A&P2 unit 4 lecture/lab 3 - Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, Spinal Reflexes

Which nerve divides into the tibial nerve and common fibular nerve? (Module 12.10C) A) femoral B) obturator C) pudendal D) sciatic E) saphenous

D

Which of the following describes the posterior root ganglion? A) contains axons of motor neurons B) contains axons of sensory neurons C) contains cell bodies of motor neurons D) contains cell bodies of sensory neurons E) contains interneurons

D

Describe the brachial plexus. (Module 12.9A) A) The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by branches of spinal nerve segments C5-T1. B) The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by branches of spinal nerve segments C1-C7. C) The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by branches of spinal nerve segments T1-T12. D) The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by branches of spinal nerve segments L1-L5. E) The brachial plexus is a network of nerves formed by branches of spinal nerve segments S5-Co1.

A

A person with polio has lost the use of his leg muscles. In which area of his spinal cord would you expect the virus-infected motor neurons to be? (Module 12.4B) A) anterior gray horns B) posterior gray horns C) lateral gray horns D) posterior white column E) gray commissures

A

A viral disease that destroys the neuronal cell bodies of the anterior gray horn will A) lead to muscle weakness or paralysis. B) interfere with position sense. C) mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense. D) block autonomic regulation. E) interfere with communication from one side of the spinal cord to the other.

A

All of the following are true of polysynaptic reflexes except that they A) are arranged according to dermatomes. B) are intersegmental in distribution. C) involve reciprocal innervation. D) have reverberating circuits that prolong the reflexive motor response. E) involve pools of interneurons.

A

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect? A) loss of sensation in his torso B) inability to breathe C) problems with moving his arms D) uncontrollable sweating of his feet E) problems with moving his legs

A

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord are protected by the A) spinal meninges. B) spinal nerve. C) white matter. D) spinal columns. E) gray matter.

A

Damage to which nerve of the cervical plexus would interfere with the ability to breathe? (Module 12.8A) A) phrenic nerve B) supraclavicular nerve C) great auricular nerve D) transverse cervical E) ansa cervicalis

A

Define a nerve plexus trunk and cord. (Module 12.9B) A) A nerve plexus trunk is a large bundle of axons from several spinal nerves; a nerve plexus cord is a smaller branch of nerves that originates at a trunk. B) A nerve plexus trunk is a small bundle of axons from several spinal nerves; a nerve plexus cord is a larger branch of nerves that originates at a trunk. C) A nerve plexus trunk consists of the posterior rami of each spinal nerve; a nerve plexus cord is a division of each trunk. D) A nerve plexus trunk is a small division of a nerve plexus cord; a nerve plexus cord is a larger branch from the posterior rami of spinal nerves. E) A nerve plexus trunk consists of the posterior rami of spinal nerves; a nerve plexus cord consists of the anterior rami of spinal nerves.

A

Define reinforcement as it pertains to spinal reflexes. (Module 12.15A) A) Reinforcement is an enhancement of a spinal reflex through the facilitation of motor neurons involved in reflexes. B) Reinforcement is a reduction of a spinal reflex through the inhibition of motor neurons involved in reflexes. C) Reinforcement is the cooperation of many muscle groups to enable reflexes to occur without losing postural tone. D) Reinforcement is the repetition of a spinal reflex in order to condition the motor neurons to the reflex. E) Reinforcement involves processing events in the nuclei of the brain to enhance the reflex.

A

Describe the flexor reflex. (Module 12.14A) A) A stretch reflex is an example of a withdrawal reflex that contracts the flexor muscles of a limb in response to a painful stimulus. B) A stretch reflex is a polysynaptic reflex that activates extensor muscles in the opposite leg or arm when a flexor reflex is activated. C) A stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex that activates extensor muscles in the opposite leg or arm when a flexor reflex is activated. D) A stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex that provides regulation of skeletal muscle length. E) A stretch reflex is a polysynaptic reflex that provides regulation of skeletal muscle length.

