Abnormal psych 5
The most important treatment for schizophrenia began development in the ____s using neuroleptic drugs.
1950. The most important treatment for schizophrenia began development in the 1950s using neuroleptic drugs. Neuroleptic drugs, more commonly known as antipsychotics, were so named because, despite their alleviation of some of the more disturbing symptoms of schizophrenia, they produce a range of side effects which mirror the symptoms of some neurological diseases. Among these are blurred vision, dizziness, and sexual dysfunction.
Occurring in about __ percent of people with schizophrenia is comorbid substance abuse.
50. Occurring in about 50 percent of people with schizophrenia is comorbid substance abuse. The incidence of substance abuse in patients with schizophrenia is far higher than for most other disorders.
The onset of schizophrenia generally occurs in late ___________ or early adulthood.
Adolescence. The onset of schizophrenia generally occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. In rarer cases, its onset occurs in childhood. Studies show that the onset of schizophrenia has been decreasing in the last few decades.
Harry Stack Sullivan contended that psychodynamic treatment for patients with schizophrenia involved them needing to learn _____ forms of communication.
Adult. Harry Stack Sullivan contended that psychodynamic treatment for patients with schizophrenia involved them needing to learn adult forms of communication. Sullivan pioneered the psychoanalytic treatments of individuals with schizophrenia, and claimed that the disorder forced patients to regress to early childhood forms of communication.
A form of ______ where an individual's train of thought is constantly interrupted, and therefore their speech is interrupted before completing the thought or idea is called thought blocking.
Alogia. A form of alogia where an individual's train of thought is constantly interrupted, and therefore their speech is interrupted before completing the thought or idea is called thought blocking. Thought blocking, is a type of alogia and a negative symptom of schizophrenia.
______ is a speech impairment that literally means speechlessness.
Alogia. Alogia is a speech impairment that literally means speechlessness. One form of alogia is called poverty of speech and someone who suffers from this doesn't talk very much.
Symptoms that consist of behavioral deficits, such as __________ and flat effect, are examples of thenegative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Asociality. Symptoms that consist of behavioral deficits, such as asociality and flat effect, are examples of thenegative symptoms of schizophrenia. Negative symptoms are those which may endure past an acute episode of schizophrenia. They are usually the defining factors that cause a poor quality of life for a person with schizophrenia. Two common examples are flat affect, which refers to a lack of emotional expressiveness, and asociality, which refers to severe impairments in social relationships.
The DSM series did not include the diagnosis of ________ disorder until DSM-III in 1980. Previous editions had diagnosed children with the same symptoms as having childhood schizophrenia.
Autistic. The DSM series did not include the diagnosis of autistic disorder until DSM-III in 1980. Previous editions had diagnosed children with the same symptoms as having childhood schizophrenia. Prior to 1980, Autistic disorder was referred to as childhood schizophrenia. DSM-III introduced the term pervasive developmental disorders, which distinguished autistic disorder as occurring based on an abnormality in the development process itself.
The DSM-IV-TR defines _________ as a lack of goal directed behavior.
Avolition. The DSM-IV-TR defines avolition as a lack of goal directed behavior. Avolition is a negative symptom of schizophrenia.
When a patient exhibits symptoms that are in accord with a break from reality, such as hallucinations or delusions that are not caused by a substance, a mood disorder, or schizophrenia, and these symptoms last longer than a day but less than one month, they may be diagnosed with _____ psychotic disorder.
Brief. When a patient exhibits symptoms that are in accord with a break from reality, such as hallucinations or delusions that are not caused by a substance, a mood disorder, or schizophrenia, and these symptoms last longer than a day but less than one month, they may be diagnosed with brief psychotic disorder. Named for its short duration, brief psychotic disorder is usually precipitated by an episode of illness or a stressful event, such as death of a loved one, an assault, or a rape.
When a _____ shows evidence of disregarding, shutting out, or ignoring people and the environment around them at all times, they may be diagnosed with Autistic disorder.
Child. When a child shows evidence of disregarding, shutting out, or ignoring people and the environment around them at all times, they may be diagnosed with Autistic disorder. Autistic disorder is characterized by a refusal to engage with others and the environment. The disorder appears in early childhood, and may be seen within a few months of birth. The lifetime prevalence of autistic disorder is 0.05 percent. It is ten times more likely to affect males than females.
To be __________ significant, an outcome must meet two criteria: the amount of change must be considered reliable, and as a result of the improvement, the patient must be identical to individuals defined as having normal function.
