Ab psych UCLA

Research evaluating sociocultural approaches to dealing with Alzheimer's disease, for example, assisted-living facilities and day-care facilities, shows that, in general, patients receiving these forms of care:

Enjoy life more, and don't continue to decline as quickly.

Why are personality disorders difficult to treat?

Individuals are often unaware that they have a problem.

Based on the MOST current research, we can conclude that:

MMR vaccinations are not related to the development of autism spectrum disorder.

Which is a true statement regarding healthcare and long-term care spending for older adults?

Most older adults receive government subsidies to pay for their care.

Which statement regarding the treatment of paranoid personality disorder is accurate?

Most therapies are of limited effectiveness and progress slowly.

Which statement is accurate regarding antisocial personality disorder?

Most who have it are not treated, and most who are treated are not helped much.

A child's distracting behaviors occur only in a school setting and include failure to follow instructions and finish work, answering questions before they have been completed, and a lot of seat squirming and fidgeting. Could ADHD be a diagnosis of this child's behavior?

No, the child's symptoms occur in only one setting.

Which is characteristic of MOST mass murderers?

feelings of persecution and desire for revenge

Relational aggression is a term used to describe a pattern of aggression MOST common among:

girls diagnosed with conduct disorder.

Which is NOT an area the DSM-5 lists as required to be affected by a personality disorder?

intelligence

One similarity between those experiencing paranoid personality disorder and those experiencing schizoid personality disorder is that they both tend to:

lack close ties to others.

Cognitive-behavioral theorists believe that because those with schizoid personalities have difficulty scanning the environment, perceiving accurately, and picking up emotional cues, they develop _____ very slowly.

language and motor skills

Which of the following statements is true with regards to suicide and the elderly?

The rate of suicide for the elderly is higher than it is for the general population of the United States.

Which statement BEST reflects current research about the biological causes of autism spectrum disorder?

There are probably multiple biological causes.

The main concern over the rise in diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and, in particular, the treatment of bipolar disorder in children, is the use of:

adult medications.

Which group has the highest rate of depression?

aged persons who live in nursing homes

Which individual would MOST clearly fit into the biosocial theory of the development of borderline personality disorder?

an individual who has difficulty controlling internal emotions and parents who mislabel those emotions

Michael is nineteen and has gotten into trouble for mistreating animals and destroying school property. He is impulsive and lies constantly. What DSM-5 diagnosis would he receive?

antisocial personality disorder

Cruelty to animals and people, destruction of property, and truancy before the age of 15:

are characteristic of those later diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.

Like those with paranoid personality disorder, those with avoidant personality disorder usually:

are very sensitive to criticism and avoid close relationships.

Compared to white American children, African American and Hispanic American children with similar levels of activity and attention problems are:

less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, less likely to be assessed for ADHD

If a child with autism spectrum disorder were being encouraged to engage in child-initiated interactions, the child would be:

asking about things that were of particular interest to him or her.

A patient has smaller temporal lobes and high activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine. These symptoms are:

biological, and the most likely diagnosis is schizotypal personality disorder.

Studies evaluating the use of cognitive-behavioral techniques in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder have shown that cognitive-behavioral techniques can produce:

long-term gains in school achievement and intelligence test performance.

A particular problem often found more prominently in the elderly that is related to substance abuse is: A. drinking in reaction to negative life events. B. alcoholism. C. misuse of prescription drugs. D. use of detoxification.

misuse of prescription drugs.