A

Differentiate between divergent and convergent neural circuits. (Module 12.11A) A) In divergent circuits, information spreads from one neuron to several neurons. In convergent circuits, several neurons synapse with one postsynaptic neuron. B) In divergent circuits, several neurons synapse with one postsynaptic neuron. In convergent circuits, information spreads from one neuron to several neurons. C) In divergent circuits, information from one neuron is spread through one hemisphere of the cerebrum. In convergent circuits, information from one neuron is spread through both cerebral hemispheres. D) In divergent circuits, information from one neuron is spread through both cerebral hemispheres. In convergent circuits, information from one neuron is spread through one hemisphere of the cerebrum. E) In divergent circuits, branches of axons somewhere along on the circuit extend back toward the source and stimulate the presynaptic neuron similar to a positive feedback loop. In a convergent circuit, the original presynaptic neuron is not stimulated by axons further down the circuit.

A

Identify the three layers of connective tissue of a spinal nerve, and identify the major peripheral branches of a spinal nerve. (Module 12.5A) A) outer epineurium, middle perineurium, and inner endoneurium; posterior ramus, anterior ramus, and rami communicantes B) outer perineurium, middle epineurium, and inner endoneurium; posterior ramus, anterior ramus, and rami communicantes C) outer endoneurium, middle epineurium, and inner perineurium; posterior ramus, anterior ramus, and rami communicantes D) outer perineurium, middle endoneurium, and inner epineurium; posterior ramus, anterior ramus, and rami communicantes E) outer endoneurium, middle perineurium, and inner epineurium; posterior ramus, anterior ramus, and rami communicantes

A

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he A) might be unable to breathe on his own. B) could walk without difficulty. C) would have full range of motion in all extremities. D) would be in a coma. E) would exhibit none of the above.

A

In the patellar reflex, how does stimulation of the muscle spindle by gamma motor neurons affect sensitivity and reaction time? (Module 12.13C) A) The muscle spindles become more sensitive and the reflex response occurs more quickly. B) The muscle spindles become more sensitive and the reflex response occurs more slowly. C) The muscle spindles become less sensitive and the reflex response occurs more quickly. D) The muscle spindles become less sensitive and the reflex response occurs more slowly. E) The muscle spindles become more sensitive but the reflex response time does not change.

A

Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called A) ipsilateral. B) bilateral. C) contralateral. D) collateral. E) antilateral.

A

The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains A) axons of motor neurons. B) axons of sensory neurons. C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) interneurons.

A

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the A) perineurium. B) epineurium. C) endoneurium. D) epimysium. E) endosteum.

A

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the A) endoneurium. B) perineurium. C) epineurium. D) metaneurium. E) subneurium.

A

The myotatic reflex is also known as the ________ reflex. A) stretch B) tendon C) flexor D) crossed extensor E) reciprocal

A

The obturator nerve is distributed to the A) adductors of the hip. B) skin over the perineum. C) extensors of the hip. D) skin over buttocks. E) biceps femoris.

A

The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) sensory nuclei. B) somatic motor nuclei. C) autonomic motor nuclei. D) nerve tracts. E) sympathetic nuclei.

A

The preganglionic fibers that carry visceral motor fibers and connect a spinal nerve with an sympathetic ganglion form the A) white rami communicans. B) gray rami communicans. C) posterior ramus. D) anterior ramus. E) dermatomes.

A

The white matter of the spinal cord contains A) bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions. B) bundles of dendrites with common origins, destinations, and functions. C) sensory and motor nuclei. D) both axons and dendrites. E) interneurons.

A

Where is spinal CSF located? (Module 12.3A) A) subarachnoid space B) epidural space C) subdural space D) intervertebral foramina E) between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae

A

Which ramus carries sensory information from the limbs? (Module 12.6A) A) anterior ramus B) posterior ramus C) medial ramus D) lateral ramus E) rami communicantes

A

A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a A) nerve ganglion. B) nerve plexus. C) spinal cord. D) spinal plexus. E) ramus.

B

All of the following are a part of a monosynaptic reflex arc except A) effector. B) interneuron. C) CNS processing. D) motor neuron. E) sensory neuron.

B

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the A) filum terminale. B) subarachnoid space. C) dura mater. D) pia mater. E) arachnoid mater.

B

Compared to the vertebral column, the spinal cord is A) longer. B) shorter. C) the same length.

