Abnormal Psych Final Exam
Consuming enough alcohol in a 2 hour period to have a BAC of 0.08 is referred to as ____ drinking
binge
The restricting subtype of anorexia nervosa is NOT characterized by ______.
binge episodes
Traditionally, dissociation has been studied MOST often using ______.
case studies
Anna is a patient in a psychiatric hospital. She sits immobile for hours each day in an odd position in the visitor's chair in her room. Anna BEST exemplifies ______ schizophrenia.
catatonic
Some researchers believe that ______ schizophrenia should be considered a separate disorder because it responds only to a(n) ______ medication rather than to an antipsychotic.
catatonic; antianxiety
Billy violates the rights of others, is aggressive, and vandalizes the desks at his elementary school. Billy has been caught stealing candy, then lying about it to his mother. Billy breaks the rules in school repetitively. Billy's actions MOST closely reflect ______ disorder.
conduct
Almost ______ of those who experience a threat to their own lives or to that of someone close to them will go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
9%
About ______ of those with obsessive-compulsive disorder have both obsessions and compulsions.
90%
It is estimated that about ______ of those who commit suicide would meet diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder.
90%
In a sample of Finnish twins, the heritability of obesity among sedentary twins was ______. Among active twins, the corresponding figure was ______.
90%; 20%
Which statement regarding the relationship between cannabis and psychosis is true?
A relationship likely exists, and the mechanism is probably genetic
______ psychology is the study of psychological dysfunctions experienced as distress and as impairments in functioning.
Abnormal
______ is NOT among the neurotransmitters implicated in schizophrenia.
Acetylcholine
______ disorder is a short-term reaction to traumatic events that lasts no longer than 1 month.
Acute stress
This disorder is a short term negative reaction to a traumatic event in which the symptoms last between three days and one month
Acute stress disorder
______ states have confidentiality laws protecting the information revealed in psychological therapy.
All
A lack of interest in talking with others is called
Alogia
Studies assessing response to fear focus on this structure in the brain
Amygdala
______ is characterized by the presence of a major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode.
Bipolar II disorder
Ellen is convinced that her thighs are too fat. She examines them in the mirror multiple times a day and carefully selects clothing that will cover up her thighs. Ellen would most likely be diagnosed with
Body dysmorphic disorder
This metric is an indirect measure of body fat based on height and weight, and is used to determine if a person is overweight, underweight, or at a normal weight
Body mass index
Jared is a fetus. Gemma is 7 and in the second grade. Cole is 15. Which of these individuals is undergoing a critical period of brain development?
Both Jared and Cole are undergoing critical periods of brain development.
______ is NOT a feeding disorder.
Bulimia
A person who is diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder would have also met the criteria for ____ Disorder before age 15
Conduct
Consider attachment disorders, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder. Which of these disorders, if any, are in the same DSM-5 category?
Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are in the same category; attachment disorders are in a different one.
People with this disorder frequently feel detached from their own mental processes or their body
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
A negative mood state in which the person feels sad mood and/or lack of pleasure in their usual activities
Depression
The statement, "I think, therefore I am," is attributed to ______.
Descartes
The ethologist ______ observed the imprinting of newborn ducks on their mother.
Konrad Lorenz
Chris suffers from rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. He is ______ likely to be prescribed ______.
LEAST; lithium
The most common medication used to treat bipolar disorder is
Lithium
______ is NOT among the factors associated with suicide in the military.
Longer combat experience
______ is NOT a treatment for depression involving direct manipulation of the brain's electrical activity.
New wave therapy
DSM is to ICD as ______ is to ______.
North America; Europe
Which of the following is true of the various professions within abnormal psychology?
Psychiatric nurses have privileges to write prescriptions for psychotherapeutic drugs in some states.
Which insight BEST reflects a contribution of the evolutionary perspective to our understanding of psychopathology?
Psychopathology may reflect behaviors and traits that might be especially functional in some contexts.
A new model of classifying mental disorders, developed as an alternative to the DSM
RDOC
To assess a person's cognitive abilities, we would use a mental ____ exam
Status
Term for a negative attitude about mental illness
Stigma
The first action a mental health professional should take when he or she believes the client is a risk to himself or herself is to ______.
encourage the client to voluntarily place him or herself in a mental health facility
Emotion-focused therapy is one example of a(n) ______ therapy.
existential-humanistic
The primary diagnostic feature of dissociative identity disorder is
experiencing different "personalities" without a unified sense of self
Exposure and response prevention for the treatment of OCD involves
exposing individuals with OCD to their obsession and preventing them from carrying out a compulsion
A controlled re-experiencing of the original trauma is at the core of ______ therapy for PTSD.
exposure
Munchausen syndrome is another name for ______.
factitious disorder imposed on self
The MOST common functions of self-injurious behavior among individuals with borderline personality disorder are to ______.
feel pain and punish oneself
One indicator of a somatic symptom and related disorder is
feeling anxious that small symptoms indicate something serious
Whereas ______ people without generalized anxiety disorder are unable to control their worries, ______ of those with the disorder cannot control their worries.
few; all or almost all
Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of ______ medications.
first-generation antipsychotic
With respect to the timing of schizophrenia, the prodromal phase ______ the premorbid phase and _____ the psychotic phase.
follows; precedes
Dr. Chen advises legal professionals on the role of the amygdala and the hippocampus in encoding emotional or traumatic memories. In this capacity, Dr. Chen is acting as a(n) ______ neuropsychologist.
forensic
The field of study that involves using neuroscience to arrive at answers to legal questions is referred to as ______.
forensic neuroscience
In the treatment of borderline personality disorder, ______ is rooted in object-relations theory.
transference-focused psychotherapy
The potential genetic basis of bulimia nervosa is BEST described as ______.
unclear
A researcher plots the amount of white matter in the brain as a function of participants' age, from childhood through old age. Higher values on the y-axis indicate more white matter. The graph's function should resemble a(n) ______.
upside-down U
The morning alarm tone on Howie's phone begins softly, then becomes louder. As the sound's volume increases, the action potentials occurring in Howie's auditory cortex become more ______.
frequent
Although pathological gambling is now considered an addictive disorder, it was classed as a(n) ______ disorder in the DSM-IV.
impulse control
PSTD prevalence estimates tend to be ______ when the DSM-5 rather than the DSM-IV is used, suggesting that the diagnostic criteria in the newer edition of the manual are more ______.
lower; stringent
For the past four weeks, Nan has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. A clinician using the DSM-5 would MOST likely diagnose Nan as suffering from ______.
major depressive disorder
Anhedonia and withdrawal are ______ versions of ______.
maladaptive; introversion
The requirement that health care professionals report child abuse or neglect to a state agency is known as ______ reporting.
mandated
The exception to confidentiality that requires health care professionals to report firsthand knowledge of child abuse or neglect is known as ______.
mandated reporting
These days, Adam is sleeping very little. He seems full of energy and enthusiasm. His extreme optimism has led him to take foolish risks. He has lost a lot of money—for instance, betting on a horse that he was sure would win. Adam may be in a ______ state.
manic
Whether a segment of DNA is relaxed or condensed—and therefore able or unable to be activated—is influenced by epigenetic ______.
marks or tags
"For example, Broca's area in the left frontal lobe is dedicated to speech production, whereas the fusiform face area is specialized for processing faces," lectures a psychology instructor. The instructor is MOST likely describing the concept of ______.
modularity
Protective factors against suicide include ______.
moral objections to suicide
As compared with MOST other personality disorders, narcissistic personality disorder is ______ prevalent.
more
By the ______, a person may be found not guilty by reason of insanity if they cannot control themselves, even if they know the difference between right and wrong.
volitional test
The first phase in the Maudsley program is _____, whereas the final phase is _____.
weight restoration; personal autonomy
Agoraphobia is BEST defined as a disorder in which an individual experiences fear or anxiety ______.
when in public
By the principle of informed consent, the client does NOT have a right to know ______.
whether the therapist has a mental health disorder.