Clinically. To be clinically significant, an outcome must meet two criteria: the amount of change must be considered reliable, and as a result of the improvement, the patient must be identical to individuals defined as having normal function. The clinical significance of treatment can be evaluated by comparing treated patients with samples of unaffected people.
A person with a _______ state of consciousness may be diagnosed with delirium.
Clouded. A person with a clouded state of consciousness may be diagnosed with delirium. It is typical for patients to have difficulty concentrating and to be unable to maintain a coherent train of thought.
_________ patients are often characterized by fragmented thinking.
Delirious. Delirious patients are often characterized by fragmented thinking. Fragmented thinking may manifest itself in rambling or incoherent speech and wandering attention.
________ often causes major disturbances in a person's perceptions, which typically involves mistaking the unfamiliar for the familiar.
Delirium. Delirium often causes major disturbances in a person's perceptions, which typically involves mistaking the unfamiliar for the familiar. A distorted sense of perception is common in delirium. This often involves mistaking the unfamiliar for the familiar, such as when a person in a hospital believes that they are at home.
When a patient expresses the belief that their thoughts are not their own, and are being placed in their head by an external and controlling force, this is an example of a ________.
Delusion. When a patient expresses the belief that their thoughts are not their own, and are being placed in their head by an external and controlling force, this is an example of a delusion. A delusion is defined as a belief held contrary to reality. Many patients with schizophrenia experience delusions. One study found that 65 percent of the individuals with schizophrenia experience persecutory delusions, which are commonly referred to as paranoia.
Many people who develop __________ disorder have very poor social adjustment.
Delusional. Many people who develop delusional disorder have very poor social adjustment. Some researchers state that the onset of a delusional disorder often follows a period of time in which the person has become increasingly isolated and cut off from social interaction. This isolation leads to the development of the disorder.
Studies of the outcomes of treatment of __________ disorder in the elderly have shown that phenothiazines have met with some success.
Delusional. Studies of the outcomes of treatment of delusional disorder in the elderly have shown that phenothiazines have met with some success. Phenothiazines have been shown to be effective at treating delusional disorder. However, the side effects and toxicity of these drugs must be monitored, and paranoid individuals are more likely to be suspicious of somebody they think is trying to medicate them.
Hallucinations and _________ are common examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Delusions. Hallucinations and delusions are common examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are those that involve excesses and distortions. The two most common types are delusions and hallucinations. These symptoms define an acute episode of schizophrenia.
________ can only be treated if it has a reversible cause.
Dementia. Dementia can only be treated if it has a reversible cause. An example of a reversible cause is a temporary onset of dementia produced as a result of a hormonal imbalance. Most dementias, including Alzheimer's disease, are irreversible and untreatable.
________ is a slow deterioration of the general function of the intellect and is also commonly known as senility.
Dementia. Dementia is a slow deterioration of the general function of the intellect and is also commonly known as senility. Dementia is a slow deterioration of the general function of the intellect to the point that social and occupational functions are impaired. Its prevalence increases with age.
The most prominent symptom of ________ is difficulty remembering things.
Dementia. The most prominent symptom of dementia is difficulty remembering things. The inability to remember things, especially recent events, is one of the best-known and most frequent symptoms of dementia.
A study of families with children who later developed schizophrenia uncovered some interesting commonalities. Among them was that families with a high rate of _________ emotion were more likely to produce a child who developed schizophrenia.
Expressed. A study of families with children who later developed schizophrenia uncovered some interesting commonalities. Among them was that families with a high rate of expressed emotion were more likely to produce a child who developed schizophrenia. It also increased the relapse rate of individuals with schizophrenia.
______ therapies are based on calming things for a schizophrenic's family, which can reduce the chance of relapse.
Family. Family therapies are based on calming things for a schizophrenic's family, which can reduce the chance of relapse. Family therapies are generally based on providing a calmer environment for a schizophrenic once they leave a mental hospital.
Dementias are commonly classified into ____ types. The best-known and most prevalent of these is
Four. Dementias are commonly classified into four types. The best-known and most prevalent of these is Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease causes a gradual and irreversible deterioration of the brain tissue, resulting in death ten to twelve years after its onset. It is the most common of the four types of dementias, accounting for around 50 percent of dementia cases.
A dementia which accounts for approximately 10 percent of cases is _______-temporal dementia.