B

Describe the composition of the gray matter of the spinal cord. (Module 12.2D) A) myelinated axons B) cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons C) myelinated axons and unmyelinated axons D) neuroglia and spinal meninges E) spinal meninges

B

Differentiate between sensory nuclei and motor nuclei. (Module 12.4A) A) Sensory nuclei receive and relay sensory information to peripheral receptors; motor nuclei issue motor commands to peripheral receptors. B) Sensory nuclei receive and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors; motor nuclei issue motor commands to peripheral receptors. C) Sensory nuclei receive and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors; motor nuclei issue motor commands from peripheral receptors. D) Sensory nuclei receive and relay sensory information to peripheral receptors; motor nuclei issue motor commands from peripheral receptors. E) Sensory nuclei receive and relay sensory information from the CNS; motor nuclei issue motor commands to the CNS.

B

During a withdrawal reflex of the foot, what happens to the limb on the side opposite the stimulus? What is this response called? (Module 12.14B) A) The opposite side is also flexed. This is called the crossed flexor reflex. B) The opposite side is extended. This is called the crossed extensor reflex. C) The opposite side is also flexed. This is called reciprocal inhibition. D) The opposite side is extended. This is called reciprocal inhibition. E) The opposite side is extended. This is called reinforcement.

B

Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus except the ________ nerve. A) saphenous B) sciatic C) femoral D) obturator E) genitofemoral

B

In ________, axon collaterals extend back toward the source of the impulse and further stimulate the earlier neurons. A) parallel processing B) reverberation C) convergence D) divergence E) serial processing

B

Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes. A) visceral B) innate C) acquired D) somatic E) vegetative

B

Sensory input from interoceptors of the body walls and limbs is carried to the spinal nerve via the A) posterior rami. B) anterior rami. C) anterior horn. D) gray rami. E) sympathetic nerves.

B

The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament. A) conus medullaris B) filum terminale C) cauda equina D) dorsal root E) ventral root

B

The ________ plexus supplies innervation to the diaphragm. A) spinal B) cervical C) thoracic D) lumbar E) sacral

B

The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) sensory nuclei. B) somatic motor nuclei. C) autonomic motor nuclei. D) nerve tracts. E) sympathetic nuclei.

B

The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called A) wings. B) horns. C) pyramids. D) fibers. E) tracts.

B

The postganglionic fibers that connect an sympathetic ganglion and carry fibers that innervate glands and smooth muscle of the body wall or limbs are the A) white rami communicans. B) gray rami communicans. C) posterior ramus. D) anterior ramus. E) dermatomes.

B

The stretch reflex A) is an example of a polysynaptic reflex. B) is important in regulating muscle length. C) involves a receptor called the Golgi tendon organ. D) is activated when a smooth muscle lengthens. E) is voluntary.

B

The ventral rami of spinal nerves C4 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus. A) cervical B) brachial C) lumbar D) sacral E) thoracic

B

Through which root of a spinal nerve does visceral sensory information arrive? (Module 12.6B) A) anterior root B) posterior root C) anterior root if the sensory receptors are on the anterior portion of the body and posterior root if the sensory receptors are on the posterior surface of the body D) anterior root if the sensory receptors are superior to the spinal cord and posterior root if the sensory receptors are inferior to the spinal cord E) both anterior root and posterior root can receive visceral sensory information

B

Which of the following associations is incorrect? A) 8 cervical spinal nerves B) 11 thoracic spinal nerves C) 5 lumbar spinal nerves D) 5 sacral spinal nerves E) 1 coccygeal spinal nerve

B

A posterior and anterior root of each spinal segment unite to form a A) cervical enlargement. B) lumbar enlargement. C) spinal nerve. D) spinal meninx. E) spinal ganglion.

C

A(n) ________ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons. A) sensory B) motor C) polysynaptic D) monosynaptic E) integrative

C

All of the following are true of muscle spindles except that they A) are found within skeletal muscle. B) consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers. C) are found in tendons. D) are the receptor for the stretch reflex. E) are innervated by gamma motor neurons.

C

Describe the direction of sensory input and motor commands relative to the spinal cord. (Module 12.1A) A) Both sensory input and motor commands travel toward the spinal cord. B) Both sensory input and motor commands travel away from the spinal cord. C) Sensory input travels toward the spinal cord and motor commands travel away from the spinal cord. D) Sensory input travels away from the spinal cord and motor commands travel toward the spinal cord.