In the brain, neurons' axons appear as ______.
white matter
Among the first-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia, endophenotypic abnormalities are ______.
more prevalent than they are among those with no schizophrenic relatives
Scientists have identified ______ different neurotransmitters.
more than 100
Which word or phrase BEST expresses the proportion of people with borderline personality disorder who have experienced some type of abuse in childhood?
most
As compared with its heritability among those who are sedentary, the heritability of obesity among those who are active is ______.
much lower
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) was once known as ______.
multiple personality disorder
The concept of attachment is rooted in the ______ perspective in psychology.
psychoanalytic
The neurotransmitter GABA
normally inhibits brain structures that detect threats
Tricyclic antidepressants are ______ effective in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.
not
According to the textbook, all addictive drugs stimulate dopamine release in the brain's ______.
nucleus accumbens
When Simon hears a funny joke, the ______ in his brain becomes active.
prefrontal cortex
In schizophrenia, declining functioning and the initial hallucinations and delusions become apparent in the ______ phase.
prodromal
The ______ perspective is based on the notion that psychological problems are the result of unresolved inner conflicts.
psychodynamic
MOST people experience ______ when something unexpected and uncontrollable happens to them.
psychological stress
Dr. Hernandez studies the personal distress and interpersonal impairment associated with social anxiety disorder. Dr. Hernandez is MOST likely to identify her area of specialization as ______.
psychopathology
Classic studies by Jane Murphy (1976) of Harvard University on indigenous peoples in locations as different as northern Alaska and tropical Nigeria suggested that
psychopathology is part of human nature
Tara is seeking treatment for dissociative identity disorder. Although there are presently no empirically supported therapies for dissociative identity disorders, clinicians use a variety of techniques to counter dissociation. Tara is LEAST likely to be treated using ______.
psychotropic medication
One reason that dissociative amnesia may be rarely diagnosed is that
questions regarding dissociative amnesia are rarely asked by mental health or social service professionals
The amygdala helps us
quickly avoid any stimulus that resembles something dangerous
Among individuals with generalized anxiety disorder, cognitive behavioral therapy
results in improvement that is maintained for a least 1 year
Therapists MUST consider emergency commitment for ______ clients.
suicidal
fMRI studies of individuals with bipolar disorder indicate that a decrease in prefrontal cortex activity occurs in ______.
the depressive phase
Which of the following describes a large overall change between the DSM-IV and DSM-5?
the introduction of dimensional assessment
Beck's cognitive triad does NOT include negative views about ______.
the past
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are
the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
One's ability to understand one's own mental state depends MOST immediately on ______.
theory of mind
The ______ gene hypothesis proposes that our genetic makeup developed during times when food was difficult to find.
thrifty
Clint finds that he needs to place ever-larger bets to feel excited when he goes to the horse races. Clint is displaying ______.
tolerance
Randy has to place ever-larger bets and seek "action" ever more fervently to get the same rush when he gambles. Randy's example BEST illustrates ______.
tolerance
People with mental illness started gaining more rights in the ______.
1970s
The current criteria for the insanity defense in the United States are in
1981
A newer version of the Beck Depression Inventory, the BDI-II, was developed in ______ in response to changes included in the DSM-______.
1996; IV
At least one hypomanic episode in addition to a major depressive episode indicates a diagnosis of ______ disorder.
Bipolar II
The US law that protects the privacy of health care records
HIPAA
A sensory experience that a person has that is not real is called
Hallucination
Based on the textbook's discussion, which individual is MOST likely to be considered "neurotic"?
Hannah, who experiences generalized anxiety disorder
The use of the term stress to refer to a psychological construct originated with ______.
Hans Selye
______ investigated attachment among infant monkeys in a series of seminal experiments in the 1950s.
Harry Harlow
With respect to the MMPI, faking good is to faking bad as the ______ scale is to the ______ scale.
K; F
As much as ______ of the general population experiences some sort of bodily symptom in a given week.
80%
The comorbidity of antisocial personality disorder with substance use disorder may be as high as ______.
80%
______ disorder is NOT among the three disorders MOST often comorbid with generalized anxiety disorder.
Bipolar
______ is a field of inquiry concerning the ethical, legal, and social policy implications of neuroscience.
Neuroethics
The Tarasoff cases established that mental health professionals have a duty to
Protect
The DSM is published by the American ___ Association
Psychiatric
The Continuous Performance Test (CPT) is MOST useful in assessing ______.
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
It is ______ to use brain imaging techniques to predict whether a given individual will commit a crime.
impossible
The movement toward a "moral treatment of the insane" began in the ______ century.
late 18th
Which of the following correlation coefficients is a researcher MOST likely to find between scores on a measure of hypnotic susceptibility and the number of dissociative symptoms in the past year? Assume that higher scores on the susceptibility measure indicate greater susceptibility.
+0.04
Approximately ______% of individuals with borderline personality disorder will show a reduction in their symptoms over a 10-year period.
85
Approximately ______ of the U.S. population consumes caffeine daily.
85%
With respect to eating disorders, purging is a key element of bulimia nervosa and ______.
no other eating disorder
According to the text, anxiety disorders affect ______ of adults in the United States.
18%
The first 12-step program, Alcoholics Anonymous, was founded in the ______.
1930s
"Blackout drunk" occurs when blood alcohol content (BAC) exceeds ______.
0.21
Around the world, the prevalence of schizophrenia is approximately ______.
1%
The lifetime prevalence of Bipolar I disorder is ______.
1%
LSD was discovered during the decade of the ______.
1940s
Approximately ______ of normal-weight individuals show evidence of binge eating disorder.
1.5%
A first degree relative of someone with bipolar disorder has about ______ times the risk of having the disorder compared with a random person.
10
Approximately 1 in ______ people suffer from a personality disorder.
10
Approximately ______ of Americans over the age of 18 have used an illicit drug in the past month.
10%
Approximately ______ of individuals with autism spectrum disorder may be described as "savants."
10%
Approximately ______ of regular caffeine users experience the dreaded "caffeine headache" when they forego caffeine for 24 hours.
10%
Which figure BEST expresses the proportion of people with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who have a comorbid mental disorder at some point?
100%
There are ______ common species of gut bacteria. This number is _____ among individuals with anorexia nervosa.
150-200; lower
At any given age in adulthood, people with schizophrenia are ______ times as likely to die as people without schizophrenia.
2
The average American adult consumes the caffeine equivalent of ______ cup(s) of coffee each day.
2 to 3
Jacquie has made several suicide attempts over the years. In each instance, she swallowed pills or a poisonous liquid. On each of these attempts, her chance of dying was approximately ______.
2%
The prevalence of dissociative amnesia is about ______.
2%
Among individuals who seek mental health treatment, approximately ______ are estimated to meet the criteria for an adjustment disorder.
20%
The MOST recent version of the DSM, the DSM-5, was published in ______.
2013
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has ______ items, each of which contains ______ response options.
21; four
About 1 in ______ adults with intellectual developmental disorder are employed.
3
In the United States, the lifetime prevalence for major depressive disorder is approximately ______.
30%
About ______ in 5 adults have gambled at some point.
4
Approximately 1 in ______ adolescents will experience an anxiety disorder during a given year.
4
In a 12-month period, 1 in ______ adolescents experiences some type of anxiety disorder.
4
Positron emission tomography (PET) research described in the textbook indicates that the effects of cocaine on the brain persist for at least ______ month(s) after use is discontinued.