Frontal. A dementia which accounts for approximately 10 percent of cases is Frontal-temporal dementia. Frontal-temporal dementia, unlike Alzheimer's disease, typically begins in an individual's mid-50s. It is characterized by an extreme behavioral or personality change, and can be caused by disorders such as Pick's disease.
A key factor in the development of schizophrenia is the combination of _______ factors with psychological stress.
Genetic. A key factor in the development of schizophrenia is the combination of genetic factors with psychological stress. Studies have shown that an increase in life stress is proportionate to a triggering of the illness itself or to a relapse in those who have already been diagnosed. This shows that the development of schizophrenia typically occurs because of the combining of genetic predisposition with life stress.
A subset of schizophrenia in which patients may experience _________ delusions, such as imagining that they are important, rich, powerful, or superhuman is called paranoid schizophrenia.
Grandiose. A subset of schizophrenia in which patients may experience grandiose delusions, such as imagining that they are important, rich, powerful, or superhuman is called paranoid schizophrenia. Paranoid schizophrenia, while more typically characterized by persecutory delusions, such as being spied on, may also include grandiose delusions. These patients may also experience what is known as delusional jealousy, in which they constantly believe that their partner is being unfaithful.
Delusions of ___________ are a common symptom of schizophrenia. They involve the belief that one is superhuman or of importance far beyond that of an ordinary person.
Grandiosity. Delusions of grandiosity are a common symptom of schizophrenia. They involve the belief that one is superhuman or of importance far beyond that of an ordinary person. Delusions of grandiosity may include the belief that one is superhuman, that one controls the country or the world, or that one is rich, powerful, and important.
Due to schizophrenia's _____________, patients are generally subdivided into types that have specific traits in common.
Heterogeneity. Due to schizophrenia's heterogeneity, patients are generally subdivided into types that have specific traits in common. There is no one essential symptom that must be present for a diagnosis of schizophrenia to be made. This describes the heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Due to this heterogeneity, schizophrenics are generally divided into types based on the types of problems that are experienced.
A subtype of schizophrenia in which the patient alternates between __________ and excitement is catatonic schizophrenia.
Immobility. A subtype of schizophrenia in which the patient alternates between immobility and excitement is catatonic schizophrenia. Patients with catatonic schizophrenia can swing wildly between immobility and excitement, though one state is usually predominant. The instance of catatonic schizophrenia has decreased sharply in the last hundred years, leading some researchers to conclude that the high instances of the early twentieth century were misdiagnoses of sleeping sickness.
Symptoms that include __________ speech and bizarre behavior are referred to as disorganized symptoms.
Incoherent. Symptoms that include incoherent speech and bizarre behavior are referred to as disorganized symptoms. Incoherent speech is one of the primary symptoms of schizophrenia, and used to be the principal clinical symptom required for diagnosis. Bizarre behavior may include bouts of inexplicable rage or hilarity, or engaging in sexually or age-inappropriate behavior.
The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is a little ____ than one percent.
Less. The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is a little less than one percent. Schizophrenia affects less than one percent of the population. Its prevalence is spread about equally between males and females.
When a patient exhibits symptoms of schizophrenia that last for ____ than six months in total, they may be diagnosed with schizophreniform disorder.
Less. When a patient exhibits symptoms of schizophrenia that last for less than six months in total, they may be diagnosed with schizophreniform disorder. Schizophreniform disorder is more likely to occur in those who have first-degree or close relatives with schizophrenia, and roughly half of those diagnosed with such may go on to develop schizophrenia at a later date.
A disorder which mixes the symptoms of schizophrenia and a ____ disorder is called schizoaffective disorder.
Mood. A disorder which mixes the symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood disorder is called schizoaffective disorder. Schizoaffective disorder used to be classified under schizophrenia in the DSM series, but now is now listed in a separate section under psychotic disorders.
The _________ rate for patients with delirium is extremely high.
Mortality. The mortality rate for patients with delirium is extremely high. In older patients with delirium, the mortality rate is approximately 40 percent. Many patients die from exhaustion, or from a complication of the disease which brought on the delirium in the first place.
A publication in 2000 suggested that ________ symptoms may have a stronger genetic component than other symptoms.
Negative. A publication in 2000 suggested that negative symptoms may have a stronger genetic component than other symptoms. A study of patients with schizophrenia and their family histories showed that they were more likely to develop negative symptoms, suggesting that such symptoms carry a stronger genetic weight than othersymptoms.