C

Each peripheral nerve provides ________ innervation to peripheral structures. A) only motor B) only sensory C) both motor and sensory D) either motor or sensory E) motor and/or sensory

C

Enlargements of the spinal cord occur A) near the posterior median sulcus. B) adjacent to the anterior median fissure. C) in those spinal segments that control the limbs. D) in the thoracic region. E) in the sacral region.

C

In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about A) T6. B) T10. C) L1. D) L5. E) Co1.

C

In the condition ________, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes. A) myasthenia gravis B) mumps C) shingles D) polio E) rubella

C

In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as A) nuclei. B) ganglia. C) columns. D) nerves. E) horns.

C

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise? A) cranial B) cervical C) brachial D) lumbar E) sacral

C

List the components of a reflex arc. (Module 12.12B) A) sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron B) sensory neuron and motor neuron C) receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, effector, and sometimes interneurons may be involved D) receptor, motor neuron, effector, and sometimes interneurons may be involved E) receptor, interneuron, effector

C

List the major nerves of the sacral plexus. (Module 12.10B) A) iliohypogastric, ilio-inguinal, and genitofemoral nerves B) lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral, and obturator nerves C) superior and inferior gluteal, posterior femoral cutaneous, sciatic, and pudendal nerves D) tibial, femoral, sural, saphenous, and fibular nerves E) long thoracic, thoracodorsal, saphenous, genitofemoral, and obturator nerves

C

Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed? A) ascending tracts in the cervical region of her spinal cord. B) descending tracts in the cervical region of her spinal cord. C) ascending tracts in the lumbar region of her spinal cord. D) descending tracts in the lumbar region of her spinal cord. E) the anterior white commissures.

C

Name the pair of spinal nerves that emerges between vertebrae C7 and T1. (Module 12.2B) A) C6 B) C7 C) C8 D) T1 E) T0

C

Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following except A) convergent. B) divergent. C) multipolar. D) reverberating. E) parallel processing. Answer: C

C

Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called A) ipsilateral. B) bilateral. C) contralateral. D) collateral. E) antilateral.

C

Spinal nerves A) contain only sensory fibers. B) contain only motor fibers. C) contain both sensory and motor. D) contain interneurons. E) only carry information unidirectionally.

C

The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back. A) white ramus communicans B) gray ramus communicans C) posterior ramus D) anterior ramus E) dermatome

C

The ________ space separates the dura mater from the walls of the vertebral canal. A) subpial B) subarachnoid C) epidural D) epiarachnoid E) subdural

C

The flexor reflex A) prevents a muscle from overstretching. B) prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension. C) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus. D) usually depends on cranial neurons. E) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

C

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the A) cranial meninges. B) cranial mater. C) spinal meninges. D) spinal mater. E) epidural membranes.

C

The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age A) 20 years. B) 10 years. C) 4 years. D) 6 months. E) 2 months.

C

The subdural space lies between the A) arachnoid mater and the pia mater. B) pia mater and the dura mater. C) dura mater and the arachnoid mater. D) pia mater and the subarachnoid space. E) endosteum and the periosteum.

C

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the A) arachnoid mater. B) pia mater. C) dura mater. D) epidural space. E) periosteum.

C

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the A) anterior gray horns. B) lateral gray horns. C) posterior gray horns. D) gray commissures. E) white commissures.

D

Where does the simplest processing occur? (Module 12.11C) A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) brainstem D) PNS and the spinal cord E) corpus callosum

D

What is the significance of the cauda equina? (Module 12.2E) A) It is the shallow longitudinal groove on the posterior surface of the spinal cord. B) It contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons whose axons carry information to the spinal cord. C) It is made up of extensions of the posterior and anterior roots of spinal segments L2 to S5. It forms as the vertebral column continues to elongate after growth of the spinal cord ceases at about age 4. D) It contains the axons of motor neurons that extend into the periphery to control somatic and visceral effectors. E) It is slender strand of fibrous tissue that extends from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris to the second sacral vertebra. It provides longitudinal support to the spinal cord as a component of the coccygeal ligament.