4
Separation anxiety disorder affects about _____ of children.
4%
The psychoactive effects of cocaine last approximately ______.
40 minutes
Approximately ______ of individuals who have OCD in childhood go on to have the disorder in adulthood.
40%
Which figure BEST approximates the proportion of American males who will qualify for an alcohol use disorder at some point in their lives?
40%
Roughly ______ of the world's population is overweight, and ______ is obese.
40%; 15%
As many as 1 in ______ seeking mental health treatment may be experiencing adjustment disorders.
5
Data from the National Comorbidity Survey replication study show that impulse control disorders, phobias, and separation disorders start around the age of ______.
5
Impulse control disorders begin around age ______.
5
Up to ______ of those treated with cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa show recovery.
50%
Research in the 1990s suggested that the concordance rate for schizophrenia between identical twins was about ______%. More recent work has ______ this estimate.
50; increased
On average, schizophrenia begins about ______ years ______ in males than it does in females.
5; earlier
There is evidence that children who are later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder may show face-processing abnormalities as early as ______ months of age.
6
Approximately ______ of those with a personality disorder report having experienced neglect or abuse in childhood.
70% to 80%
A manic episode lasts at least ______ days. A hypomanic episode lasts at least ______ days.
7; 4
______ NOT an example of an intrusion symptom in trauma-related disorders.
Anger and aggression are
This refers to structures closer to the front of the brain
Anterior
Which statement is true concerning the treatment of bulimia nervosa?
Antidepressant medication is more effective than a placebo.
______ personality disorder is closely related to psychopathy.
Antisocial
Jeffrey has a mild form of autism. Although he has no language deficits, and his intelligence test scores are slightly above average, he does not seem to see the world in quite the same way that others do. Prior to the publication of the DSM-5, Jeffrey may have been diagnosed with ______ disorder; using the DSM-5, he is MOST likely to be diagnosed with ______ disorder.
Asperger's; autism spectrum
The quality of the relationship between an infant and his or her primary caregiver is called
Attachment
______ is one of the feeding disorders.
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
People with Cluster ______ personality disorders tend to push the limits of the therapeutic relationship, whereas those with Cluster ______ tend to be inhibited in the therapeutic relationship.
B; C
In the state of Florida, emergency commitment is referred to as a ____ Act
Baker
Symptom questionnaire is to ______ as ______ is to Thematic Apperception Test.
Beck Depression Inventory; projective technique
Negative views about oneself, the world, and the future define ______.
Beck's cognitive triad
This kind of medication is commonly prescribed to treat anxiety, but there are concerns that it is being overprescribed
Benzodiazepines
Which eating disorder is more likely to be diagnosed in an individual who is significantly overweight but does not engage in any compensatory behaviors?
Binge eating disorder
Twice a week for the past year, Beverly has had irresistible, uncontrollable urges to eat two gallons of ice cream and a bag of chocolate chip cookies. She works off her calories by running on the treadmill for two hours and riding a bicycle for one hour. Beverly would likely be diagnosed with ___?
Bulimia Nervosa
______ is NOT among the feeding disorders.
Bulimia nervosa
Fearfulness and avoidance define the behavior of people with personality disorders in Cluster ______.
C
A college student visits a clinician and states that he experiences several of the symptoms of ADHD. Because the medication typically prescribed to treat ADHD is highly controlled, the clinician must support the diagnosis with reliable, valid assessment. She is MOST likely to administer the ______ to the student.
CPT
A test used to measure an individual's attention
CPT
This is the most widely used stimulant
Caffeine
In 2013, the state of ______ decided that therapists have a duty to protect—but not necessarily warn—potential victims.
California
Another term for marijuana is
Cannabis
Historically, ______ and Karen Horney are credited with helping develop the existential-humanistic approach to treating mental illness.
Carl Jung
______ was the creator of client-centered therapy.
Carl Rogers
Research suggests that the most effective treatment for Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder is
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Term used when a person meets criteria for two or more different disorders
Comorbid
______ refers to the occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time.
Comorbidity
Which criterion for determining insanity is MOST recent?
Comprehensive Crime Control Act
Which test is BEST suited for measuring an individual's attentional characteristics?
Continuous Performance Test (CPT)
______ disorder is also called a functional disorder in the medical literature.
Conversion
The phenomenon known as "la belle indifference" is associated with this disorder
Conversion disorder
This form of cocaine is smoked
Crack
A well-known treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder is
DBT
Research on psychological interventions for suicidality suggest that this type of therapy is best
DBT
An untrue belief that a person believes is true is called
Delusion
______ are beliefs that are not supported and that conflict with an individual's current environment.
Delusions
This part of the neuron receives information from other neurons
Dendrite
People with this personality disorder are focused on maintaining relationships and pleasing others
Dependent
A person with this disorder experiences distinctly different personality states
Dissociate Identity Disorder
Which statement MOST accurately expresses the relationship between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue?
Dissociative fugue is an example of dissociative amnesia.
______ disorder was once known as multiple personality disorder.
Dissociative identity
Atypical antipsychotic medications typically target which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
Many drugs impact the brain by influencing which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
The key neurotransmitter in the reward system is
Dopamine
The MOST common form of intellectual developmental disorder is ______.
Down syndrome
______ is an especially appropriate therapy for instances of borderline personality disorder with comorbid substance use disorder.
Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy
This type of treatment for depression involves a brief electrical current being passed through the brain
ECT
PET stands for Positron ___ Tomography
Emission
One of the best and most studied treatments for PTSD is
Exposure therapy
This disorder is also known as Munchhausen's syndrome
Factitious Disorder
An individual who is faking good, or trying to appear nondisordered, is likely to score highly on the MMPI's ______ scale.
K
The Cluster C personality disorders are referred to as anxious and
Fearful
From an evolutionary perspective, what does it mean to say that depression is adaptive?
Feeling depressed helps solve certain problems faced by humans from the earliest of times.
The body's response to stress is typically referred to as the
Fight or flight response
______ neuroscientists use insights from brain science to help answer legal questions.
Forensic
The negative cognitive triad refers to negative schemas about the self, the personal world, and the ___
Future
This physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and philosopher invented the telescope and led a movement that would eventually replace authority with experimentation.
Galileo
Which statement BEST expresses gender differences in the prevalence of dissociative identity disorder?
Gender differences in the prevalence of dissociative identity disorder are small.
John worries all the time, about everything - his job, family, home finances, and health. John would most likely be diagnosed with
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
The complete genetic composition of an organism
Genotype
The most important neurotransmitter for normal brain functioning
Glutamate
The second major neurotransmitter associated with Schizophrenia is
Glutamate
______ may be considered the brain's primary neurotransmitter.
Glutamate
______ is often seen as the father of Western medicine.
Hippocrates
Symptoms of ADHD fall into two major categories. One is inattention. What is the other category?
Hyperactivity and impulsivity
In order to be diagnosed with Bipolar II disorder, a person must have at least one depressive episode and at least one ___ episode
Hypomanic
______ disorder is unusual among the somatic symptom and related disorders in that few, if any, bodily symptoms are experienced.
Illness anxiety
______ disorder was formerly called hypochondriasis.
Illness anxiety
Personality traits associated with suicide are aggression and ___
Impulsivity
How do individuals with binge-eating purging anorexia differ from those with bulimia nervosa?
Individuals with binge-eating purging anorexia are of lower weight than those with bulimia nervosa.
A legal term used to refer to mental illness
Insanity
Josie has an IQ of 65 and requires some assistance in school and help dealing with complex situations. She would likely be diagnosed with ____?
Intellectual developmental disorder
Which of the following best describes the pattern of addiction?
Intoxication --> Bingeing --> Withdrawal --> Craving
Which is NOT a piece of legislation that provides protection for the public against sexual offenders?
