Abnormal Psych. Chapter 1

Biological Model

Since the era of ancient Greece, the mind had often been called the soul or the psyche and considered seperate from the body. Although many have thought that the mind can influence the body, and in turn the body can influence the mind, most philosophers looked for causes of abnormal behavior in one or the other.

Clinical description

This represents a unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings, that make up a specific disorder.

"Clinical"

This word refers to both types of problems or disorders that you would find in a hospital or clinic and to the activities connected with assessmetn and treatment.

Moral Therapy

Treating Institutionalized patients as normally as possible is a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction, thus providing them with many opportuities for appropriate social and interpersonal contact.

Marriage and Family Therapists and Mental Health Counselors

Typically spend 1-2 years earning a master's degree and are employed to provide clinical services by hospitals or clinics, usually under the supervision of a doctoral-level clinican.

Exorcism (Demons and Witches)

Various religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits.

Hippocrates

Was a Greek Physician who is considered to be the father of Western Medicine. He and his associates left a body of work called the Hippocratic Corpus written between 450 and 350 B.C. in which they suggested the psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease. They did not limit their search for the causes of psychopathology to the general area of "disease" because they believed that pschological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology or head trauma and could be influenced by heredity.

Galen

Was a Roman physician that later adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and his associates and developed them further, creating a pwerful and influential school of thought within the biological tradition that extended well beyond the 19th century. One of the more Influential legacies of the Hippocratic-Galenic approach is the "humoral theory" of disorders.

John P. Grey

Was the champion of biological tradition in the U.S. and the most influential American Psychiatrist of the time. -He was the Superintendent of the Utica State hospital in New York -He became the editor of the American Journal of Insanity, wich was the precursor of The American Jouranl of Psychiatry Grey believed that the causes of insanity were always physical. Therfore the mentally ill patient should be treated as physically ill. He placed emphasis on rest,diet, and proper room temperture and ventilation. Under Greys leadrship, the conditions in hospitals greatly improved and they became more humane.

The Four Humors

Were related to the Greeks conception of the four basic qualities: 1.heat 2.dryness 3.moisture 4.cold Each humor was associated with one of these qualities.

Object Relations

You tend to see the world through the eyes of the persons incorporated into yourself.

Ego

This operates according to the "reality principle"

Treatments for Posession

-Exorcism -Confinements -Beatings -Hanging people over a snake pit -Shock (dunking people in ice-cold water)

Stress and Meloncholy(depression) treatments

-Rest -Sleep -Happy and Healthy Environment -Baths -Ointments -Various potions

Scientific-Practitioners

-They keep up with the latest scientific developments in their field and therfore use the most current diagnostic and treatment procedures. -They evaluate their own assessments or treatment procedues to see whether they work. They are accountable not only to their patients, but also to the government agencies and insurance companies that pay for the treatments, so they must demonstrate clearly that their treatments work. -They might conduct research , often in clinics or hospitals, that produces new information about disorders or their treatments, thus becoming immune to the fads that plague our field, often at the expense of patients and their families. For example, new "miracle cures" for psychological disorders that are reported several times a year in popular media would not be used by a Scientific-Practitioner if their were no sound scientific data showing that they work. Such data flow from research that attempts three basic things: 1. To describe psychological disorders 2. To detemine their causes 3. And to treat them

Psychoanalytical psychotherapy

...

Psychosexual stages of development

1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic (most controversial) 4. Latency 5. Genital

Defense mechanism examples

1. Reaction formation 2. Displacement 3. Sublimation 4. repression 5.Rationalization 6.Denial 7.Projection

Terms derived from the FOUR HUMORS

1. Sanguin (red like blood. Someone who has a ruddy complexsion) 2.Melancholic (depression. Black blood flooding the brain) 3.Phlegmatic (apathy and sluggishness, or calm under stress) 4.Choleric (from bile or choler. Is hot tempered) Excesses of one or more humors were treated by regulating the environment to increase or decrease heat, dryness, moisture, or cold, depending on what humor was out of balance.

Psychoanalytical Theory

1. id 2. Ego 3. Super ego

The Mood and Stars Theory

A Swiss physician named Paracelsus rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people's psychological functioning. He speculated that the gravitational effects of the moon on bodily fluids might be a possible cause of mental disorders. This theroy inspried the word "lunatic" which means moon. This belief is most noticeable today by followers of Astrology.

