Abnormal Psych test #3

Treatment for Bipolar Disorder

- Lithium: metallic element that occurs in nature as a mineral salt and is an effective bipolar treatment - Mood Stabilizing drugs: psychotropic drugs help stabilize moods (antibipolar drugs) - Adjunctive Psychotherapy: individual group or family therapy along with mood stabilizing drugs for treatment

A therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs. She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence, amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws, and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws. You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation? a) cognitive b) psychoanalytical c) biological d) behavioral

A

A young man whose father and uncle committed suicide about his age also commits suicide. Which explanation of suicide MOST easily explains the young mans suicide? a) biological b)psychodynamic c) sociocultural d) immediate trigger

A

Altruistic suicide is MOST likely to occur in a country that: a) honors those who kill themselves for a higher good b) has a high level of substance abuse c) has a number of ethnic minorities who are very religious d) is experiencing great upheavel, disruption of values, and immigration

A

Ambivalent about dying, Jay repeatedly played a dangerous game involving gas and a cigarette lighter. Jay is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a: a) death darer b) death seeker c) death ignorer d) death initiator

A

Among the following people, who is MOST likely to develop an eating disorder? a) a female gymnast b) a male soccer player c) a male gymnast d) a female soccer player

A

In the brief clip of Jean Kilbournes's film that we saw in class, she cites all of the following negative outcomes of images of women in the media EXCEPT: a) Major depressive disorder b) distorted body image c) increased rates of violence against women d) eating disorders

A

The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to ask "what are some things you enjoy doing, and how often do you do them?" would be a: a) behavorial clinician b) sociocultural clinician c) cognitive clinician d) psychodynamic clinician

A

Which does NOT put one at higher risk for suicide? a) learning about suicide in abnormal psychology b) experiencing uncontrollable and repeated stressful events c) having an alcohol abuse problem d) experiencing mood and thought changes

A

Which is the BEST example of the social contagion effect? a) if you had a close relative or friends who committed suicide, your risk of committing suicide is greater b) the suicide of a close family member or friend can have a life long impact on a person c) celebrity suicides do not have as great of an impact on individuals as the suicide of a close family member d) the suicide of a family member is extremely stressful to others in the family

A

if a person taking lithium began experiencing nausea, vomiting, sluggishness, tremors and seizures, one would suspect: a) the person was experiencing lithium intoxication b) the dose was too low c) the person was not experiencing bipolar disorder d) the person needs adjunctive therapy

A

Persistent depressive disorder

A chronic form of unipolar disorder marked by ongoing and repeated symptoms of either major or mild depression

The MOST accurate diagnosis for a woman who regularly eats a whole pizza, a carton of ice cream, and a box of donuts in one sitting, then forces herself to throw up, is: .......

A) Bulimia nervosa

A young women has become very afraid of being overweight. She has recently reduced her food intake, although she feels hungry all the time. As a result, her weight has dropped sharply below average, but she still believes that she is overweight. she is most likely experiencing:

Anorexia Nervosa

Manic Episodes

At least one week of displaying abnormally high or irritable moods, increased energy and at least 3 other symptoms of mania

A person who sees life in "right or wrong" "all or none" terms is engaging in: a) blaming b) dichotomous thinking c) hopelessness d) psychache

B

Compared to a person who is happy and self-confident, a person who is bored and depressed: a) is equally likely to eat nutritional food as junk food b) is more likely to eat junk food c) cannot discriminate junk food from nutritional food d) is more likely to eat nutritional food

B

If you were treated with ECT, you would experience: a) reuptake of serotonin b) brain seizure c) insulin-induced coma d) increase in energy and creativity

B

In class we saw a video about Jordan, the young man who survived a suicide attempt. Jordan is currently happy to be alive and is actively working at living a meaningful life. Which of the following is most accurate about the fact that Jordan is happy to have survived? a) Jordan is likely happy to have survived because he did not suffer serious physical injuries b) Jordans outcome is relatively common among people who survive serious suicide attempts c) Jordans outcome is relatively uncommon among people who survive serious suicide attempts d) it is surprising that jordan is happy given that he has little social support in his life

B

People who are overweight and regularly binge eat without compensatory behaviors are experiencing: a) anorexia nervosa b) binge-eating disorder c) binge-purge disorder d) noncompensatory binge disorder

B

Which statement about the relationship between religion and suicide is accurate? a) a country's economic status is a more important predictor of suicide rates than its major religion b)the degree of ones devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion c) Countries that have high jewish and muslium populations also have high suicide rates d) religion is a more important predictor of suicide risk for women than men, especially in catholic countries

