solutions?

Vasoconstriction, Platelet Plug Formation

What are the three types of hemostasis

Vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting (coagulation)

Pernicious anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency, low red blood cells.

What is the function of albumin protein?

a blood volume expander, are common transfusion products

Plasma is 90% water and 10% solutes. Among the solutes are proteins. Name the three main types of plasma proteins.

albumins, globulins, and clotting proteins, principally fibrinogen

What three main parts are old RBCs broken down into?

amino acids, iron, and bilirubin

Iron deficiency anemia

anemia caused by inadequate iron intake

Type A

antigen A, antibody B

Type B

antigen B, antibody A

What are formed elements?

any of the cells of the blood tissue: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in blood.

Myeloid neoplasms

appear as a result of malignant transformation of myeloid stem or precursor cells that normally produce granulocytic WBCs, monocytes, RBCs, and platelets

Lymphoid neoplasms

arise from lymphoid precursor cells that normally produce B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, or their descendant cell types

What is the function of Fibrinogen?

blood clotting

What is the function of platelets?

blood clotting

Blood Type AB

can receive any blood type

What is fibrinolysis?

dissolving of a clot

What is the function of globulin proteins?

essential components of the immunity mechanism. Many modified globulins, called gamma globulins, serve important roles as circulation antibodies.

Polycythemia

excess of red blood cells

aplastic anemia

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow

What is a transfusion reaction

fatal event resulting from a mixture of agglutinogens (antigens) and agglutinins (antibodies) resulting in the agglutination of the donor and recipient blood.

What is the buffy coat?

found in a centrifuged sample of blood, the thin layer of leukocytes and platelets located at the interface between packed red cells and plasma.

What is plasma?

liquid portion of blood

Lymphoid line

lymphocytes

What is the mediastinum?

middle region of the thorax

Which has Rh antibodies?

negative can have antibodies but only after being exposed to Rh antibodies.

Type O

neither A nor B antigens, antibodies A and B

Which WBC is most numerous?

neutrophils

What is a hematopoietic stem cell?

nucleated cell in the red bone marrow that develops into a red blood cell.

Blood loss anemia

occurs after hemorrhages associated with trauma, extensive surgeries or other situations involving a sudden loss of blood.

What is leukopoiesis?

process of making white blood cells

What are the three general types of cells/cell fragments in blood?

red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes. White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes. Platelets or thrombocytes.

Where does erythropoiesis take place in the body?

red bone marrow

What is hematocrit/packed cell volume?

volume percent of blood cells in whole blood.

Can a transfusion reaction be fatal?

yes it can be potentially fatal