Insight

A fuller understanding of the relationship between current emotions and earlier events.

Abnormal Behavior

A psychological dysfuncton within an individual that is associated with distress or impairmaent of functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

hypnosis

A state in which extremely suggestible subjects sometimes appear to be in a trance.

What is a psychological Disorder?

Abnormal behavior

Clinical Psychologists and Couseling Psychologists

Receive their PhD and follow a course of graduate study lasting 5 years, which prepares them to conduct research into the causes and treatment of psychological disorders, and to diagnose,assess,and treat the disorders.

Personal Distress or Impairment

An individual that is upset

Ego psychology

Anna Freud concentrated on the way in which defense reactions of the ego determine our behavior. In doing so, she was the first proponent of the modern field of ego psychology. The individual slowly accumulates adaptational capacities, skill inreality testing, and defenses. Abnormal behavior develops when the ego is deficient in regulating such functions as delaying and controlling impulses or in marshaling appropriate normal defenses to strong internal conflicts.

Behaviorism

Associated with John b. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner focuses on how learning and adaptation affect the development of psychopathology.

catharsis

Breuer and Freuds disvoery that it is therapeutic to recall and relive emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and to release the accompanying tension. This release of emotional material became known as catharsis.

Hippocrates

Coined the word "hysteria" to describe a concept he learned about from the Egyptians, what we now call "somatic symptom disorders".

Intrapsychic Conflicts

Conflicts between the id, ego, and super ego.

Free Association

Developed these techniques in which patients are instructed to say whatever comes to mind without the usual socially required censoring. Free association is intended to reveal emotionally charged material that may be repressed because it is too painful or threatening to bring into consciousness. Freuds patients lay on a couch as he sat behind them so they wouldn't be distracted. This is how the couch became the symbol of psychotherapy.

Mental hygiene movement

Dorothy Dix who was a school teacher had firsthand knowledge of the deplorable conditions imposed on pateints with insanity, and she made it her life's long work to inform the American public and their leaders of these abuses. Her work became known as this movement. It was to improve standards of care for the mentally insane.

Psychiatric Social Workers

Earn a masters degree in social work as they develop expertise in collecting information relevant to the social and family situation of the individual with a psychological disorder. Social workers also treat disorders, often concentrating on family problems associated with them.

Psychiatrists

First earn an M.D. degree in medical school and then specialize in Psychiatry during residency training that lasts 3 to 4 years. Psychiatrists also investigate the nature and causes of psychological disorders, often from a biological point of view;make diagnoses; and offer treatments.

...

Freud believed that the id and super ego were almost entirely unconscious. The ego is conscious.

Psychoanalytical Model

Freud's theory on the development and structure of our personalities.

Syphilis

Gives off behavorial and cognitive symptoms. It is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, include believing that everyone is plotting against you (delusion of persecution) or that you are God (delusion of Granduer), as well as other bizzare behaviors. In 1825, the condition was designated a disease, "general paresis" because it had consistent symptoms and a consistent course that resulted in death. The relationship between general paresis and syphilis was only gradually established. Louis Pateur's germ theory of disease, developed about 1870. facilitated the identification of the specific bacterial microorganism that caused syphilis. Of equal importance was the study of the cure for general paresis. Physicians observed a surprising recovery in patients with general paresis who had cotracted malaria, so they deliberatly injected other patients with blood from a soldier who had malaria. Many recovered because the high fever "burned out" the syphilis bacteria.

Hippocrates

He considered the brain to be the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion. Therefore, disorders involving these functions would logically be located in the brain. He also recognized the importance of psychological and interpersonal contributions to psychopathology, such as the sometimes-negative effects of family stress; on some occasions, he removed patients from their families.

Self-psychology

Heinz Kout focused on this theory of the formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self that allow an individual to progress towrds health or conversly, develop neurosis.

Humoral Theory

Hippocrates assumes that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or "humors": blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. Blood came from the heart, black bile came from the spleen, phlegm from the brain, and yellow bil efrom the liver. Physicians believed that disease resulted form too much or too little of one of the humors; for example, too much black bile was thought to cause melancholia (depression). This theory was perhaps the first example of associating psychological disorders with a "chemical imbalance", an approach that is wide spread today.

Prevalence

How many people in the population have the disorder

Mob psychology

If one person identifies the "cause" of a problem, others will probably assume that their own reactions have the same source.