Jeffrey Dahmer Act
Which perpetrator is NOT matched to the issue in the law and mental health to which their case is MOST relevant?
Jeffrey Dahmer—solitary confinement
In developing his inkblot tests, Rorschach was inspired MOST directly by ______'s concept of extraversion-introversion.
Jung
One of the most widely used personality inventories, consisting of over 500 true/false questions
MMPI
A positive mood state in which the person feels energetic and euphoric
Mania
This refers to structures closer to the midline of the brain
Medial
_____'s Law was created to require that states provide public notification of sexual offenders
Megan
______ is a technique that involves a focused, purposeful awareness of the present moment in an accepting, nonjudgmental manner.
Mindfulness
Which statement accurately describes one difference between Barlow's triple-vulnerability model of the development of anxiety and Mineka's learning/evolutionary perspective?
Mineka's model addresses the influence of culture more explicitly than does Barlow's.
One of the empirically supported treatments for ODD and CD that involves families and other agencies is called
Multi-systemic therapy
______ personality disorder is classed as a dramatic emotional personality disorder.
Narcissistic
In OCD, the unwelcome thoughts that the person has are called
Obsessions
______ disorder is no longer in the Anxiety Disorders chapter in the DSM-5.
Obsessive-compulsive
The Cluster A personality disorders are referred to as ____ and eccentric
Odd
Joey is 6 years old. He frequently loses his temper, argues with his parents, purposefully annoys his siblings, and refuses to follow household rules. Joey would most likely be diagnosed with ____?
Oppositional defiant disorder
Which statement is true regarding gender and depression?
Over the course of a lifetime, more females experience a major depressive disorder compared with males.
Which statement is MOST accurate concerning the origin of personality disorders?
Personality disorders have both genetic and environmental roots but generally reflect environmental more than genetic factors in their development.
______ refers to the imprisonment of an individual imprisoned for a crime he or she has yet to commit.
Preventative detention
Which statement BEST expresses how progress in the neurosciences has influenced the diagnosis of psychopathology?
Progress in the neurosciences has encouraged the consideration of dimensional approaches to diagnosis.
Which perpetrator is matched to the issue in the law and mental health to which their case is MOST relevant?
Prosenjit Poddar—duty to warn/confidentiality
______ is the feeding disorder in which a person regurgitates her or his food, then rechews, reswallows, or spits out the food.
Rumination disorder
About 10% of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder have special abilities in areas such as music, art, or memory. What is the term for these abilities?
Savant Syndrome
People with this personality disorder are not interested in developing friendships or romantic relationships
Schizoid
Hallucinogens are similar in structure to which neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
______ statutes allow for the ongoing civil commitment of individuals who have committed sexual crimes and who are believed to pose a continued threat if they are released.
Sexually violent predator
Which choice BEST expresses the distinction between social anxiety disorder and social phobia?
Social anxiety disorder was formerly called social phobia.
People with this disorder experience symptoms, but no medical cause can be identified
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Sarah is extremely afraid of snakes, to the point that she will pass out if she sees a snake and she does everything she can to avoid wooded areas where snakes might live. Sarah would most likely be diagnosed with
Specific phobia
Which "equation" is MOST accurate?
Syndrome = Symptoms + Signs
A projective test consisting of 30 black and white drawings
TAT
Which statement CORRECTLY identifies a difference between the DSM and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)?
The DSM is published by the American Psychiatric Association, whereas the ICD is published by the World Health Organization.
Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between the nervous system and the immune system?
The nervous system and the immune system both influence each other.
Which statement is true with respect to the autonomic nervous system?
The sympathetic nervous system is adrenergic, whereas the parasympathetic nervous system is cholinergic.
Why are the personality traits associated with anorexia nervosa considered endophenotypes?
The traits intervene between the genetic susceptibility toward and the actual expression of the disorder.
Vicki is telling a story about a black-and-white illustration of an old woman and a young man. Vicki is most likely taking the ______.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
______ many other psychological disorders, psychopathy is associated with a ______ amygdala.
Unlike; larger
Accuracy of measurement
Validity
Which statement BEST captures the historical trend in our conceptualization of mental illness?
We have moved from supernatural to scientific explanations of mental illness.
Which neuropsychological test is MOST useful in detecting frontal lobe damage?
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
A person who has a high score on the personality trait of neuroticism might be described as
Worried
The "War on Drugs" is BEST described as ______.
a failure
Social anxiety disorder is BEST characterized by
a marked and persistent fear of evaluation by others across a number of situations
Specific phobia is BEST defined as fear of ______.
a particular object or situation
One risk factor for suicide is
a previous suicide attempt
As compared with the effectiveness of antidepressant medication, the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is ______.
about the same
In general, mindfulness approaches to treating generalized anxiety encourage clients to ______ such negative internal experiences as excessive worry.
accept
Which sequence correctly arranges the major eating disorders in order of prevalence, from rarest to MOST frequent?
anorexia nervosa --> bulimia nervosa --> binge eating disorder
Whereas histone ______ promotes gene activity, histone ______ inhibit(s) gene activity.
acetylation; methylation
The neurotransmitters closely associated with bipolar disorder do NOT include ______.
acetylcholine
In factitious disorder, an individual
actually creates the symptoms seen by health care professionals
Corrine was getting a cup of coffee at a local convenience store when the cashier was confronted by masked gunmen. As the cashier reached below the counter to press an alarm, one of the gunmen shot her. Two weeks later, Corrine is still badly shaken. She is too frightened to run routine errands in her neighborhood. She startles easily. Although she is troubled by random flashbacks to the event, she finds that she can recall surprisingly little about it when she is directly asked. Corrine is MOST likely to be diagnosed with ______ disorder.
acute stress
According to the DSM-5, _____ disorders are those in which reactions to an event are out of proportion to the event's severity.
adjustment
Nick did not receive a job offer that he badly wanted and that he desperately needed to improve his challenging financial situation. Since the rejection, Nick has been plagued with negative thoughts. He has become not only despondent but also self-conscious and suspicious of others. As a result, he is isolating himself. He has discontinued his search for employment, fraying his relationships with family and friends. Based on this information, Nick is MOST likely to be diagnosed with _____ disorder.
adjustment
The three stages of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) do NOT include ______.
adjustment
Which sequence correctly arranges trauma- and stressor-related disorders in order of severity, from mildest to MOST severe?
adjustment disorders --> acute stress disorder --> posttraumatic stress disorder
On average, depersonalization/derealization disorder begins in ______.
adolescence
Chein et al. (2011) found that as compared with the other age groups in the study, ______ are ______ likely to engage in risky decisions when in the presence of peers.
adolescents; most
Cortisol is released by the ______.
adrenal gland
Females are twice as likely as males to suffer from anxiety and depression ______.
after puberty but not before puberty
Obsessive-compulsive disorders do NOT include ______.
agoraphobia
Panic disorder is MOST often comorbid with ______.
agoraphobia
Both antisocial and narcissistic personality disorder are characterized by low levels of the five-factor dimension of ______.
agreeableness
Factor analyses of personality disorders have isolated a five-factor structure underlying the disorders. The factors seem to represent extreme and/or opposite versions of the five factors underlying normal personality. By this theory, detachment is to extraversion as antagonism is to ______.
agreeableness
Which of the following five-factor personality traits generally increases during the transition into adulthood?
agreeableness
Naltrexone is to Antabuse as ______ drug is to ______ drug.
antagonist; aversive
Adbul has just discovered his term paper is due tomorrow when he thought it was due next week. According to Hans Selye, Abdul is MOST likely experiencing the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
alarm
Which sequence correctly orders the phases of the general adaptation syndrome, from first to last?
