Abnormal Psych Exam 1 Ch 5 Mood Disorders

D) two years.

10. To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least: A) two weeks. B) two months. C) one year. D) two years.

A) normal, and is one indication of successful treatment.

15. As a result of taking antidepressant drugs, a person is experiencing increased production of new neurons in the hippocampus. This is: A) normal, and is one indication of successful treatment. B) abnormal, and is one indication that the drug is not working. C) abnormal, and is an indication that bipolar disorder would be the proper diagnosis. D) abnormal, and is an indication that the depression is worsening.

A) SSRIs

51. Studies have found that children and adolescents taking _____ have a greater risk for suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts. A) SSRIs B) tricyclic antidepressants C) MAOIs D) ECT

B) cognitive

A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from ______symptoms. A) emotional B) cognitive C) motivational D) behavioral

A) electroconvulsive therapy

A procedure that sends electrical pulses into the brain to cause a controlled brain seizure, in an effort to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of certain psychological disorders, is called: A) electroconvulsive therapy. B) functional magnetic resonance. C) nuclear magnetic resonance. D) transcranial magnetic stimulation.

A) mania.

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes: A) mania. B) dysthymia. C) depression. D) cyclothymia.

D) postpartum depression.

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth, and have lasted over six months. The woman is experiencing: A) the "baby blues." C) hormone withdrawal syndrome. B) postpartum psychosis. D) postpartum depression.

A) secure

Adults with a(n) _____ attachment are LEAST likely to be vulnerable to depression. A) secure B) insecure C) anxious ambivalent D) ambivalent

D) melancholic

All the pleasure has gone out of life for Trevor. Things he used to find fun and exciting no longer give him any joy. He finds he wakes up early in the morning and has no appetite. His symptoms are very severe in the morning . This has been going on for several weeks. What type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with? A) seasonal B) catatonic C) recurrent D) melancholic

B) serotonin; norepinephrine

Although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of serotonin, mania has been found to be due to low levels of ____________ and high levels of ___________? A) dopamine; norepinephrine B) serotonin; norepinephrine C) acetylcholine; norepinephrine D) norepinephrine; serotonin

A) depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards.

Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that: A) depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards. B) depressed people aren't responsive to normal social rewards. C) depressed family members give inaccurate self-reports. D) depressed mood cannot be alleviated by positive experiences.

C) equally common among males and females.

Bipolar I disorder is: A) more common in males than in females. B) more common in females than in males. C) equally common among males and females. D) more common in adolescent females than adolescent males.

B) more common in females than in males.

Bipolar II disorder is: A) more common in males than in females. B) more common in females than in males. C) equally common among males and females. D) more common in adolescent males than adolescent females.

A) hypersomnia.

Cognitive symptoms of depression include all of these EXCEPT: A) hypersomnia. B) feelings of worthlessness. C) negative evaluations. D) strong feelings of guilt.

A) negative interpretation of events.

Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person's: A) negative interpretation of events. B) symbolic losses. C) decrease in positive activities. D) ethnic background.

C) peripartum onset.

Depression that emerges within 4 weeks of giving birth is designated as: A) atypical depression. B) a major depressive episode. C) peripartum onset. D) melancholic.

B) manic

For the last 2 weeks, Judy has been highly distractible and unable to screen out details that do not matter. She finds that she is more talkative than usual but also notices that she gets irritated more easily than she normally does. She also has had thoughts that race faster than can be said. Consequently, Judy has been unable to work. Judy is MOST likely experiencing a _____ episode. A) major depressive B) manic C) mixed D) hypomanic

D) hypomanic

For the last 4 days, Kia has been unusually productive. She has finished five of the ten chapters in the book she is writing even though it usually takes her 1 or 2 months to complete just one chapter. During the past 4 days, however, Kia has felt that nothing can stop her; the ideas and words just keep coming. Kia is MOST likely experiencing a _____ episode. A) major depressive B) manic C) mixed D) hypomanic

B) rapid cycling.

Having four or more episodes that meet the criteria for any type of mood episode within 1 year is called: A) dysthymia. B) rapid cycling. C) mania. D) bipolar.