Course

In addition to having different symptoms,age of onset, and possibly a different sex ratio and prevalence, most disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern, or "course". Ex: some disorders such as schizophrenia follow a "chronic course", meaning that they tend to last a long time. Other disorders like mood disorders follow an "episodic course", in that the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time. This pattern may repeat throughout a persons lifetime. Other disorders may have a "time-limited course", meaning the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period.

Clinical Description

In hospitalsand clinics, we often say that a patient "presents" with a specific problem or set of problems or we discuss the presenting problem.

Somatic Symptom Disorders

In theses disorders, the physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no physical cause can be found, such as paralysis and some kind of blindness. Because these disorders occured primarily in women, the Egyptians and Hippocrates mistakenly assumed they were restricted to women. They also presumed the cause to be an empty uterus wandering to various parts of the body in search of conception. The prescribed cure might be marriage, or fumigation of the vagina to lure the uterus back to its natural location.

Collective Unconscious

Introduced by Carl Jung (student of Freuds). It is the wisdom accumulated by society and culture that is stored deep in individual memories and passed down from generation to generation. Jung also suggested that spiritual and religious drives are as much a part of human nature as are sexual drives. He emphasized the importance of enduring personality traits such as introversion and extroversion.

...

It is important to know the typical course of a disorder so that we can know what to expect in the future and how best to deal with the problem. This is an important part of the Clincal Description. For example, if someone is suffering from a mild disorder with acute onsetthat we know is time limited, we might advise the individual not to bother with expensive treatment because the problem will be over soon enough, like a common cold. If the disorder is likely to last a long time, the individaul might want to seek proper treatment and take other appropriate steps.

Unconscious

Joseph Breuer and Sigmund Frued experiemented with a hypnotic procedure by asking their patients while under hypnosis to describe their problems, conflicts, and fears in as much detail as possible. Whil doing htis, Breuer and Freud noticed that patients often became extremely emtional as they talked and felt quite relieved and improved after emerging from hypnosis. Also, these patients would seldom have gained an understanding of the relationship between their emotional problems and their psychological disorder. In fact, it was difficult or impossible for them to recall some details they had described under hypnosis. In other words, the material seemed to be beyond their awareness. - This is one of the most important developments in the history of psychopathology and psychology as a whole.

Mass Hysteria

Large scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior. It may demonstrate the phenomenon of "emotion contagion" in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us. Ex: if someone around us suddenly becomes frightened or sad, chances are that for the moment you may become frightened or sad as well.

...

One important function of the clinical description is to specify what makes the disorder different from normal behavior or form other disorders. Statistical data may also be relevant.

Emil Kraepelin

One of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry. He was one of the first to distinguish among various psychological disorders, seeing that each may have a different age of onset and time course, with somewhat different clusters of presenting symptoms, and probably a different cause

Super ego

Our conscious mind.

Tranference

Patients come to relate to the therapist much as they did to important people in their childhood, particularily their parents. Patients who resent the therapist but can verbalize no good reason for it may be reinacting childhood resentment toward a parent.

id

This operates according to the "pleasure principle".

Psychological Model

Since the era of ancient Greece, the mind had often been called the soul or the psyche and considered seperate from the body. Although many have thought that the mind can influence the body, and in turn the body can influence the mind, most philosophers looked for causes of abnormal behavior in one or the other.

Deviance

Something that occurs infrequently; it deviates form the average. The greater the deviation, the more abnormal it is.

Incidence of the disorder

Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year. Other statistics include the sex ratio and the typical age onset.

Counseling psychologists

Study and treat adjustment and vocational issues encountered by relatively healthy individuals.

Supernatural Model

The assumption that agents outside the body and environment influence our behavior, thinking, and emotions. These agents which mught be divinities, demons, spiitis, or other phenomenon such as magnetic fields or the moon and stars are the driving forsed behind this model.

Oedipus complex

The battle of lustful impulses on the one hand and castration anxiety on the other creates this internal conflict.

Secondary Process

The cognitive operations or thinking styles of the ego are characterized by logic and reason.

Electra Complex

The counterpart conflict for girls.

Accute Onset

The disorder begins suddenly

Insidious Onset

The disorder develops gradually over an extended period.

Chronic Course

The disorder tends to last a long time

Time-Limited Course

The disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period.