alarm à resistance à exhaustion
The Patient Self-Determination Act of 1991 is a set of federal requirements intended to implement advanced directive policies at ______.
all health care facilities that receive federal funding
According to the video case example and Dr. Hemming, therapy can focus upon the following:
all of these: -obtaining their early life experiences, including alcohol use and family history -understanding what they like about their drinking and the functionality of the alcohol use -having the client describe the instances and circumstances when drinking
One of this modules videos showed part of a therapy session for eating disorders. According to Dr. Karwoski Anderson, the therapist in the video, bulimia is associated with
all of these: experiencing considerable stress compensatory behaviors, such as vomiting, use of laxatives, or overexercising, as a way to deal with and control unwanted emotions binging and purging related to emotion dysregulation
A specific molecular form of a particular gene is called a(n) ______.
allele
In psychological therapy, the close, supportive relationship between the therapist and client is called the therapeutic ______.
alliance
Which phrase BEST expresses the proportion of those with combat-related PTSD who have a comorbid mental disorder at some point during their lifetime?
almost all
Shonda suffers from bipolar disorder. She has recently returned from the hospital to a dramatic, emotionally charged, "enmeshed" family situation. Which phrase BEST expresses Shonda's likelihood of a relapse?
almost certain
Naturally occurring substances do NOT include ______.
amphetamines
An event's emotional significance is processed in the ______.
amygdala
Down syndrome occurs when
an extra copy of chromosome 21 is produced during cell division after conception
Among people with borderline personality disorder, Eisenberger and colleagues (2003) found that activity in the ______ was positively related to self-reported distress during the Cyberball game, whereas activity in the ______ was negatively related to self-reported distress.
anterior cingulate cortex; ventral prefrontal cortex
Adjustment disorders are usually treated with ______ medications.
antianxiety
Currently, the preferred medications for panic disorder are ______.
antidepressants
Individuals with ______ personality disorder are MORE likely to commit crimes than are other people.
antisocial
Professionals working in the criminal justice system are often responsible for the initial treatment of people with ______ personality disorder.
antisocial
Psychopathy is MOST closely associated with ______ personality disorder.
antisocial
The terms moral insanity and psychopathy are MOST closely related to ______ personality disorder.
antisocial
Traditionally, obsessive-compulsive disorder has been considered a(n) ______ disorder.
anxiety
Cluster C personality disorders are described as ______.
anxious fearful
In Mary Ainsworth's strange situation, infants with a(n) ______ attachment pattern are most likely to appear angry when their mother returns after a brief absence.
anxious/ambivalent
In ______ attachment, an infant in the strange situation appears preoccupied with having access to its mother and shows protest on separation. When its mother returns, the infant may show anger or ambivalence toward her.
anxious/ambivalent
Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infants and toddlers program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding onto her pant leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. Which term BEST describes Adam's attachment pattern?
anxious/ambivalent
Agoraphobia is BEST described as a fear of ______.
any situation from which escape may be difficult or help unavailable
In developing countries and rural communities, individuals with dissociative identity disorder
are sometimes seen as "possessed"
Jarome has been diagnosed with acute stress disorder. His angry outbursts these past few weeks are an example of ______ symptoms of acute stress disorder.
arousal
Neurodevelopmental disorders do NOT include ______ disorder(s).
attachment
Which term is new to the DSM with the publication of the DSM-5?
autism spectrum disorder
Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation is one characteristic of ______ personality disorder.
avoidant
In ______ attachment, an infant in the strange situation shows (1) more interest in the toys than its mother, (2) little distress when its mother leaves, and (3) little positive emotion when its mother returns.
avoidant
Jacob is 32 and has never had a serious romantic relationship. He was considered an aggressive boy in middle school and does not have a strong bond with his mother. When Jacob was young, he could not have cared less if his mother left him with a babysitter. On her return, Jacob was usually emotionless. Jacob's attachment style can be characterized as ______.
avoidant
Over the past 75 years, the criteria for the insanity defense have ______.
become more stringent
Confidentiality and informed consent should be discussed with the client ______.
before therapy begins
In deep brain stimulation (DBS) for depression, the electrode is placed ______.
below the corpus callosum
Mineka's model of anxiety disorders suggests that "biological vulnerabilities such as genetics and temperament combine with prior learning vulnerabilities such as social, cultural, and prior learning." This statement suggests that Mineka's model BEST represents a ______ approach to psychopathology.
biopsychosocial
The textbook states that "depression has been related to a variety of physiological, psychological, family, and social components." This statement suggests the utility of a(n) ______ perspective in understanding depression.
biopsychosocial
The police brought Gabriella to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear yelling, "I have the power!" Gabriella was also spending large amounts of money and was agitated and reckless during the past 5 days. In the emergency room, Gabriella would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Gabriella is MOST likely suffering from ______.
bipolar disorder
Cluster A personality disorders do NOT include ______ personality disorder.
borderline
Kelsey frequently cuts herself. There are scars on her fingertips from the injuries she has inflicted on herself. She is prone to mood swings, and her relationships have been short lived, dramatic, and unstable. Kelsey's example BEST illustrates ______ personality disorder.
borderline
Most research on treating personality disorders has concerned ______ personality disorder.
borderline
A sense of irritability is associated with ______.
both depression and mania
Opponents argue that sexually violent predator (SVP) or sexually dangerous person (SDP) statutes are ______.
both ineffective and unconstitutional
The anterior cingulate cortex plays a central role in the experience of ______.
both physical pain and social pain
The stress response is sometimes called paradoxical because it
both protects and damages the body
Which alternative correctly arranges schizophrenia-spectrum disorders with respect to symptom duration, from the briefest to the longest?
brief psychotic disorder --> schizophreniform disorder --> schizophrenia
Symptom is to sign as ______ is to ______.
subjective; objective
The MOST common compulsion in obsessive-compulsive disorder is ______.
checking
Which food or beverage has the LOWEST concentration of caffeine?
chocolate
Kenny is visiting a therapist to treat major depressive disorder. The therapist is concerned with the way Kenny tends to see himself, the world around him, and the future in negative terms. Based on this information, Kenny's therapist MOST endorses the ______ model of depression.
cognitive
At present, the most effective therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder are ______.
cognitive and behavioral
In treating clients with major depressive disorder, Dr. Mackenzie emphasizes such automatic thought processes as catastrophizing. Dr. Mackenzie is MOST likely a(n) ______ therapist.
cognitive behavioral
Of the types of psychological therapy discussed throughout the text, psychosocial treatments of schizophrenia are MOST often based on ______ therapy.
cognitive behavioral
Britta is a high school student who has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. The family's physician informs her parents that of the psychological treatments that have been used, ______ therapy is the MOST effective, resulting in a cessation of bingeing and purging in about ______ of the patients who undertake it.
cognitive behavioral; 50%
By showing that the test scores of the Genain sisters over their lifetime had not changed, researchers were able to show that ______ not part of schizophrenia.
cognitive decline is
A(n) ______ therapist is MOST likely to focus on such negative thought processes as catastrophizing and personalization.
cognitive-behavioral
Which sequence correctly arranges the factors involved in determining decision-making competence from simplest to MOST complex?
communicating a choice --> understanding relevant information --> appreciating the situation --> manipulating information
Individuals with schizophrenia are more likely to abuse substances than are individuals without schizophrenia. A psychopathologist is MOST likely to say that schizophrenia and substance use disorder are ______ because they often occur together.
comorbid
Mac has been diagnosed not only with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder but also substance use disorder. This example BEST illustrates ______.
comorbidity
Jon is in seventh grade. Lately, he has been staying away from home all night and has been truant from school a number of days during the past month. When he does attend school, he often threatens younger students. He has occasionally been involved in physical fights with other students. Finally, security personnel at a local shopping mall have found him vandalizing property and shoplifting small items. Jon is displaying signs of ______ disorder.