Lisa Mosconi and her associates administered PET scans to seemingly healthy elderly research participants to measure activity in the hippocampus. They found that participants with low hippocampus activity were more likely to develop neurocognitive disorders later in life. How accurate were their predictions?

more than 70 percent accurate for mild neurocognitive impairment and more than 80 percent accurate for major neurocognitive impairment

Compared with people closer to age 55, people older than 85 are _____ as likely to experience delirium.

more than ten times

Franklin was driving to meet a friend when he received a text (read out loud by his car) saying that his friend was going to be late. Franklin flew into a rage. "I know he just doesn't want to spend time with me. He's probably talking about me to his girlfriend right now," Franklin thought. Upset with his friend, Franklin turned his car around, cutting off other drivers. This type of behavior is consistent with _____ personality disorder.

borderline

Carla says "I get really mad sometimes, but I often feel empty and weird. So, I have to go do something exhilarating and spur-of-the-moment to feel good and interesting." She likely has which personality disorder?

borderline personality disorder

Jasmine always feels like she's on an emotional rollercoaster. She goes between feeling depressed, anxious, and angry. Jasmine's feelings are MOST similar to those of someone with which personality disorder?

borderline personality disorder

Ann's parents did not expect nor want any children. After she was born, her parents were distant and neglectful. It was clear early on in school that Ann had a low opinion of herself and did not know how to interact with other children. Now she cuts herself and has been to the ER several times. This is a description of the possible development route of:

borderline personality disorder.

The child most likely to show the first symptom of autism spectrum disorder would be a:

boy under 3 years old

The MOST recent research has provided evidence that the primary causes of autism spectrum disorder include:

brain abnormalities.

A person who has an excess of plaques due to Alzheimer's would be likely to have:

cell breakdown and neuron death.

Behavioral and somatic symptoms, such as clinginess, sleep difficulties, and stomach pain, rather than cognitive symptoms are MORE characteristic of anxiety disorders in:

children rather than in adults.

A person experiencing paranoid personality disorder frequently says things like, "You've got to get them before they get you," and "People have been sinners since the Garden of Eden." If these sayings reflect maladaptive assumptions the person has about people in general, the theorist who would be LEAST surprised would have which theoretical position?

cognitive-behavioral

Dr. Johnson is a therapist who works with people diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder. His approach is to help patients develop the belief they are not helpless, and to teach them better thinking skills. Dr. Johnson is likely a _____ therapist.

cognitive-behavioral

A child has repeatedly engaged in shoplifting and in hitting neighborhood pets with rocks. The child frequently is aggressive and has engaged in an increasing number of fights. The MOST appropriate diagnosis for this child is:

conduct disorder.

Critics believe that bipolar disorder has become a catch-all diagnosis for children who display uncontrolled rage. DSM-5 addressed this concern by:

creating a new disorder called disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

With Alzheimer's disease, physical health usually?

declines less rapidly than mental health

What usually causes psychotic cognitive symptoms among the elderly?

delirium and neurocognitive disorders

An 80-year-old hospitalized individual is recovering from surgery but now has gotten an infection. Over the course of a few days, the person shows increasing confusion and consistently misinterprets what others are trying to communicate to her. The MOST probable diagnosis for this condition is:

delirium.

What is the relationship between age and anxiety in the elderly?

As age increases, the rate of anxiety disorders increase

"The problem is that they assume they can't take care of themselves, so they think others have to meet their needs. This pattern of thinking is not very helpful in trying to deal with histrionic personality disorder." A psychologist from which perspective would agree MOST strongly with this quote?

the cognitive-behavioral perspective

Clinicians now recognize that one of the most important aspects of treating Alzheimer's disease and other forms of neurocognitive disorders is to focus on:

the emotional needs of the caregivers

One especially good reason to use a form of group therapy in the treatment of dependent personality disorder is that:

the group members can model appropriate behaviors and the expression of feelings to one another.

Which situation is MOST likely to lead to hospitalization for an Alzheimer's patient?

the home caretaker being overwhelmed

The typical child may not realize that the thoughts and beliefs of others are different from theirs or be able to anticipate future negative events. Therefore:

the symptoms of childhood anxiety tend to be different from adult symptoms.

Which does dialectical behavior therapy NOT emphasize?

the use of antipsychotic medications in an outpatient setting

Research on the cause of Alzheimer's disease has led to the conclusion that:

there appears to be a significant hereditary component, but this does not fully explain its onset.