A) physical / behavioral

Having frequent headaches, disturbances in sleep, and loss of appetite are ______ symptoms of depression. A) physical / behavioral B) emotional C) behavioral D) motivational

A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine.

If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have: A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine. B) especially high levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine, and their metabolites. C) particularly low levels of the neurotransmitters cortisol and melatonin, as measured by their metabolites. D) an absence of the neurotransmitters cortisol and serotonin.

B) learned helplessness

In _____, a person gives up trying to change or escape from a negative situation. A) depersonalization B) learned helplessness C) gentrification D) positive symptoms

B) a woman

In terms of risk, who is more likely to experience depressive disorder? A) a man B) a woman C) a person over 50 (man or woman) D) a teenage male

D) endogenous depression

Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be: A) postpartum depression. B) reactive depression. C) exogenous depression. D) endogenous depression.

B) catatonic

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. What type of major depression would he most likely be diagnosed with? A) seasonal B) catatonic C) recurrent D) melancholic

C) recurrent

Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. It has lasted now for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed with? A) seasonal B) catatonic C) recurrent D) melancholic

D) when an individual experiences five or more symptoms of depression that last more than 2 weeks.

Major depressive disorder is diagnosed: A) only after an individual has experienced a major depressive episode. B) when an individual experiences four or more symptoms of depression that last more than 4 months. C) after an individual has had three major depressive episodes. D) when an individual experiences five or more symptoms of depression that last more than 2 weeks.

B) learned helplessness.

Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is: A) symbolic (imagined) loss. B) learned helplessness. C) artifact theory. D) body dissatisfaction.

B) experience mania and should also take a mood stabilizer.

Patients with bipolar disorder who take antidepressant medications are likely to: A) be cured. B) experience mania and should also take a mood stabilizer. C) experience fewer side effects than if they were to take lithium. D) prevent the onset of manic or depressive episodes.

B) a mood stabilizer.

People diagnosed with bipolar disorder usually take: A) SSRIs. B) a mood stabilizer. C) tricyclic antidepressants. D) MAOIs.

D) All of the answers are correct.

People who are depressed _____ than people who are not depressed. A) make more negative comments B) speak in shorter sentences C) speak more softly D) All of the answers are correct.

A) the amygdala is more active during a manic episode

Research on bipolar disorders has shown that in people with bipolar disorders, _____ than in people who do not have bipolar disorder. A) the amygdala is more active during a manic episode B) the amygdala is smaller C) there is less emotional reactivity D) the basal ganglia is larger

A) the risk of developing depression is increasing for each age cohort.

Research on depression suggests that: A) the risk of developing depression is increasing for each age cohort. B) the older people are, the more likely they will develop some type of depressive disorder. C) teenagers are more likely to develop depression after puberty. D) elderly individuals are the most likely group to develop depression.

B) melatonin.

Seasonal affective disorder is associated with fewer hours per day of daylight during the winter months. Less daylight, or, more accurately, more darkness, may cause the release of: A) BDNF. B) melatonin. C) serotonin. D) cortisol.

B) bipolar II rapid cycling.

Someone who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania (hypomania) and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as: A) bipolar II seasonal. B) bipolar II rapid cycling. C) bipolar I mixed episodes. D) bipolar I.

B) cognitive-behavior therapy; medication

Studies have shown that a combination of _____ and _____ is more effective than medication alone. A) behavioral therapy; cognitive therapy B) cognitive-behavior therapy; medication C) group therapy; cognitive therapy D) behavior activation; interpersonal therapy

C) have a 4-24 percent risk of developing the disorder.

Studies have shown that people who have a first-degree relative with a bipolar disorder: A) are 80 percent more likely to develop a mood disorder than those who do not have a relative with a mood disorder. B) do not usually develop a mood disorder. C) have a 4-24 percent risk of developing the disorder. D) will develop bipolar disorder.

A) they have unusually low activity in a part of the frontal lobe that has direct connections to the amygdala.