B

Bulimia vs Anorexia

BOTH: Begin after dieting, fearful of obesity, driven to be thin, preoccupied with food, weight and appearance, and need for perfection Bulimia: More concerned about pleasing others, being attractive to others, and having intimate relationships. More sexually experienced and active than anorexic people

Negative thinking

Beck believes that negative thinking lies at the heart of depression; maladaptive attitudes, a cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and autonomic thoughts combine to produce the clinical syndrome

A Woman who was frequently but unpredictably beaten by her husband was finally taken to a shelter by the police. while there, she didnt take advantage of educational and job training opportunities. How would cognitive theorists explain her behavior? a) arbitrary attribution b) automatic negative thoughts c) learned helplessness d) faulty cognitive triad

C

Family members are overinvolved in each other's lives but are affectionate and loyal. This description fits Salvador Minuchin's Definition of an: a) autonomous family pattern b) underfunctioning family pattern c) enmeshed family pattern d) institutionalized family pattern

C

Men are less likely than women to be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, but more likely to be diagnoised with..... a) disordered eating that doesnt reach the level of an actual eating disorder b) bulimia nervosa c) dysmorphia d) binge-eating disorder

C

The best treatment recommendation you could give someone experiencing bipolar disorder is: a) complex; due to conflicting experimental results b) broad; a number of different therapies work equally well c) drug therapy; perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy d) no therapy has been shown to be effective

C

Which is an accurate statement about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing in the aftermath of a disaster (based on research studies)? a) Debriefing by victims is more effective than debriefing of professionals b) Debriefing is so ineffective that it is no longer done c) Debriefing doesnt work too well; it might even make victims worse d) debriefing helps both rescuers and victims

C

Which of the following is a sign that we discussed in class that suggests that attitudes towards reining in eating disorders might be shifting? a) several mainstream fashion mags have eliminated all photoshopping b) several Prominent movie producers have put out calls to hire female actors with "normal" body sizes c) several countries have banned models with low BMIs from appearing in fashion shoes d) several major companies have adjusted their philosophies about advertising to showcase models of varying sizes in an effort to change attitudes rather than just to make money

C

Which would a cognitive therapist be LEAST likely to say to you? a) write down your automatic thoughts as they occur to you b) lets do a little experiment to test your attitude c) try to evaluate what happens to you in "black and white" terms d) please prepare a detailed schedule of your activities for the week

C

Death initiators

Clearly intend to end their lives but act out of a belief that the process of death is already underway (Elderly and very sick people tend to fall into this category)

At a suicide prevention center, you hear a counselor say, "do you have a gun? is ti loaded and do you know how to use it? " which one of these goals and techniques of suicide prevention do these questions BEST represent? a) assessing and mobilizing the callers resources b) establishing a positive relationship c) understanding and clarifying the problem d) assessing suicide potential

D

Based on the fact that one suicidal act can serve as a model for another, which would NOT be a common trigger for a suicide attempt? a) suicide by celebrities b) suicides by coworkers or colleagues c) suicide by family members and friends d) suicide by the elderly

D

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression within families. WHich theoretical framework encompasses these studies? a) psychodynamic b) humanist c) behavioral d) biological

D

Media coverage, including from MTV, that included the "dont do it" message, phone numbers of suicide prevention centers, and interviews with suicide experts, occurred after the suicide of: a) marilyn monroe b) members of the Jonestown community c) James Dean d) Kurt Cobain

D

On an impluse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days to get everything ready, and then David welcomes more than 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he files into a rage. MOST likely, David is experiencing: a) a panic attack b) a manic phase of bipolar II disorder c) a manic phase of cyclothymic disorder d) a manic phase of bipolar I disorder

D

Second-generation antidepressants appear to act by: a) blocking the reuptake processes of all neurotransmitters more completely b) facilitating the reuptake process c) destroying MAO d) selectively blocking the reupake of serotonin

D

Therapast who sat with a patient with buliemia while the patient ate appropriate quantities of "forbidden" food, then stayed until the patient no longer had the urge to purge, would be practicing: a) supportive nursing care b) correction and cognitive misperceptions c) group insight-oriented therapy d) exposure and response prevention

D

Which of the following is NOT a form of social pressure that can lead to a distorted body image and disordered eating? a)images of models and actors in advertising b) pro ana websites c) photos accompanying articles in health and fitness mags d) eating disorders checklist that screen for symptoms

D

Changes in body image among african american women and among women in non-Westernized cultures support the idea that ______________________ has/have a strong influence on body image a) Cognitive disorders b) genetic similarities c) the impact of gender d) Exposure to white U.S. culture

D) exposure to white U.S. culture

Endogeneous depression

Depression that is a response to internal factors

Errors in thinking

Drawing arbitrary influences based on little evidence

What was Persistant Depressive Disorder formerly called?