C

When an anesthetic blocks the function of the anterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves, which areas of the body will be affected? (Module 12.8B) A) skin and muscles of the lateral surface of the forearm B) skin and muscles of the arm and forearm C) skin and muscles of the back of the neck and of the shoulders D) skin over anteromedial thigh and portions of external genitalia E) muscles of the face

C

Which kind of neural circuit processes information in a stepwise fashion, one neuron to another? (Module 12.11B) A) divergent B) serial processing C) convergent D) parallel processing E) reverberation

C

Which spinal nerves are not part of a nerve plexus? (Module 12.7B) A) T1-T12 B) C1-C2 C) T2-T11 and Co1 D) S1-S5 E) L1-L5

C

A disease that damages myelin sheaths would affect which portion of the spinal cord? (Module 12.4C) A) anterior gray horns B) posterior gray horns C) lateral gray horns D) white matter columns E) gray commissures

D

After age ________ the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord itself does not. A) 8 B) 12 C) 18 D) 4 E) 20

D

All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they A) are automatic motor responses. B) are the simplest form of behavior. C) help preserve homeostasis. D) usually cannot be suppressed by the brain. E) involve at least two neurons.

D

All of the following terms refer to ways that reflexes can be classified except A) intersegmental. B) polysynaptic. C) innate. D) voluntary. E) somatic.

D

Define spinal reflex. (Module 12.1C) A) A spinal reflex is a slow, calculated response of the spinal cord following exposure to a single specific stimulus. B) A spinal reflex is a slow, calculated response of the spinal cord following repeated exposure to specific stimuli. C) A spinal reflex is a slow, calculated action involving input from the brain triggered by specific stimuli. D) A spinal reflex is an automatic response to a stimulus that is controlled in the spinal cord and can function without input from the brain. E) A spinal reflex is when sensory inputs are sent quickly by the spinal cord to the brain for analysis before any response occurs.

D

Define stretch reflex. (Module 12.13A) A) A stretch reflex is an example of a withdrawal reflex that contracts the flexor muscles of a limb in response to a painful stimulus. B) A stretch reflex is a polysynaptic reflex that activates extensor muscles in the opposite leg or arm when a flexor reflex is activated. C) A stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex that activates extensor muscles in the opposite leg or arm when a flexor reflex is activated. D) A stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex that provides regulation of skeletal muscle length. E) A stretch reflex is a polysynaptic reflex that provides regulation of skeletal muscle length.

D

In a ________ neuronal pool, one neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons. A) parallel processing B) reverberating C) converging D) diverging E) serial processing

D

In a(n) ________ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron. A) sensory B) motor C) polysynaptic D) monosynaptic E) integrative

D

In which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater? A) a monosynaptic ipsilateral reflex B) a polysynaptic ipsilateral reflex C) a monosynaptic contralateral reflex D) a polysynaptic contralateral reflex

D

Name the structures and spinal coverings that are penetrated during a lumbar puncture procedure. (Module 12.3B) A) epidermis, dermis, skeletal muscle, subarachnoid space, arachnoid mater, dura mater, pia mater, subdural space B) dermis, epidermis, skeletal muscle, pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater, subdural space C) dermis, epidermis, skeletal muscle, dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater, subdural space D) epidermis, dermis, skeletal muscle, dura mater, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space E) epidermis, dermis, skeletal muscle, pia mater, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space

D

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the A) central canal. B) posterior gray horns. C) gray commissures. D) anterior white columns. E) all of the above.

D

Of the spinal meninges, the middle one is the ________ mater. A) epidural B) pia C) subdural D) arachnoid E) dura

D

Reflexes, controlled by the spinal cord, act by A) sensory output over cranial nerves to effectors. B) motor input to reflex centers in the spinal cord. C) sensory input to reflex centers in the brain. D) motor output over spinal nerves to effectors. E) sensory input over cranial nerves to the spinal cord.

D

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the A) dura mater. B) arachnoid mater. C) epidural space. D) subarachnoid space. E) cerebral ventricles.

D

Somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord control all of the following muscles except those that A) position the pectoral girdle. B) move the arm. C) move the hand and fingers. D) move the face. E) move the forearm and hand.

D

Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called A) a crossed extensor reflex. B) a stretch reflex. C) a tendon reflex. D) reciprocal inhibition. E) reverberating circuits.