The MOST important similarity among the personality disorders listed in the text is that:

they are inflexible, maladaptive, and related to impaired functioning or distress.

The schizoid personality disorder differs from paranoid personality disorder in that:

those with schizoid personality disorder desire to be alone; those with paranoid personality are alone because of suspiciousness.

Conduct disorder has MOST often been associated with:

poor parent-child relationships.

Hormonal changes, life demands, and body dissatisfaction are all reasons that explain why:

postpubertal girls have higher rates of depression than postpubertal boys.

The part of the brain MOST important for short-term (working) memory is(are) the:

prefrontal lobes.

Which is NOT a biological factor that is common to both people with schizophrenia and people with schizotypal personality disorder

reduced activity of serotonin

Robert has always been a loner. He has never much cared for being with other people and does not form relationships easily. He appears to be without emotion. Robert may be exhibiting:

schizoid personality disorder

Lacie has recently been diagnosed with an "odd" personality disorder. It is likely that Lacie also qualifies for an additional diagnosis of:

schizophrenia

Selina always feels mysterious forces that she believes she can use to control others and which guide her through life. When she sees a news report of a store robbery in another city, she thinks that it is a warning that her house will be broken into that evening. If she has a diagnosable personality disorder, it is MOST likely:

schizotypal personality disorder.

A similarity among children with separation anxiety and those with school refusal is that they both fear going to school and often stay home. The difference in the symptoms of the two diagnoses is that:

school refusal often involves fear of others at school, academic fears, and fears of objects at school.

A friend says his 70-year-old grandmother is in good physical health but has been diagnosed with depression. He wonders if she should even bother getting therapy. "She is pretty old, after all." Based on current research, the BEST answer is:

"Yes, over half of elderly patients show improvement with treatment."

While a child with autism spectrum disorder is laughing, he sees another child crying. When asked what the other child is feeling, the child with autism is MOST likely to say:

"happiness," because of mind-blindness.

Regarding treatment of depression in the elderly, studies show that: A. drug treatments may need to be altered because drugs are broken down differently in the older body B. therapy is not effective most of the time C. individual and group therapies are rarely used D. electroconvulsive shock therapy is the treatment of choice

A. drug treatment may need to be altered because drugs are broken down differently in the older body

How are childhood patterns of behavior that are diagnosed as bipolar disorder different from adult patterns that are diagnosed as bipolar disorder?

Children display rage and aggression rather than mania.

Why do very young children rarely experience hopelessness?

Children must be able to hold expectations about the future, a skill rarely in full bloom before the age of 7.

Which statement is true regarding the location of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain?

Senile plaques are found between neurons in the brain, while neurofibrillary tangles are found within neurons in the brain.

What is the primary distinction between the beliefs of someone with paranoid personality disorder and someone with paranoid schizophrenia?

The beliefs of someone with paranoid personality disorder are not usually delusional, whereas the beliefs of someone with paranoid schizophrenia are.

What do the neurocognitive disorder due to Lewy body disease and the neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease have in common?

They are involved in the buildup of disruptive proteins within neurons.

How do personality disorders differ from the personality characteristics of typical people?

They lead to more maladaptive, distressful, and inflexible behaviors.

Which statement BEST represents current knowledge about mass murderers?

We really don't know what causes mass murderers to act or how to treat them.

A client being treated for avoidant personality disorder must increase the number of social contacts per day. The person, at the least, must greet others with the sentence, "Hello; how are you doing?" MOST likely, the therapist has which theoretical background?

a cognitive-behavioral background

If a person was diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder. And tells their therapist that he has trouble figuring out how others feel, and that as a child he had problems with learning language. These findings would make the MOST sense to a theorist with which background?

a cognitive-behavioral background

Excessive senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease are likely due to:

abnormal beta-amyloid and tau protein activity.

