A&P2 Lab Practical 3

The number of chromosomes in a human gamete is __________; this is referred to as a __________ chromosome number.

23; haploid

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

How many of the highlighted type of tooth would be found in permanent dentition?

8

Which region of the stomach is highlighted?

Body

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored?

C

Angela is curious about how Clomid works to stimulate her ovaries. Her doctor told her that this drug works by "tricking the brain into thinking that the levels of estrogen in the body are low." Which of the following statements help explain why this would lead to a stimulation of the ovaries?

Clomid prevents estrogen from exerting negative feedback, so LH and FSH levels remain high and continue to stimulate the ovaries.

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

Collects newly formed urine

Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.

Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter

Angela's doctor instructed her to take Clomid on days five through nine of her cycle. Which of the following best explains why this would be the ideal time to take this fertility drug?

During this time of the normal menstrual cycle, rising estrogen levels are producing negative feedback and a drop in LH and FSH levels. Clomid prevents this from happening.

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.

False

The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.

False

Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.

Fibrous capsule

What is the significance of the slight swelling (called a goiter) in Krista's neck?

It is a sign that her thyroid gland is overactive.

Given the correlation between urine color and urine concentration, which of the following statements is true about Max's urine?

Max's urine is most dilute before exercise.

Which structures are highlighted?

Peyer's patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules)

Which structure is highlighted?

Pineal gland

Which hormone released by the highlighted structure stimulates the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?

TRH

Krista's treatment will likely involve destroying or surgically removing her thyroid gland. What effect will this have on her level of TSH?

TSH will increase.

Which of the following explanations would help Angela understand how the birth control pill helps prevent her from ovulating?

The hormones in the pill produce negative feedback, which leads to a drop in FSH levels.

Which of the following correctly describes the location of the kidneys?

The kidneys are located along the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity in the upper lumbar region. The kidneys receive some protection from the lower ribs and perirenal fat pads. The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs. All of the above.

Which statement does NOT accurately describe the gross anatomy of the kidneys?

The left kidney is lower in position because of crowding by the liver.

Angela is confused by the statement her doctor made about how the birth control pill "tricks the body" into thinking it is pregnant. Which of the following pieces of information would help her better understand why pregnant women do not ovulate?

The placenta of a pregnant woman produces estrogen and progesterone. These hormones exert negative feedback, which leads to a reduction of LH and FSH levels.

Atop each kidney is an adrenal gland, an endocrine gland that is functionally unrelated to the kidney.

True

The word root -uria means urine. The word root angio- means blood or lymph vessels. The word root -phag- means feeding or eating. The word root phospho- means phosphate or phosphorus. The word root -tropic means attracted specifically to the specified organ or tissue.

Upon the release of renin, angiotensin II is produced and stimulates vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone. Overproduction of urine, or polyuria, is a sign of diabetes mellitus. FSH and LH are examples of gonadotropic hormones, which target the ovaries or testes. Overeating, or polyphagia, is a sign associated with diabetes mellitus. An enzyme that degrades second messengers like cAMP or cGMP is phosphodiesterase.

Under normal conditions, increased levels of thyroid hormone in the blood will cause _______.

a decrease in TSH levels

Where is the thyroid gland located?

adjacent to the trachea in the neck

Which structure is highlighted?

adrenal gland

Which hormone is essential to our ability to maintain our fluid levels?

aldosterone

Which hormone aids in water resorption?

antidiuretic hormone

Which region of the colon is highlighted?

ascending

Which tooth type is highlighted?

canine

What structure is highlighted?

cervix

Which structure is highlighted?

dentin

What structure is highlighted?

descending colon

What structure sits atop the superior surface of the highlighted structure?

diaphragm

The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.

false

The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney.

false

Angela has a question about the levels of gonadotropins in the body. Which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins?

follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Which region of the stomach is highlighted?

fundus

Which structure of the uterus is highlighted?

fundus

What structure is highlighted?

gallbladder

The prefix _____________ means glomerulus of the kidney. The specialized capillary bed responsible for the pressure that drives filtration is the

glomerul(o)- glomerulus

What type of cell makes up the bulk of the liver?

hepatocyte

Suppose Krista's hyperthyroidism was a result of a tumor that causes the anterior pituitary gland to become overactive. Which of the following would Krista's lab reports likely show?

high thyroid hormone, high TSH

Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?

hilum

Which structure is highlighted?

hypothalamus

Melatonin ________.

is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle

The prefix _____________ means situated near. Renin is released by cells of the _______ apparatus in response to afferent arteriole pressure and the degree of stretch of the arteriole wall.

juxta- juxtaglomerular

Which organ(s) is/are highlighted?

kidneys

Which structures are highlighted?

labia minora

Which structure is highlighted?

large intestine

Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process?

micturition

Which layer is highlighted?

mucosa

What is produced by the highlighted cells?

mucus

The prefix _____________ means kidney. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is a

nephr- nephron

What structure is highlighted?

oropharynx

Which structure is highlighted?

oropharynx

Which structure is highlighted?

pancreas

What is produced and secreted by the exocrine cells of the pancreas?

pancreatic juice

Which structure is highlighted?

parathyroid glands

Which structure is highlighted?

pineal gland

Which structure is highlighted?

pituitary gland

Which portion of the pituitary gland is highlighted?

posterior pituitary

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

prolactin

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

regulate body fluid by controlling excretion from sweat glands

What is a function of the highlighted organ?

removal of toxins from the blood

What blood vessel is highlighted?

renal artery

Which blood vessel is highlighted?

renal artery

Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?

renal columns

Where does the kidney filter the blood?

renal corpuscle

Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?

renal cortex

Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?

renal cortex

Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?

renal cortex

Where are the renal columns located?

renal medulla

A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?

renal pelvis

Which structure is highlighted?

renal pelvis

Which structure is highlighted?

renal vein

Which lobe of the liver is highlighted?

right

What structure is highlighted?

scrotum

Which structure is highlighted?

sperm

Which structure is highlighted?

spongy urethra

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

Which structure is highlighted?

tails of sperm

What organ is highlighted?

testis

John tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from your diet. You explain to him that cholesterol is important. Which of the following hormones is synthesized from cholesterol?

testosterone

Which gland is highlighted?

thyroid

Which of the following is NOT secreted by the thyroid?

thyroid-stimulating hormone

The various hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulate the secretion of hormones from other endocrine organs are called __________.

tropins

Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.

true

The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

true

The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface.

true

Which structure in the testis is highlighted?

tunica albuginea

The prefix _____________ means urine, urinary tract, or urea. An elevated level of urea in the blood is

ur- uremia

The area at C will eventually drain urine into the __________.

ureter

What organ is highlighted?

uterus

Which structure is highlighted?

villus