D

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles. A) shoulder B) intercostal C) abdominal D) leg E) facial

D

Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The sensory information would be carried to the spinal cord over a ________ ramus. A) white ramus communicans B) gray ramus communicans C) posterior D) anterior E) rami communicantes

D

The ________ innervate(s) the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs. A) white rami communicans B) gray rami communicans C) posterior ramus D) anterior ramus E) dermatomes

D

The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm. A) ansa cervicalis B) lesser occipital C) radial D) phrenic E) sciatic

D

The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles. A) stretch B) tendon C) flexor D) crossed extensor E) reciprocal

D

The anterior rami form four major plexuses, including all of the following except the ________ plexus. A) brachial B) lumbar C) sacral D) nuchal E) cervical

D

The epidural space contains A) cerebrospinal fluid. B) lymph. C) blood. D) connective tissue and blood vessels. E) denticulate ligaments.

D

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) nerve tracts. B) columns. C) meninges. D) neuron cell bodies. E) cerebrospinal fluid.

D

The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the A) dura mater. B) subarachnoid space. C) arachnoid mater. D) pia mater. E) choroid plexus.

D

The nerve crucial for breathing that originates within the cervical plexus is called the ________ nerve. A) ansa cervicalis B) great auricular C) transverse cervical D) phrenic E) supraclavicular

D

The outermost connective-tissue covering of nerves is the A) endoneurium. B) endomysium. C) perineurium. D) epineurium.

D

The posterior root ganglia mainly contain A) axons of motor neurons. B) axons of sensory neurons. C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) synapses.

D

The spinal cord consists of five regions and ________ segments. A) 5 B) 12 C) 25 D) 31 E) The number varies widely among individuals.

D

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly A) unmyelinated axons. B) neuroglia. C) Schwann cells. D) myelinated axons. E) nodes of Ranvier.

D

Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex? A) normal in newborns B) abnormal in adults C) a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts D) causes you to close your eyes when you sneeze E) causes flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked

D

Which of the following is not true of the spinal cord? A) It interacts with the muscular system to provide involuntary movement. B) It interacts with the digestive system by receiving sensory signals from the stomach. C) It interacts with the urinary by receiving sensory signals from the bladder. D) It interacts with the muscular system by initiating voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.

D

Which ramus provides sensory and motor innervation to the skin and skeletal muscles of the back? (Module 12.6C) A) lateral ramus B) rami communicantes C) anterior ramus D) posterior ramus E) medial ramus

D

A typical spinal cord has how many pairs of spinal nerves, and where does the spinal cord end? (Module 12.2A) A) 8 pairs; cervical vertebra 8 B) 20 pairs; thoracic vertebra 12 C) 25 pairs; lumbar vertebra 1 or 2 D) 30 pairs; lumbar vertebra 4 or 5 E) 31 pairs; lumbar vertebra 1 or 2

E

As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve. A) perineal B) femoral C) brachial D) pudendal E) sciatic

E

Blood vessels traveling within ________ deliver oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord. A) the pia mater B) the arachnoid mater C) the dura mater D) all three cranial meninges E) all three spinal meninges

E

Define nerve plexus, and list the major nerve plexuses. (Module 12.7A) A) A nerve plexus is a pair of spinal nerves serving a single dermatome; cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral B) A nerve plexus is a collection of all the sensory neurons; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral C) A nerve plexus is a collection of all the motor neurons; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral D) A nerve plexus is a bundle of sympathetic nerve fibers; cervical, thoracic, brachial, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal E) A nerve plexus is a complex, interwoven network of nerves; cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

E

Describe a dermatome. (Module 12.5B) A) A dermatome is the total area of skin that contains sensory neurons. B) A dermatome is the region of skeletal muscle that can respond to spinal reflexes. C) A dermatome is the sensory region that can trigger spinal reflexes. D) A dermatome is the unilateral sensory region monitored by a single sensory nerve. E) A dermatome is the bilateral sensory region monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves.