conduct
Thirteen-year-old David meets the criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Because he is under 15, David is MOST likely to be diagnosed with ______.
conduct disorder
With respect to key measurement issues, reliability is to validity as ______ is to ______.
consistency; accuracy
Hysteria originally referred to a form of ______ disorder.
conversion
Mr. Armentor complains that he cannot feel anything in his right hand. Mr. Armentor's case BEST illustrates ______ disorder.
conversion
Psychogenic disorders is another name for ______ disorder.
conversion
Which term is NOT among those that have been used since World War I to describe combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder?
cyclothymia
Sexual predator laws
decrease incidents but only among those who know the offender
Across the adult lifespan, the expression of MOST personality disorders ______.
decreases
When one relaxes and allows one's mind to drift or wander, the brain's ______ network becomes active.
default
Making an analogy between Freudian theory and the brain networks described in an earlier chapter in the text, primary process thinking is to secondary process thinking as the ______ network is to the ______ network.
default; central executive
The brain's ______ network is ______ among schizophrenic individuals, as compared with other individuals.
default; overactive
A client's responses in the mental status exam seem to revolve around the idea that the client is being monitored and even pursued by several government agencies. The clinician would MOST likely note that the client displays ______.
delusional thinking
The textbook states that "although the individual with paranoid personality disorder may interpret noise from a neighbor as an attempt to get back at him, he would not suggest that the neighbor was working for the CIA . . . as might a person with schizophrenia." This statement suggests that persons with paranoid personality disorders do not have the ______ that characterize schizophrenia.
delusions
The term addiction is MOST nearly synonymous with the term ______.
dependence
"Extraversion may become maladaptive and cause an individual to value herself only when she is in a relationship." This statement brings ______ personality disorder MOST immediately to mind.
dependent
A number of physical ailments have been linked to obesity. One psychological condition or disorder that has been linked to obesity is ______.
depression
Externalizing disorders do NOT include ______.
depression
Brain imaging techniques make it possible to
determine how people with mental disorders perform cognitive and emotional tasks differently from those with no disorder
Cortical connections in the brain are measured using ______.
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
The textbook reports research showing that people with autism had fewer connections between brain areas than did siblings or controls. Which neuroscientific technique might a researcher use if she wished to replicate this finding?
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
Hebephrenic schizophrenia is another term for ______ schizophrenia.
disorganized
Which option correctly matches a type of schizophrenic symptom with the associated portion of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)?
disorganized symptoms—dorsolateral PFC
Which choice correctly matches a subtype of schizophrenia with a definition?
disorganized—nonsensical speech and odd behavior; delusions without a consistent theme
"It's like the feeling you get at the end of a page/When you realize you don't know what you've just read" are two lines from an early-'80s song by a band called the Missing Persons. These lines MOST directly reflect the psychological concept of ______.
dissociation
Long-term psychotherapy may be necessary for ______.
dissociative identity disorder
Oppositional defiant disorder differs from conduct disorder in that it
does not involve acting aggressively or destroying property
The neurotransmitter ______ appears to malfunction in individuals with anorexia nervosa.
dopamine
The rewarding effects of drugs reflects their ability to influence the neurotransmitter ______.
dopamine
At the level of the spinal cord, sensory information is conveyed by the ______ root, whereas motor information is conveyed by the ______ root.
dorsal; ventral
Karen has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, along with a comorbid cocaine use disorder. She has tried therapy in the past but has always found the process difficult and has always quit after just a few sessions. Based on this information, Karen might be an ideal candidate for ______.
dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy
An individual who repeats other people's speech is demonstrating ______ and might be diagnosed with ______ schizophrenia.
echolalia; catatonic
Data supporting the accuracy of a depression inventory has been collected not only in North America and Great Britain but also in Japan, India, Venezuela, and Nigeria. This should increase a clinician's confidence in the ______ validity of the inventory.
ecological
One contribution that helped scientists to understand how the nervous system developed and worked was the realization that the body created and used
electrical activity in its basic processes
A researcher who wishes to track rapid changes in the brain's activity from millisecond to millisecond is MOST likely to use ______.
electroencephalography (EEG)
Affect is MOST nearly synonymous with ______.
emotion
Currently, the major brain imaging techniques do NOT include ______.
encephalectomy (EPA)
That athletes can "play through the pain" reflects the influence of the brain's natural painkiller, namely ______.
endorphins
As compared with its prevalence in women, obsessive-compulsive disorder is ______ prevalent in men.
equally
Terrell is a man. Trina is a woman. As compared with Trina, Terrell is ______ likely to suffer from Bipolar I.
equally
With respect to gender, Bipolar I is
equally prevalent among men and women
In the DSM-5, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a ______ disorder.
eurodevelopmental
EEG activity related to a particular event, such as the presentation of a picture or sound, is called ______.
event-related potentials (ERPs)
As compared with its negative symptoms, the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are BEST described as ______.
excesses rather than deficits
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory's (MMPI) psychasthenia scale assesses ______.
excessive anxiety and obsession
Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by
excessive anxiety and worry
Maya owes the credit card company $20,000, her adjustable rate mortgage has just gone up, and she has been out of work for 3 months. Today her husband of 15 years just told her he was having an affair and wants a divorce. With that news, she collapsed and had to be taken to the emergency room. According to Hans Selye, Maya is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
exhaustion
One of the brain's lobes is the ______ lobe.
frontal
Psychopathy may be related to the failure of ______ lobe development during childhood.
frontal
Which biological approach to treating mental illness is LEAST successful?
frontal lobotomy
Dr. Munakata is using a strong magnet to track blood oxygen changes in participants' brains as they complete decision-making tasks. Dr. Munakata is using ______ to examine the brain's activity.
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Diane is constantly concerned about things at work, even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life, even when she is at work. Diane has free-floating worry that leaves her tense, irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Diane MOST likely suffers from ______ disorder.
generalized anxiety
Mrs. Alvarez is plagued by daily tension headaches and experiences frequent insomnia. She worries constantly about her job and financial situation and is unable to control her worrying. Mrs. Alvarez's symptoms MOST closely resemble those of ______ disorder.
generalized anxiety
As compared with its effect on happy, sociable infants, the impact of positive parenting on inhibited, fearful infants is ______.
greater
The second generation of antidepressants was developed because the medications introduced in the 1950s and 1960s
had too many undesirable side effects
Trichotillomania is to excoriation as ______ is to ______.
hair pulling; skin picking
False sensory perceptions that often take the form of hearing voices are called ______.
hallucinations
Mescaline, LSD, and MDMA are classed as ______.
hallucinogens
Which choice BEST represents an application of exposure therapy to the effective treatment of social anxiety disorder?
having the client talk to a stranger despite experiencing anxiety while doing so
Blood-injection-injury phobias differ from all other phobias in that
heart rate acceleration is followed by deceleration
Pamela and Paula are sisters. Both have brown eyes. Pamela, however, inherited a "brown-eyed" allele from her mother and a "blue-eyed" one from her father, whereas Paula inherited "brown-eyed" alleles from both parents. Pamela's alleles may be described as ______, whereas Paula's may be described as ______.
heterozygous; homozygous
As compared with the effectiveness of medication for social anxiety disorder, the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy is ______.
higher
As compared with electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging's (fMRI) spatial resolution is ______, and its temporal resolution is ______.
higher; lower
As compared with the weight that they believe is attractive in their gender, women rate their own weight as ______, and men rate their own weight as ______.
higher; the same
People with ______ personality disorder become uncomfortable when they are NOT the center of attention.