Dysthymic Disorder

Psychodynamic cause of eating disorders

Ego deficiences Bruch's theory of disturbed mother-child interactions leading to serious ego deficiencies and perceptual disturbances effective and ineffective parents

Symptoms of unipolar depression

Emotional Motivational Behavioral Cognitive Physical

Death Darers

Experience mixed feelings or ambivalence about their intent to die Although they may wish to die their risk-taking behaviors do not guarantee death

Rumination Theory

FOcusing on ones feeling when depressed; tendency to relapse

Goal of suicide treatment

Goal is to keep individuals alive, reduce psychological pain, help them achieve a non-suicidal state of mind, and provide them with hope

SSRI's

Increase serotonin activity specifically without affecting norepinephrine or other neurotransmitters some people can gain weight or have a reduced sex drive when on these

Retrospective Analysis

Kind of psychological autopsy with clinicians and researchers piecing together data from the suicide victims past

Types of anitdepressant drugs

MAO Tricyclics SSRI's

Bipolar II

Mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes

Treatment after suicide

Psychotherapy and drug therapy on an inpatient or outpatient basis ** Research indicates that Cognitive-behavioral therapy may be particularly helpful** (Focuses on painful thoughts, sense of hopelessness, dichotomous thinking, poor coping skills, weak problem solving abilities, and other cognitive and behavioral features that characterize suicidal people)

Major Depressive Disorder

Sever patter of unipolar depression that is disabling and is not caused by factors such as drugs or a general medical condition

Brain structure causes of bipolar disorder

Smaller Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum in people with bipolar disorder has been found

Ion activity cause of bipolar disorder

Sodium and potassium ion flow back and forth between the outside and inside of the neuron membrane producing wave electric activity traveling down the neuron causes it to "fire"

Percent of adults with mood disorders

US - 9.6 % Mexico - 4.8% Colombia - 6.8% France - 8.5%

Artifact Theory

Women and men are equally prone to depression but clinicians often fail to detect it in men

Life Stressor Theory

Women in our society are subject to more stress than men

Effective Parent

attends to child's emotional needs giving food when hungry and comfort when sad

Compensatory Behavior

compensate for / undo effects of a binge • Vomiting fails to prevent absorption of half the calories consumed • Laxative • Diuretics • Extreme exercising

Reactive (exogenous) depression

depression that follows clear-cut stressful events

Binge-eating disorder

disorder marked by frequent but not extreme compensatory behavior • Repeated eating binges during which they feel no control over their eating • Do NOT perform inappropriate compensatory behaviors

Death Ignorers

dont believe their self-inflicted death will mean the end of their existence. they believe that they are trading their present lives for a better or happier existance

Deep brain stimulation

drilled two holes into the skull and implants electrodes in area 25 sending a steady stream of electrical impulses to that area

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

electromagnetic coil on or above head sending surrent to prefrontal cortex increasing neuron activity

Binge

episode of uncontrollable eating during which a person ingests a very large quantity of food • Between 1 and 30 episodes per week • About 3,400 calories per binge • Overwhelming need to eat "forbidden" food

Ineffective Parent

fails to attend to children's needs deciding when their child is hungry, cold, or tired without correct interpretations. Feeding child at inappropriate times

Enmeshed Family

fails to develop genuine self-reliance and seek excessive control over their body size and shape as well as their eating habits

Body Dissatisfaction explanation

female bodies are under scrutiny

Bipolar I disorder

full manic and major depressive episodes

Treatment goals of anorexia

goal is to restore normal weight and eating • tube and intravenous feeding • rewards after eating or gaining weight • supportive nursing care (nutritional counseling, high calorie diet, and motivational interviewing)

Hormone explanation

hormone changes trigger depression in many women

Cognitive Triad

individuals resplendently interprets their experiences, themselves, and their future negatively leading to depression

ECT

induced brain seizures

Genetic factors of bipolar disorder

inherit biological predisposition to delveloping bipolar disorder

Death Seekers

intended to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide, (singleness of purpose may last only a short time and can change to confusion the next day or even the next hour and can return again)

Psychotherapy techniques treatment for bulimia

interpersonal psychotherapy to improve interpersonal functioning as well as psychodynamic therapy and family therapy

Behavioral techniques treatment for bulimia

keeping diaries of eating behavior, changes in sensations of hunger and fullness, and the ebb and flow of other feelings o This helps clients recognize the emotions and situations that trigger their desire to binge

Lack of Control Theroy

learned helplessness

Males and eating disorders

males account for 5-10% of people with anorexia and bulimia reverse anorexia or muscle dysmorphia is common among men