E

Describe the lumbar plexus and sacral plexus. (Module 12.10A) A) The lumbar plexus is a nerve network formed by axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerve segments C1-C5; the sacral plexus is a nerve network formed by axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerve segments C5-T1. B) The lumbar plexus is a nerve network formed by axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerve segments T12-L4; the sacral plexus is a nerve network formed by axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerve segments S4-Co1. C) The lumbar plexus is a nerve network formed by axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerve segments C1-C5; the sacral plexus is a nerve network formed by axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerve segments S4-Co1. D) The lumbar plexus is a nerve network formed by axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerve segments L1-L5; the sacral plexus is a nerve network formed by axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerve segments L4-S5. E) The lumbar plexus is a nerve network formed by axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerve segments T12-L4; the sacral plexus is a nerve network formed by axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerve segments L4-S4.

E

During the procedure known as a spinal tap, a needle is inserted into the ________ in the inferior ________ region. A) epidural space; thoracic B) epidural space; lumbar C) epidural space; sacral D) subarachnoid space; thoracic E) subarachnoid space; lumbar

E

Identify the basic characteristics of polysynaptic reflexes. (Module 12.14C) A) All polysynaptic reflexes do not use interneurons, only involve one spinal segment, involve reciprocal inhibition, and have converging circuits. B) All polysynaptic reflexes use interneurons, only involve one spinal segment, do not involve reciprocal inhibition, and have diverging circuits. C) All polysynaptic reflexes do not use interneurons, involve more than one spinal segment, do not involve reciprocal inhibition, and use serial processing. D) All polysynaptic reflexes use interneurons, involve more than one spinal segment, do not involve reciprocal inhibition, and use parallel processing. E) All polysynaptic reflexes use interneurons, involve more than one spinal segment, involve reciprocal inhibition, and have reverberating circuits.

E

If the posterior root of a spinal nerve is severed, A) output to skeletal muscles would be blocked. B) output to visceral organs would be blocked. C) the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level. D) the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord. E) sensory input would be blocked.

E

In the patellar reflex, identify the response observed and the effectors involved. A) arm flexion and the effector is the biceps brachii B) arm extension and the effector is the triceps brachii C) leg flexion and the effectors are the hamstrings D) leg flexion and the effectors are the quadriceps femoris E) leg extension and the effectors are the quadriceps femoris

E

Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following except A) where they are initiated. B) where information processing occurs. C) the motor response. D) the complexity of the neural circuit. E) whether they are sensory or motor.

E

The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves except the A) radial. B) median. C) ulnar. D) musculocutaneous. E) phrenic.

E

The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the anterior rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n) A) dermatome. B) autonomic nerve. C) lateral nerve. D) tract. E) plexus.

E

The face, head, and cheeks are located in a dermatome supplied by nerves from what spinal cord region? A) sacral B) thoracic C) cervical D) lumbar E) No spinal nerves innervate the dermatome containing the face.

E

Tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back. Her frightened parents take her to the emergency room, where she is examined. Her knee-jerk reflex is normal and she exhibits a plantar reflex (negative Babinski reflex). These results suggest that A) Tina has injured one of her descending nerve tracts. B) Tina has injured one of her ascending nerve tracts. C) Tina has a spinal injury in the lumbar region. D) Tina has a spinal injury in the cervical region. E) Tina suffered no damage to her spinal cord.

E

What are common characteristics of reflexes? (Module 12.12A) A) All reflexes involve contraction of skeletal muscle to pull away from a stimulus to minimize damage. B) All reflexes involve processing in the spinal cord. C) All reflexes involve processing in the brain. D) All reflexes involve only one synapse so they are rapid responses to stimuli. E) All reflexes are rapid, unconscious patterned responses to stimuli that restore or maintain homeostasis.

E

What is a reflex? (Module 12.1B) A) A reflex is a slow, calculated action triggered by a single exposure to specific stimuli. B) A reflex is a slow, calculated action triggered by repeated exposure to specific stimuli. C) A reflex is a slow, calculated action involving input from the brain triggered by specific stimuli. D) A reflex is when sensory inputs are sent quickly to the brain for analysis before any response occurs. E) A reflex is a rapid, automatic response triggered by specific stimuli.

E

What purpose does reflex testing serve? (Module 12.15B) A) Reflex testing provides information about resting muscle tone. B) Reflex testing provides information about muscle strength. C) Reflex testing provides information about sensory receptors. D) Reflex testing provides information about the memory of a subject. E) Reflex testing provides information about the nervous system's functional status.

E