Ego

The executive or manager of our minds. If it mediates successfully, we can go to the higher intellectual and creative pursuits of life. If it is unsuccessful, the id and super ego becomes to strong, causing us to develop psychological disorders.

Franz Anton Mesmer

The father of Hypnosis

1950's

The first effective drugs for severe psychotic disorders were developed.

Primary process

The id has its own way of of processing information called the primary process. this type of thinking is emotional, irrational, illogical, filled with fantasies, and preoccupied with sex, agression, selfishness, and envy.

Episodic Course

The individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time.

Scientist-Practitioners

The most importatnt development in the recent history of psychopathology is the adoption of scientific methods to learn more about the nature of psychological disorders, their causes, and their treatment. Many mental health professionals take a scientific approach to their clinical work.

DSM-5

The most widely accepted definition to distinguish between what is "normal" and "abnormal behavior is found in the DSM-5, and describes behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in there culture context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased suffering, death, pain, or impairment. this definition can be useful across cultures if we pay attention to what is funtional or dysfunctional in a given society.

Ego

The part of our mind that ensures that we act realistically.

...

The patients age may be an important part of the clinical description. A specific psychological disorder occuring in childhood may present differently from the same disorder in adulthood or old age. Children experience severe anxiety and panic often assume that they are physically ill because they have difficulty understanding that there is nothing physically wrong. Because their thoughts and feelings are different from those experienced by adults with anxiety and panic, children are often misdiagnosed and treated for a medical disorder.

Ego

The role of the ego is to mediate conflict between the id and the super ego.

id

The source of our strong sexual and agressive feelings or energies. It is the "animal within us". If totally unchecked, it would make us all rapists and killers.

Life-Span Developmental Psychology

The study of abnormal behavior across the entire age span.

Developmental Psychopathology

The study of changes in abnormal behavior.

Developmental Psychology

The study of changes in behavior overtime.

Object Relations

The study of how children incorporate images, the memories, and sometimes the values of a person who was important to them and to whom they were emotionally attached. Object refers to these important people, and the process of incorporation is called introjection.

Etiology

The study of origins htat has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

Dream Analysis

The therapist interprets the contents of dreams, supposedly reflecting the primary-process thinking of the id, and relates the dreams to symbolic aspects of unconscious conflicts. The relationship between the therapist, called the psychoanalyst and the patient is important.

Counter transference

Therapists project some of their own personal issues and feelings, usually positive, onto the patient.

Thanatos

This is a less important source of energy within the id. It is the death instinct.

"Presents"

This is a traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic. Describing the presenting problem of a client is the first step in determining her clinical description.

Prognosis

This is the anticipated course of a disorder.

libido

This is the energy driven within the id. The sex drive.

Psychopathology

This is the scientific study of psychological disorders.

Super ego

This operates according to the "moral principles" instilled in us by our paents and culture. It is the voice within us that nags at us when we know we are doing something wrong. The pupose of the super ego is to counter act the id.

Defense Mechanisms

anxiety is a signal that alerts the ego to marshal these unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the ego can continue its coordinating functions. Anna Frued developed the idea of defense mechanisms more fully.

Clinical Psychologists

concentrate on more severe psychological disorders

Psychiatric Nurses

have advanced degrees, such as a Master's or even a PhD, and specialize in the care and treatment of patients with psychological disorders, usually in hospitals as part of a teatment team.

Alfred Alder (student of Freud's)

he focused on feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority. He vcreated the term "inferiority complex".

Psychological Dysfunction

is a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning. Ex: If you are out on a date, it should be fun. But if you experience severe fear all evening, and just want to go home, even though their is nothing to be afraid of, and the severe fear happens on every date, your emotions are not functioning properly.

Castration Anxiety

strong fears that that the father may punish the lust that a young boy has for his mother during Freuds Phallic stage of development, by removing his son's penis. This fear is said to keep the boys lustful impulses in check.

pshychoanalysis

was based on Sigmund Frued's elaborate theory of the structure of the mind and the role of the unconcious process in determining behavior.

"typical" profile of a disorder

when most or all symptoms that experts would agree are part of the disorder are present. For example: major depression or schizophrenia-when most or all symptoms that experts would agree are part of the disorder are present. We call this "typical" profile a prototype. This means that the patient may have only some features or symptoms of the disorder and still meet criteria for the disorder because his or her set of symptoms is close to the prototype.