Tricyclics

neurotransmitter reuptake mechanism; making neurotransmitter stay in the synaptic space preventing overstimulation, Reuptake mechanisms night be to successful in some people cutting off norepinephrine and serotonin to soon

Cyclothymic disorder

numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms

Antidepressant medicine treatment in bulimia

o Drugs help 40% of patients reducing their binges by about 67% and vomiting by 56% o Seems to work in combination with other forms of therapy

Neurotransmitter causes of Bipolar disorder

over activity of norepinephrine and low serotonin activity

Sub-intentional Death

people who play indirect, covert, partial or unconscious roles in their own death (examples: sexually promiscuous behavior, recurrent physical fights and medication mismanagement)

Learned Helplessness

perception based on past experiences that one has no control over one's reinforcement

Societal pressure causes of eating disorders

performers, fashion models, athletes, GYMNASTS

Hopelessness

pessimistic belief that their present circumstances, problems or mood will not change

Cognitive techniques treatment for bulimia

recognize and change maladaptive attitudes towards food, eating, weight, and shape o Teach client to identify and challenge negative thoughts that regularly precede their urge to binge o Guide client to recognize questions and change perfectionistic standards, sense of helplessness and low self-concept

Biological cause of eating disorders

relatives and irregularities in the hypothalamus lateral hypothalamus --> produces hunger when activated ventromedial hypothalamus --> reduces hunger

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

repeated experiences of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation

MaO

slows down the body's productions of monoamine oxidase which breaks down norepinephrine which rises the norepinephrine activity; blood pressure rises dangerously when eating certain food on this medication

Anomic suicides

social environment fails to provide stable structures such as family and religion to support and give meaning to life (Act of a person who has been let down by a disorganized, inadequate, possibly decaying society)

Egoistic suicides

society had little or no control over the person; not concerned with norms or rules of society

Vagus Nerve stimulation

stimulates vagus nerve than delivers electrical signal to the brain

Crisis innervation

treatment approach that tries to help people in a psychological crisis to view their situation more accurately, make better decision, act more constructively, and overcome their crisis A counselor will (1) try to establish a positive relationship, (2) understand and clarify the problem, (3) asses suicide potential, (4) asses and mobilize the caller's resources, (5) formulate a plan

Prevention Programs

tries to identify people who are at risk of killing themselves and to offer them crisis intervention

Autonomic thoughts

unpleasant thoughts suggesting to them that they are inadequate and their situation is hopeless

Parasuicides

unsuccessful attempts to kill themselves

Dichotomous thinking

viewing problems and solutions in a ridged either/or terms (black and white thinking)

Altruistic suicides

well integrated into social structures that intentionally sacrifice their lives for tits well being (EX: soldiers throwing their bodies in front of bombs for "the greater good")

Medical problems associated with Anorexia nervosa

• Amenorrhea --> absence of menstrual cycle • Low body temperature, low body pressure, swelling • Bone density loss, slow heart rate • Cracked, dry, rough skin, brittle nails, and loss of hair on scalp • Lanugo --> fine hair grown on trunk, face, and arms

Goals to lasting recovery for Anorexia

• Behavioral and Cognitive Innervations: changing behaviors and thoughts can help then keep restrictive eating going o Behavioral Aspects: monitor feelings, hunger level, and food intake o Cognitive Aspects: taught to identify "core pathology" and alternate ways of dealing with stress and problem solving Teach them ways to identify and trust internal sensations o Change attitudes about eating and weight and guide clients to identify, challenge, and change maladaptive thinking • Changing Family Interactions: point out troublesome family patterns and help make appropriate changes

Binge-eating disorder treatment

• Cognitive-Behavioral, Psychodynamic, and Antidepressants o usually help reduce or eliminate binge-eating patterns and change disturbed thinking

Aftermath of Anorexia

• Combined treatment approaches greatly improve outlook of people with anorexia • Weight is quickly restored once treatment begins; treatment can continue for years • 85% improvement, 25% remain troubled for years • Menstruation reoccurs • 1/3 reoccurrence rate in anorexia patients

Aftermath of Bulimia

• If left untreated it can last for years • Significant improvement in 40% of clients • 1/3 who recover relapse with in 2 years of treatment

Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa

• Motivated by fear • Afraid of becoming obese • Preoccupation with food • Distorted thinking • Maladaptive attitudes and misinterpretations • Psychological problems (OCD, depression, insomnia, and anxiety)

Characteristics of Binge-eating disorder

• Preoccupied with food, weight, and appearance • Base evaluation of self on weight and shape • Not driven to thinness and does not begin with dieting