Pat does not follow what the teacher is doing and has difficulty focusing on the task at hand. Her behavior in class is disruptive because she cannot sit still, which leads to poor grades in school. These symptoms MOST likely indicate:

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

A child with autism spectrum disorder points to a picture of a fork on a board rather than saying, "I want food)" This child is using a(n):

augmentative communication system.

Willa cannot do anything on her own and always consults others, even on the smallest decision. She is constantly in need of praise to validate her work and is overly sensitive to any disagreement. She will do almost anything to please others. She may be experiencing _____ personality disorder.

dependent

"Be loyal to your family" was what the child heard all the time while growing up, along with, "You shouldn't and can't do it on your own, so don't even try." A cognitive-behaviorist would say this kind of upbringing would be MOST likely to produce which of the personality disorders in the child when he or she reaches adulthood?

dependent personality disorder

The LEAST likely contributor to the differences between African Americans and non-Hispanic white Americans in receiving long-acting stimulant drug treatment for ADHD is:

differences in drug tolerance.

Characteristics of the Virginia Tech shooter reveal that he:

displayed a combination of features from many personality disorders.

Older individuals with Alzheimer's disease differ from older individuals without Alzheimer's disease in that they:

have an extra number of neurofibrillary tangles

The elderly have a _____ rate of psychotic symptoms compared with younger individuals, and the onset of schizophrenia is _____ among the elderly than among younger individuals.

higher; less common

Marcel has a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. He may be demonstrating _____personality disorder.

histrionic

Ann is at a friend's dinner party. She's captured the attendees' attention for most of the evening by telling jokes and dramatized stories, but everyone's attention turns away from her when someone else announces her pregnancy. Ann bursts into dramatic and effusive congratulations to draw back some attention, but she grows angry when the other woman stays the center of attention. Finally, Ann loudly lies that she had been pregnant and miscarried, and that hearing about someone else's pregnancy is extremely hurtful. Ann is exhibiting characteristics of:

histrionic personality disorder.

A person with Alzheimer's disease is taking a drug designed to affect acetylcholine and glutamate may experience:

improvement both in short-term memory and in ability to cope under pressure.

As Amanda is talking with her friends, one of them says she is disappointed about not being selected for her favorite team sport. Amanda responds, "The coach told me I was his top pick. He said I would be his top pick in any sport because I'm just naturally athletic) I'm confident I'll play pro one day, probably be one of the youngest pro players in history." This speech is characteristic of someone with _____ personality disorder.

narcissistic

Ty, who thinks that he is the handsomest man in his city, feels superior to everyone around him. He is also sure that everyone knows how inferior they are compared to him. He is MOST likely experiencing:

narcissistic personality disorder.

A person with Alzheimer's disease shows decreased brain activity in the diencephalon. This decreased activity should be related to:

no change in the function of short-term memory but problems in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories.

As part of their therapy, clients learn to evaluate their unusual thoughts, track the accuracy of magical predictions, and reconnect with the world and with their limitations. The diagnoses of these clients would MOST likely be in which broad category of personality disorder?

odd

A child will not obey his mother. When threatened with punishment, he swears, throws things, and threatens to break everything in the house. His outbreaks seem to be restricted to her parents, but he is almost completely unmanageable. This is an example of:

oppositional defiant disorder.

Early-onset Alzheimer's disease may be brought on by all of these EXCEPT:

orbital difficulties.

Reese is distrustful of others and reacts quickly to perceived threats. Even though he has no evidence, he is sure his wife is unfaithful. He finds it almost impossible to forgive those he thinks have wronged him. Reese displays the characteristics of:

paranoid personality disorder.

A child who does almost everything with her mother seems extremely anxious at school, getting frequent stomachaches and wanting to go home. If the child has an anxiety disorder, it is MOST likely:

separation anxiety disorder.

A female child is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Later, as an adult, she is unable to hold a job and has very limited communication skills. Her case is:

uncommon; most people diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are males, and their symptoms usually remain severe into adulthood