histrionic
When a person has two copies of the same allele, she or he is said to be ______ for that allele.
homozygous
Consider the HPA axis. The "H" stands for ______, whereas the "P" stands for the ______ gland.
hypothalamus; pituitary
Preoccupation with the possibility of developing a serious illness despite an absence of symptoms is characteristic of ______ disorder.
illness anxiety
The legal term insanity
implies a lack of responsibility for one's actions
In recent years, the use of opiates has ______ in the United States, and the use of cocaine has ______.
increased; decreased
The binding potential of serotonin is _____ in anorexia nervosa and ______ in depression.
increased; decreased
The text suggests that, as compared with other individuals, individuals with autism spectrum disorder show ______ volume and ______ activity in brain areas related to facial processing.
increased; decreased
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been shown to be particularly effective for treating depression among ______.
individuals for whom other treatments do not work
Developmentally, symptoms of autism first appear in ______.
infancy
By the principle of ______, the client has the right to know what will take place in the therapy sessions and what sort of relationship with the therapist the treatment will entail.
informed consent
The idea that a patient has a right to know what will take place in therapy is an important part of ______.
informed consent
The insanity defense is _______ used in court cases, and is ________ successful.
infrequently; not usually
Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression
inhibits amygdala activity indirectly
The legal term for mental illness is ______.
insanity
Overactivity of the ______ in the brain's ______ network is associated with social anxiety disorder.
insula; salience
If an instrument has high ______ reliability, then two or more observers should arrive at similar scores when they use the instrument to score behavior.
inter-rater
Valerie and Latoya are using a checklist to assess the aggressive behaviors of children at a playground. On a child-by-child basis, Valerie's scores largely agree with Latoya's, suggesting that the checklist has high ______ reliability.
inter-rater
Being "high" or "stoned" BEST reflects ______.
intoxication
Marcus is troubled by frightening memories of a home invasion robbery he experienced 3 weeks ago. He also experiences flashbacks to the event. These symptoms of acute stress disorder reflect a symptom category labeled ______.
intrusion
Research aimed at examining whether illness anxiety order is actually better classed as an anxiety rather than a somatic symptom disorder has concluded that illness anxiety disorder
is correctly classified as a somatic symptom disorder
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
is inherited only from the mother
Christine experienced trauma as a child when she witnessed her father's murder. Kim experienced no trauma as a child. Both girls are now adults. As compared with Kim's present-day stress responses, Christine's are MOST likely ______.
larger
Jean-Martin Charcot showed that the human motor cortex is organized with the ______ hemisphere controlling the ______ side of the body and vice versa.
left; right
Insanity is a ______ term.
legal
The insanity defense is used in ______ of trials.
less than 1%
As compared with the other trauma- and stressor-related disorders, adjustment disorders are ______ studied and ______ prevalent.
less; more
Baron-Cohen's (2005) model of the development of a theory of mind does NOT include the development of a(n) ______.
lie-detecting mechanism
As compared with its positive symptoms, the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are less ______.
likely to lead to a diagnosis of schizophrenia
Bipolar disorder is MOST often treated using ______.
lithium
Alcohol is metabolized by the ______.
liver
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies suggest that dissociation in tortured individuals is associated with ______.
long-lasting changes in brain networks
A sample of adults with generalized anxiety disorder are participating in a Stroop task in which threat-related words are presented in different colors on a computer screen. As compared with adults without an anxiety disorder, the sample should take ______.
longer to name the colors of the words
One of this module's videos discussed recent research on treatment of schizophrenia. According to the video, new treatment recommendations focus on
lower doses of medications along with psychotherapy to treat schizophrenia
The structures closest to the midline dividing the brain's left and right hemisphere are referred to as ______.
medial
Which type of treatment is NOT used currently for dissociative identity disorder?
medication
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) differs from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in that
memory loss is seen in ECT but not in TMS
The prevalence of dissociative identity disorder among ______ may be underestimated because ______.
men; men often deny their symptoms
In ______ inheritance, DNA is inherited only from the mother, in clear violation of the classical Mendelian view.
mitochondrial
The evidence evaluating the link between depression and inflammation is BEST described as ______.
mixed
Which of the following phrases BEST represents the cognitive behavioral approach to treating PTSD?
modifying dysfunctional thinking
With respect to Darwin, Origin of Species is to Descent of Man as ______ to ______.
natural selection is; sexual selection
A researcher should expect a ______ correlation between scores on a measure of perfection and the time to relapse of a sample of individuals who have recovered from anorexia nervosa. Assume that high scores on the perfectionism measure indicate greater perfectionism.
negative
Worry provides temporary relief from physiological responses to stress. Worry is therefore maintained, in part, by ______.
negative reinforcement
Higher scores on an expressed-emotion inventory indicate higher levels of expressed emotion in an individual's family. Scores on this measure should correlate ______ with time to relapse among a sample of people with schizophrenia.
negatively
If schizophrenia were recategorized in an upcoming edition of the DSM, it would MOST likely be classed as a(n) ______ disorder.
neurodevelopmental
The basic building blocks of the nervous system are cells called ______.
neurons
The gray matter loss seen in schizophrenia reflects a loss of ______.
neuropil
According to the textbook, a dimensional approach to assessment is encouraged by a(n) ______ perspective on psychopathology.
neuroscience
The National Institute of Mental Health supports using a(n) ______ approach to psychopathology.
neuroscience
Although the five-factor domain of ______ may confer a survival benefit by encouraging vigilance to possible dangers, it carries the potential costs of anxiety and depression.
neuroticism
A defendant under the age of 18 can receive the death penalty for a crime in ______ states.
no
The DSM-5 category of eating disorders does NOT include ______.
obesity
The thrifty gene hypothesis was developed to explain ______.
obesity
Which disorder is NOT in the same category as the others?
obsessive compulsive disorder
Exposure and response prevention therapy is used to treat ______ disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
People who suffer from ______ disorder are so preoccupied by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions that they are unable to function in their daily lives.
obsessive-compulsive
Schizotypal personality disorder reflects
odd beliefs and behaviors
Neuroscience research
offers probabilistic rather than categorical answers
In a video from this module, Dr. Courtois discusses the complexities of developmental trauma. According to Dr. Courtois, women who are in domestic violence relationships
often have experienced childhood trauma or victimization
As compared with the age of onset of the other dissociative disorders, the age of onset for dissociative amnesia is ______.
older
In one of this module's videos, Dr. Durvasula discussed treatment for people who are diagnosed with a personality disorder. She described treatment as
one that requires establishing and maintaining clear boundaries, empathy, and understanding the functionality of why clients may, at times, be manipulative or intimidating and very, very challenging because the patterns are lifelong and pervasive, where the client learns less disruptive behaviors, emotions, and cognitions
With respect to the five-factor model of personality, an individual who is curious, imaginative, and flexible is MOST likely to score high on the factor of ______.
openness
Melancholia and mania are ______ terms.
opposite
The disorder MOST often comorbid with ADHD among children and adolescents is ______.
oppositional defiant disorder
A delusion of persecution is the belief that
other people or groups are plotting against the individual
Anxiety entails ______ of the brain's salience network and ______ of its executive network.
overactivity; underactivity
Michael's body mass index is 27. Michael is ______.
overweight
Opioids have been used for thousands of years to help relieve ___
pain
Michael reports concerns that other people are "out to get him." His coworkers describe him as contentious, obstinate, and inflexible in his beliefs. Based on this information, Michael may be diagnosed with ______ personality disorder.
paranoid
Shannon believes that other people are always trying to exploit her. She interprets small, innocuous changes in her surroundings, such as the sight of an unfamiliar car parked on her street, as evidence of others' sinister intentions toward her. Shannon's example BEST reflects ______ personality disorder.