Studies of depressed people show that: A) they have unusually low activity in a part of the frontal lobe that has direct connections to the amygdala. B) their brains regulate emotion too well. C) the areas of the brain involved in attention and in controlling movements are underactive. D) their brains as a whole are sluggish.

A) excessively optimistic, with poor judgment.

The MOST common cognitive description of someone exhibiting mania is that the person is: A) excessively optimistic, with poor judgment. B) excessively optimistic, with normal self-esteem. C) very coherent, with good judgment. D) very coherent, with abnormally high self-esteem.

C) is probably correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression.

The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression: A) is probably wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus. B) is probably correct; higher activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. C) is probably correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression. D) is probably correct, although researchers haven't identified the specifics of the relationship.

A) Beck

The individual associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression based on negative and maladaptive thinking was: A) Beck. B) Freud. C) Seligman. D) Lewinsohn.

D) Cyclothymic disorder

The least common mood disorder is: A) Major depression B) Dysthymic disorder C) BiPolar I disorder D) Cyclothymic disorder

A) cyclothymic disorder

The main feature of _____ is a chronic, fluctuating mood disturbance with numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode. A) cyclothymic disorder B) dysthymic disorder C) bipolar disorder D) major depressive episode not otherwise specified

A) a significant life stressor.

The majority of major depressive episodes occur after: A) a significant life stressor. C) a social interaction. B) social exclusion. D) an experience of learned helplessness.

A) major depression.

The most common form of mood disorder is: A) major depression. B) bipolar II disorder. C) mania. D) persistent depressive disorder.

B) the severity of the manic episodes.

The primary difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is: A) the number of depressive and manic episodes. B) the severity of the manic episodes. C) the number of depressive episodes. D) the seasonal variation in the episodes.

B) biological

The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective? A) cognitive B) biological C) behavioral D) humanistic

B) persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) and major depression

The unipolar disorders include: A) major depression and cyclothymic disorder B) persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) and major depression C) major depression and manic-depression D) dysthymia and cyclothymic disorder

B) 5

There are 9 symptoms of major depression. At a minimum, how many must a person experience to be given a diagnosis? A) all 9 B) 5 C) 7 D) 3

B) anxious-ambivalent

Those individuals who are characterized as having a(n) _____ attachment are MOST likely to experience episodes of depression. A) secure B) anxious-ambivalent C) avoidant D) disorganized

C) flight of ideas.

Thoughts that race faster than they can be said is the definition of: A) push of speech. B) maniac rumination. C) flight of ideas. D) cognitive delusions.

A) two weeks.

To be classified as having a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at least: A) two weeks. B) two months. C) one year. D) two years.

C) loss of pleasure and interests

To diagnosis major depression a person's symptoms must include depressed mood or: A) weight loss or weight gain B) insomnia or hypersomnia C) loss of pleasure and interests D) psychomotor retardation

D) vegetative signs.

Two psychomotor symptoms of depression, along with changes in appetite, weight, and sleep, are classified as: A) anhedonia. B) psychomotor agitation. C) psychomotor retardation. D) vegetative signs.

D) dopamine

Which neurotransmitter has NOT been found to be involved in bipolar disorders? A) serotonin B) glutamate C) norepinephrine D) dopamine

D) Cyclothymia

Which of the following is the most chronic mood disorder? A) Mania B) Bipolar II C) Bipolar I D) Cyclothymia

C) decreased sex drive

Which of these is NOT a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants? A) dry mouth B) low blood pressure C) decreased sex drive D) constipation

A) ECT works by targeting the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine.

Which statement about ECT is NOT true? A) ECT works by targeting the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine. B) ECT is used when a patient's symptoms of depression are severe and the patient cannot take medication because of side effects or for other medical reasons. C) ECT for depression is typically administered two to three times a week over several weeks. D) Depressed patients who have not responded to antidepressants commonly relapse after receiving ECT.

C) More than half of those who have had a single depressive episode go on to have at least one additional episode.

