abnormal psychology ch. 8-14

examples of hallucinations

-auditory (MOST COMMON) aren't involving hearing the voice of others but listening to one's voices and failure to recognise difference -visual (LESS COMMON) can sometimes implicit a brain problem -olfactory: say they can smell things they aren't -tactile (NOT COMMON) scary feeling that a bug is crawling on them when isn't real

hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

-either inattention and or hyperactivity/impulsivity -duration for at least 6 months -impairment in at least 2 setting (school and home)

intervention options for intellectual disability

-foster productivity, independence -educational and behavioural management -living and self care skills -communication training and interventions

red flags for autism

-no big smiles, joyful expressions by 6 months -no back and forth sharing of sounds, smiles or other facial expressions by 9 months -no babbling by 12 months -no back and forth gestures such as pointing, showing, reaching, or waving by 12 moths -no words by 16 months -no meaningful, two word phrases by 24 months -any loss of speech, babbling or social skills at any age

duty to warn and protect

-one of the several limits of confidentiality -969 Poddar was a graduate student at the university of California killed a fellow student, Tarasoff who rejected his romantic actions at the time of the killing he was seen by two therapist and had schizophrenia. He told his therapist he was going to kill Tarasoff so the police got involved but Poddar said he would leave her alone. Tarasoff's family sued the university, Poddar, and the police because they should have warned Tarasoff that she was in danger. The court agreed

the process of civil commitment

-person fails to seek help, but others feel that help is needed -petition is made to a judge on the behalf of the person -individual in question must be notified of the civil commitment process -determination is made by a judge regarding whether to commit the person

psychosocial treatment for schizophrenia

-token economy -education and skill building -behavior family therapy -community care programs -CBT

civil commitment

-when can a person be placed in a hospital or institution against their will? -who can institutionalise a person against their will?

disorganized speech: symptoms of schizophrenia

-when person jumps from one topic to next -cognitive slippage "word salad" -tangentiality: does not answer question directly -inappropriate affect: laughing or crying in inappropriate times

1. being held to determine competency to stand trial 2. found "not guilty by reason of insanity"

2 instances in which criminal commitment is used

criteria for catatonia

2 or more for a least 1 month -stupor: no motor activity and no relating to environment -waxy flexibility or catalepsy: being able to move someone into a poster -mutism: little or no verbal response -negativism -posturing: spontaneous holding poster against gravity initiating by individual -mannerism: manners that are odd or different than normal actions -stereotypy: repetitive or abnormally frequent (rocking/hand ringing -agitation -grimacing: mimicking of another speech -echolalia: mimicking of another movement -echopraxia: meaningless repetition of movement

schizophrenia

2 or more of following for at least a month: delusions, hallucinations, disorganize speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms, at least 6 month duration of "disturbance"

mood disorders, schizophrenia, and delusional disorder

3 types of psychosis

twin studies

48% concordance among monozygotic twins and 17% concordance among dizygotic twins (schizophrenia)

criteria for hyperactivity (ADHD)

6 or more of following- fidgets or squirms in seat, leaves seat in classroom and other settings, runs about or climbs excessively, difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly, talk excessively, blurts out answers, difficulty waiting turn, interrupts or intrudes on others

Eugen Bleuler

The term "schizophrenia" was introduced about 1911 by a Swiss psychiatrist named:

psychopathy

The term for the non-DSM category is similar to antisocial personality disorder but with less emphasis on overt behavior. Includes superficial charm, lack of remorse, and other personality characteristics

delusional disorder

A women who thinks people are tormenting her by putting poison in her food and put gasses in her apartment

4

Those with ADHD have ___% smaller brain volume

6%

__% are homeless (schizophrenia)

6%

__% are in jail/prison (schizophrenia)

90%

__% of more receive disability/welfare benefits or are economically dependent (schizophrenia)

15%

__% of those diagnosed with schizophrenia have only a single episode of illness with no subsequent impairment

55%

___% fo those that do not know there is a problem with schizophrenia

45%

___% know there is a problem but aren't receiving treatment with schizophrenia

75%

___% or more are unmarried (schizophrenia)

50

___% with severe mental illness of schizophrenia receiving no treatment

an irrational belief, a sensory experience in the absence of external events

a delusion is defined as ___, while a hallucination is defined as____

premature ejaculation

a most common of all male sexual dysfunction is ___

both tolerance and withdrawl

a person who is physiologically dependent on a drug will experence

avolition

a symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action

amenorrhea

a symtoms of anorexia nervosa in which a women stop menstruation is called

agonists substitution

a treatment for some drug addictions in which a safe drug that has the same chemical make-up of the original drug is

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

absence or insufficiency of normal behavior - avolition, alogia, anhedonia, affective flattening

provide a level of stimulation that most of us receive from more typical behaviors

according to the underarousal hypothesis, individuals with antisocial personality disorder may engage in their characteristics behaviours as a way to

PKU

affects intellectual disability, it is inherited phenylalanine (in diet drinks)

notify the individual directly

after Tatiana Tarasoff was murdered the resulting ethical guideline and law in many states requires that in the event a client threatens another individual the therapists is specifically

fetal alcohol syndrome

alcohol use during pregnancy can lead to which of the following serious conditions

patient feeling distress

all of the following (chronic course of behavior, distress to the person demonstration the behaviors or others around them, maladaptive functioning) are necessary conditions for the diagnosis of a personality disorder except

codeine

all of the following analgesic substances (cocaine, morphine, heroin) are classified as opiates except

a. homelessness b. criminalization of the mentally ill c. the closure of many mental institutions d. more crimes committed

although court rulings making it harder to involuntarily commit someone is often considered a positive thing, it has had several unwanted consequences including all of the following except:

conduct disorder

an adult diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder is most likely to have met the criteria for __ as a child