paranoid
Arden's heart rate is slowing, and her digestion is facilitated. Her ______ nervous system has become active.
parasympathetic
Which environmental factor is NOT related to autism spectrum disorder?
parenting style
The ______ lobe is immediately ______ to the temporal lobe.
parietal; superior
The negative cognitive triad does NOT include negative thoughts about the ______.
past
One hallmark of adolescence is that risky decisions are more likely occur in the presence of one's ______.
peers
From the 1600s until the present, anorexia nervosa has been described as reflecting three main characteristics. These characteristics do NOT include ______.
periods of overeating
Olivia enters a room, and a couple across the room starts laughing. She believes they are laughing at her. This belief that everything relates to her is primarily an example of ______.
personalization
One can clearly see Sandra's red hair. This observable characteristic is part of Sandra's ______.
phenotype
Abnormal psychology can be investigated from several levels of analysis. The text mentions all of the following levels of analysis EXCEPT the ______ level.
philosophical
The symptoms of major depressive disorder do NOT include ______.
physical symptoms, such as headache or stomach pains
An elementary student who eats glue may be diagnosed with ______ if the behavior persists and if it leads to nutritional deficiencies or to hospitalization.
pica
Kay Lynn's mother has caught the girl eating dirt several times over the past few months. Kay Lynn's mother is concerned that she may be suffering from digestive difficulties as a result of the practice. Kay Lynn's case BEST illustrates ______.
pica
The persistent eating of nonnutritive substances is called ______.
pica
Which structure or region is NOT part of the brain's fear network?
pons
Among a sample of nations, a researcher should find a ______ correlation between mean daily calorie intake and the proportion of adults who are obese.
positive
Research on Vietnam veterans suggests that the severity of PTSD symptoms is ______ correlated with amount of combat experience.
positively
Karen was mugged at knifepoint 6 months ago while walking home from work. She has recently begun experiencing nightmares about being robbed and daily has intrusive memories of that original traumatic event. She is generally having a difficult time adjusting to daily life following her trauma and often reexperiences her trauma on her walks to work. Based on this information, Karen is MOST likely to be diagnosed with ______ disorder.
post-traumatic stress
Charlotte is 7 and is left in afterschool care late until very late in the afternoon every day, with dirty clothes and an unhealthy lunch from "Mom." Mom shows no excitement, love, or emotion when she arrives to pick up Charlotte. Charlotte is withdrawn and doesn't seek help from others when distressed. Charlotte is showing signs of ______ disorder.
reactive attachment
Intrusion symptoms in acute stress disorder include ______.
recurrent distressing dreams
Some researchers believe depersonalization and derealization experiences might be protective because they might
reduce arousal and anxiety in traumatic or dangerous situations
With respect to measurement issues, an instrument's ______ is to its consistency as its ______ is to its accuracy.
reliability; validity
For a person to be able to appreciate the nature of the situation he or she is in and its consequences, he or she must be able to do all of the following EXCEPT ______.
remember committing the crime
A personality disorder
represents an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from the expectations of one's culture
Depression in terms of ______ suggests that depressed mood protects the organism by reducing energy expenditure, thereby protecting itself and saving energy for use in the future.
resource conservation
Cocaine inhibits dopamine from being reclaimed by the neuron that sent it into the synapse. Cocaine therefore increases the amount of dopamine present in the synapse by inhibiting a process called ______.
reuptake
Mental health and drug courts use incentives to motivate mentally ill and addicted offenders to engage in treatment. An example of an incentive is
rewards such as gift cards
Halitosis, electrolyte imbalance, and dental problems are noted as consequences of ______.
rumination disorder
The major eating disorders in the DSM-5 do NOT include ______.
rumination disorder
The brain network responsible for monitoring important changes in biological and cognitive systems is called the ______ network.
salience
Aleesha experiences auditory hallucinations and expresses the belief that she is being tracked by a foreign government through her phone. In addition to these symptoms, her mood has been severely depressed for at least the past month. Aleesha is BEST diagnosed with ______ disorder.
schizoaffective
A gene called SERT helps remove serotonin from synapses. It is involved in each of the following disorders EXCEPT this one:
schizophrenia
In the 1800s, Daniel M'Naghten believed he was being persecuted by members of a political party. Based on this information, Daniel M'Naghten MOST likely suffered from ______.
schizophrenia
Which disorder is NOT among those mentioned in the text as frequently occurring alongside PTSD?
schizophrenia
A clinician might choose between a possible diagnosis of schizophrenia, on the one hand, and a diagnosis of ______, on the other, during the "duration" level of diagnosis.
schizophreniform disorder
An example of an odd, eccentric personality disorder is ______ personality disorder.
schizotypal
Baby Aaron is always excited to explore his environment. He gets upset if his mother leaves the room but seems happy when she returns. Which of Ainsworth's attachment styles BEST fits this description of baby Aaron?
secure
In the strange situation, only babies with a(n) ______ attachment pattern show positive emotion when the mother returns.
secure
The MOST common anxiety disorder among children is ______.
separation anxiety disorder
The MOST common anxiety disorder among children under 12 is ______.
separation anxiety disorder
One of the neurotransmitters deactivated by the MAO-A gene is ______.
serotonin
The neurotransmitter _____ plays a role in anorexia nervosa by influencing mood, impulse control, and the feeling of being full.
serotonin
In World War I, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was called ______.
shell shock
Acute stress disorder is to posttraumatic stress disorder as ______ is to ______.
short-term; long-term
As compared with a manic episode, a hypomanic episode is ______ in duration and ______ severe.
shorter; less
The categories of feared objects or situations in specific phobia do NOT include ______ phobias.
social
As compared with other anxiety disorders, previous experience is especially important in ______ disorder.
social anxiety
Penny is an intensely shy person who rarely attends social gatherings. In addition, she normally will not accept dinner invitations and refuses to speak in public, even if it is among a group of friends. Penny MOST likely suffers from ______ disorder.
social anxiety
Walter has an intense fear of speaking in public. Because he can only engage in one-on-one discussions, he has been passed over for promotions. He may be suffering from ______ disorder.
social anxiety
In a ______ disorder, a child experiences difficulty in one of the major school subjects.
specific learning
The term ______ refers to the negative attitudes and beliefs that cause people to avoid those with a mental illness.
stigma
In the 1970s, black capsules called "black beauties" were sold as diet pills and often used recreationally. Black beauties were also called "bennies." Based on this information, "bennies" are MOST likely a(n) ______.
stimulant
Nicotine is an example of a(n) ______.
stimulant
After lunch, Katya drinks a cup of coffee and smokes a cigarette. She is consuming two ______.
stimulants
With respect to the potential diagnosis of bipolar disorder, a person's feeling of boundless energy is a ______.
symptom
Which choice correctly matches a type of assessment with an example?
symptom questionnaire—Beck Depression Inventory
The experiences a client reports during an interview with a clinician reflect the client's ______.
symptoms
The first level in the diagnosis of schizophrenia is that of ______.
symptoms
Most medications used for the treatment of mental illness influence the neurotransmitters in the ______.
synapse
Psychopathology and mental illness are BEST seen as ______ terms.
synonymous
"It gives me a different profile every time I complete it!" Paul exclaims, turning away from the online personality test he has just finished. If Paul's complaint is accurate, the test lacks ______ reliability.
test-retest
Which approach to the treatment of addiction does NOT usually include a health care professional?
the 12-step program
The term "mental retardation" is used in ______.
the ICD-10 but not the DSM-5
The five-factor model personality dimension of neuroticism is associated with being ______.
worried and self-conscious
The cognitive avoidance model of generalized anxiety disorder states that
worry is used as a way to avoid unpleasant feelings