Which statement about major depressive episodes is true? A) Women and men experience major depressive disorder at equal rates. B) The average onset of major depressive disorder occurs in adolescence. C) More than half of those who have had a single depressive episode go on to have at least one additional episode. D) The rate of depression in the United States is decreasing.

D) Rapid cycling is more common in men than in women.

Which statement about rapid cycling is NOT true? A) Both types of bipolar disorder can include rapid cycling. B) Rapid cycling is more common in bipolar II disorder. C) Rapid cycling is associated with greater difficulty in finding an effective treatment. D) Rapid cycling is more common in men than in women.

D) Individuals with low levels of acetylcholine tend to have higher levels of depression.

Which statement is NOT an explanation that has been formulated to explain depression? A) Symptoms of depression arise when levels of norepinephrine fall too low. B) Serotonin affects depression through its influence on norepinephrine activity. C) People with depression have excess cortisol circulating in their blood, which makes their brains prone to overreacting when experiencing stress. D) Individuals with low levels of acetylcholine tend to have higher levels of depression.

B) phototherapy

Winter depression is often successfully treated with: A) antidepressant medication. B) phototherapy. C) cognitive-behavior therapy. D) ECT.

D) All of the answers are correct.

With which social factor is depression associated? A) social exclusion B) stressful life events C) social interactions D) All of the answers are correct.

A) twice the level

Women suffer _____ of major depressive disorder as compared to men. A) twice the level B) three times the level C) four times the level D) the same level

B) Mood

_____ disorders are among the leading causes of disability worldwide. A) Anxiety B) Mood C) Psychotic D) Somatoform

D) Anhedonia

_____ is a loss of pleasure. A) Hypomania B) Vegetative affect C) Psychomotor agitation D) Anhedonia

A) Lithium

_____ is a mood stabilizer. A) Lithium B) Paxil C) Prozac D) Valium

D) All of the answers are correct.

_____ is a psychological factor that is thought to contribute to the development of depression. A) Cognitive distortion B) Rumination C) Internal attributional style D) All of the answers are correct.

C) Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

_____ is characterized by depressed mood and two other depressive symptoms that last for at least 2 years and that do not recede for longer than 2 months at any time during that period. A) Major depressive episode B) Major depressive disorder C) Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) D) Cyclothymic disorder

B) Atypical depression

_____ is/are characterized by depressed mood that brightens when good things happen, along with two of these: hypersomnia, increased weight gain, heavy feelings in arms or legs, and persistent sensitivity to perceived rejection by others. A) Melancholic features B) Atypical depression C) Catatonic features D) Chronic depression

C) MAOIs

_____ is/are more effective than other antidepressants for treating atypical depression. A) SSRIs B) Tricyclic antidepressants C) MAOIs D) ECT

A) SSRIs

_____ is/are the most popular antidepressants because they have the fewest side effects. A) SSRIs B) Tricyclic antidepressants C) MAOIs D) ECT

C) Psychomotor retardation

_____ refer(s) to a slowing of motor functions indicated by slowed bodily movements and speech. A) Anhedonia B) Psychomotor agitation C) Psychomotor retardation D) Vegetative signs

B) Psychomotor agitation

_____ refer(s) to an inability to sit still. A) Anhedonia B) Psychomotor agitation C) Psychomotor retardation D) Vegetative signs

A) SSRIs

_____ slow(s) the reuptake of serotonin from synapses. A) SSRIs B) Tricyclic antidepressants C) MAOIs D) ECT

A) Family

_____ stress has been found to contribute to relapse in those who have had bipolar disorder. A) Family B) Job C) Financial D) Relational

A) Interpersonal

_____ therapy has successfully reduced the occurrence of peripartum depression in pregnant women at high risk for the disorder. A) Interpersonal B) Cognitive-behavior C) Family dynamic D) Transcranial magnetic stimulation

D) Transcranial magnetic stimulation

_____ uses sequences of short, strong magnetic pulses sent into the brain via a coil placed on the scalp. Each pulse lasts only 100-200 microseconds. A) Positron emission tomography B) Functional magnetic resonance C) Nuclear magnetic resonance D) Transcranial magnetic stimulation