Avolition, alogia, anhedonia, flat affect and asociality, are all examples of ________ symptoms of schizophrenia.
Negative. Avolition, alogia, anhedonia, flat affect and asociality, are all examples of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Negative symptoms refer to a deficit or decrease of certain symptomatic behaviors and experiences.
There are many possible causes of delirium. It may arise as a result of drug intoxication or withdrawal, a metabolic or ___________ imbalance, an infection or fever, an injury, or a neurological disturbance.
Nutritional. There are many possible causes of delirium. It may arise as a result of drug intoxication or withdrawal, a metabolic or nutritional imbalance, an infection or fever, an injury, or a neurological disturbance. There are many possible causes of delirium. When a neurological disorder is the cause, the onset of delirium is usually far more gradual than for delirium caused by a toxic reaction or an injury.
Paranoia in _____ patients may be the continuation of a disorder that began developing earlier in life.
Older. Paranoia in older patients may be the continuation of a disorder that began developing earlier in life. Some disorders may increase with age, such as anxiety and depression. Paranoia in older people may be the continuation of another disorder such as dementia.
An older person who has begun to exhibit symptoms of ________ may be diagnosed with delusional disorder.
Paranoia. An older person who has begun to exhibit symptoms of paranoia may be diagnosed with delusional disorder. Delusional disorder is not to be confused with schizophrenia, although some of the symptoms may be similar. A patient will typically interpret a benign event as threatening; i.e. the patient cannot find his keysand then believes that someone has been entering his home.
Some researchers claim that ________ has been linked to sensory loss, especially in the elderly.
Paranoia. Some researchers claim that paranoia has been linked to sensory loss, especially in the elderly. Sensory loss, especially hearing loss, may be a major contributing factor to the development of paranoid ideation. For example, a patient who is losing their hearing may begin to think that people are whispering about them.
_________'s disease can be a cause of frontal-subcortical dementia. It is characterized by muscle tremors, muscular rigidity, and akinesia.
Parkinson. Parkinson's disease can be a cause of frontal-subcortical dementia. It is characterized by muscle tremors, muscular rigidity, and akinesia. Parkinson's disease can lead to frontal-subcortical dementia.
When a person believes that a person, a group, or an organization is out to get them, spying on them, or otherwise interfering in their life in order to cause humiliation or fear, this is called a ___________ delusion.
Persecutory. When a person believes that a person, a group, or an organization is out to get them, spying on them, or otherwise interfering in their life in order to cause humiliation or fear, this is called a persecutory delusion. Persecutory delusions are a common symptom of schizophrenia. They may be simple delusions, such as believing that a neighbor is watching them, or may be elaborate in scope and duration.
When a person is unable to experience any ________, this is referred to as anhedonia.
Pleasure. When a person is unable to experience any pleasure, this is referred to as anhedonia. Persons with schizophrenia commonly experience anhedonia, which is the complete inability to process or feel pleasure in any activity. It is characterized by a lack of interest in recreational activities, a lackof interest in sex, and a failure to develop close relationships with others.
Many researchers have concluded that a ______________ to schizophrenia is genetic.
Predisposition. Many researchers have concluded that a predisposition to schizophrenia is genetic. A large body of research conducted over a long period of time drew a convincing parallel between schizophrenia and genetics, with the highest percentage among identical twins.
In 1935, a Portuguese psychiatrist introduced __________ lobotomies as a treatment for schizophrenia.
Prefrontal. In 1935, a Portuguese psychiatrist introduced prefrontal lobotomies as a treatment for schizophrenia. He initially claimed a high rate of success, and for many years following, lobotomies became a standard treatment for patients with schizophrenia. However, the significant loss in the cognitive functioning of patients was eventually deemed to constitute failure, and the practice was discontinued.
An isolated individual may build a _______________, a private world of their own. Such people are at a higher risk for developing delusional disorder.
Pseudocommunity. An isolated individual may build a pseudocommunity, a private world of their own. Such people are at a higher risk for developing delusional disorder. In a pseudocommunity, the creator is in complete control, which does not mirror real life in any degree. People who build pseudocommunities are less likely to engage with others in meaningful social interactions and are more likely to develop delusional disorder.
A _________ disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, emotion, and behavior is schizophrenia.
Psychotic. A psychotic disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, emotion, and behavior is schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia often lose touch with reality and experience disordered thinking, delusions, and hallucinations.
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into two categories: _________ and disorganized.
Psychotic. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are divided into two categories: psychotic and disorganized. The psychotic dimension relates directly to positive symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and catatonic behavior.
A common characteristic of children with autism is the immediate and identical __________ of words back at their speaker. This is called Echolalia.
Reflection. A common characteristic of children with autism is the immediate and identical reflection of words back at their speaker. This is called Echolalia. Some researchers believe that echolalia may be a form of attempted communication for the child who does not know the words they are seeking.
There are three criteria with twelve subsets in the DSM-IV-TR for diagnosing autistic disorder. In order for such a diagnosis to be made, the patient must meet at least six of them. One of these criteria is __________ or stereotyped behaviors or interests.
Repetitive. There are three criteria with twelve subsets in the DSM-IV-TR for diagnosing autistic disorder. In order for such a diagnosis to be made, the patient must meet at least six of them. One of these criteria is repetitive or stereotyped behaviors or interests. Repetitive behavior may include a strict adherence to rituals, certain movements, or an insistence that daily routines remain the same every day. It is one of the three criteria that defines autistic disorder.
When diagnosing _____________, there are no essential symptoms that must be present.
Schizophrenia. When diagnosing schizophrenia, there are no essential symptoms that must be present. Unlike many other disorders, a diagnosis of schizophrenia does not rely on the presence of any particular symptom. There are symptoms that are common to many cases, but no one essential symptom is required for the diagnosis to be made.
A study which separated infants from their _____________ mothers, placed them in foster homes, and compared them to a control group later in life were researching the effect of environmental factors on the development of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenic. A study which separated infants from their schizophrenic mothers, placed them in foster homes, and compared them to a control group later in life were researching the effect of environmental factors on the development of schizophrenia. Though environmental factors were found to be an influence, the case for genetics was stronger. Around 17 percent of the children of the women with schizophrenia were subsequently diagnosed themselves.
Someone who demonstrates inexplicable bouts of agitation, dresses in unusual clothes, acts in a childlike or silly manner, hoards food or collects garbage is exhibiting the _____________ symptom of disorganized behavior.
Schizophrenic. Someone who demonstrates inexplicable bouts of agitation, dresses in unusual clothes, acts in a childlike or silly manner, hoards food or collects garbage is exhibiting the schizophrenic symptom of disorganized behavior. Persons with disorganized behavior seem to lose the ability to conform to community standards and may also have trouble performing the tasks of everyday life.
While 80 percent of children with autism will score below 70 on standardized intelligence tests, their ____________ development is often an area of strength.
Sensorimotor. While 80 percent of children with autism will score below 70 on standardized intelligence tests, their sensorimotor development is often an area of strength. Sensorimotor skills are those which allow a child to run, swing, jump, climb, and balance. Children with autism often show a remarkable adeptness and agility in these areas.
A _______ experience that occurs without any direct participation or stimulation from the surrounding environment is an example of a hallucination.
Sensory. A sensory experience that occurs without any direct participation or stimulation from the surrounding environment is an example of a hallucination. One study found that around 75 percent of schizophrenics experience auditory hallucinations. Visual hallucinations are less common.
In order to teach patients with schizophrenia to succeed in a wide variety of settings and situations, many undergo ______-skills training.
Social. In order to teach patients with schizophrenia to succeed in a wide variety of settings and situations, many undergo social-skills training. This training may involve simplicities of daily life, such as learning job interview skills, learning how to manage public transport, or ordering food in a restaurant. The learning of these skills is not designed to treat schizophrenia, but is designed to help people live with the condition and achieve a higher quality of life.
Data suggests that the prevalence of schizophrenia is concentrated much more highly in lower social classes. The hypothesis that suggests that low social status is an actual _______ for schizophrenia is called the sociogenic hypothesis.
Trigger. Data suggests that the prevalence of schizophrenia is concentrated much more highly in lower social classes. The hypothesis that suggests that low social status is an actual trigger for schizophrenia is called the sociogenic hypothesis. Researchers suggest that the link between a low social status and the probability of poor health during pregnancy, as well as the environmental stressors of being poor, contribute immensely to the development of schizophrenia in those who are genetically predisposed to it.
________ dementia is the second most common type of dementia, it's commonly caused by a series of strokes.
Vascular. Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia, it's commonly caused by a series of strokes. Vascular dementia is commonly caused by a series of strokes, where a clot formed blocks circulation in the brain and causes cell death. Individuals with vascular dementia have neurological signs such as weakness of the arms or abnormal reflexes in addition to the dementia.