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

an excess or distortion of normal functions (extra causing problems) -delusions and hallucinations

aversive

an individual with alcoholism who is highly motivated to stop drinking and who understands the possibility of severe consequences of treatment may be prescribed the drug called antabuse. this medication is an example of an ___ treatment for alcoholism

paraphilia

an intense sexual attraction to things other than phentopypically normal stimulation

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

annabelle has been a heavy drinker for years. her behavior reflects confusion, loss of muscle coordination and unintelligible speech. such behavior is probably the result of

10%

approx. ___% die by suicide (schizophrenia)

15%, 85%

approximately ___ % recover and __ % continue to have residual and/or active symptoms of schizophrenia

impairments in social interactions

autistic disorder : nonverbal behaviors, failure to develop peer relationships, lack spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interest, achievements with others

impairments in communication

autistic disorder: delay in development of spoken language, impaired ability to initiate or sustain conversation, sterotyped and repetitive language, and lack of make-believe play or social imitative play

Repetitive and stereotyped behaviors

autistic disorder: intense preferences for the status quo, inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional rituals, stereotyped and repetitive motor behaviors, preoccupation

of persecution

belief people are out to get them (example of delusion)

bizarre delusions

belief people can hear thoughts and they are removing or controlling thoughts (example of delusion)

of grandeur

belief person is famous or important (example of delusion)

capgras syndrome

belief that a person you know has been replaced by the devil (example of delusions)

neuroleptics

biological treatment for schizophrenia: reduced positive symptoms, helped think more clearly and helped 60% of people but people had to stop

transcranial magnetic stimulation

biological treatment for schizophrenia: uses wire coils to repeatedly to generate magnetic fields up to 50x per second. the pass of the skull to the brain seems to interrupt the normal communication in the brain. Long term effects don't seem to last but a month

relieve pain and produce euphoria

both morphine and codeine produce analgesia which means that they

depresses inhibitory centers of the brain

Alcohol can initially appear to cause stimulation because it

his fears are justified

An individual presents for treatment and keeps talking about how gangsters are "out to get him." Before diagnosing paranoid personality disorder, we must determine whether:

tolerance???? donlt know this one

At the beginning of drug or any substance use, there are high levels of pleasure and low levels of withdrawal. Over time, however, as the levels of pleasure from using the drug decreases, the levels of withdrawal symptoms increase, thus providing motivation to keep using the drug despite a lack of pleasure from it. The term for this phenomenon is _

dependent personality disorder

Cassandra is excessively submissive and passive in interpersonal situations. She finds it difficult to make decisions on her own and express disagreement with others. Overall, she seems to lack self-confidence. Which of the following personality disorders is Cassandra most likely to be diagnosed with?

fetishistic disorder

Charles gets very sexually excited by women's shoes. While he used to fantasize about women wearing particular shoes, he now focuses almost exclusively on the shoes themselves. Charles has an____

antisocial; histrionic

Consistent with the argument that a degree of gender bias impacts what personality disorder an individual will be diagnosed with, a man who behaves in a reckless, dramatic manner is more likely to be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder, whereas a woman who behaves in a reckless, dramatic manner is more likely to be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder.

false

Exculsive homesexuality only occurs in the human species

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Henry is viewed by many as a workaholic and not social. He is at his desk every morning and takes a few breaks at the same time everyday. Henry is known to be perfectionist. The problem is he does not seem to get much accomplished since he spends so much time making sure everything is perfect before moving onto the next task. Henry appears to suffer from ___ personality disorder

stop a person from feeling pain

In behavioral terms drugs like aspirin are considered negative reinforcers because they:

whether she achieves a normal sexual excitement phase

Kristen reports that she has difficulty achieving orgasm during sexual activity. Which of the following information would be most important in determining whether Kristen is experiencing a diagnosable orgasmic disorder

schizoid personality disorder

Michael has few friends and is employed in a computer programming position that allows him to interact with few people on a daily basis. He plays computer games and cleans his apartment in his free time, and reports that he gets about the same amount of enjoyment from both of these pursuits. His coworkers would describe him as distant and disinterested in making friends. His boss feels that nothing she tells Michael about his work performance seems to get through to him - he hardly reacts when praised for doing a good job on a project, and is slow to change his behavior when told that he has been doing something wrong. Which of the following disorders would Michael be most likely to be diagnosed with?

Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic

Narcissistic personality disorder is part of which cluster

borderline

Nicole has difficulty maintaining relationships because she goes back and forth from being best friends to hating people in her life quite often. Her romantic relationships are always characterized by incredible loving passion alternating with episodes of horrible fighting, and sometimes she becomes violent. At times Nicole becomes so upset that she cuts herself and reports that this makes her feel better emotionally. Nicole suffers form__ personality disorder

eugen bleuler

Proposed the term "Schizophrenia" (split mind)

medications: ritalin, adderall, vyvanse/dexdrine -side effects: Side effect: dizziness, drowsiness, headaches. Loss of appetite, not sleeping, nauseous, increase blood pressure, body temp, heart rate, cardiovascular complications -70% improve on these medications

Stimulent treatment of ADHD and their effects

brief psychotic disorder

characterized by the presence of one or more positive symptoms or disorganize symtoms for less than 1 month and comes from extremely stressful situations

down syndrome

chromosomal abnormalities to intellectual disability: having an extra 21 chromosome

fragile x syndrome

chromosomal abnormalities to intellectual disability: normally affects males

schizoaffective disorder

combination of mood and psychotic disorder

autism spectrum disorder

combined autistic disorder, asperger's disorder, and childhood deteriorative disorder

prodromal, active, residual

common phases experiences in schizophrenia

17-21

The median range of onset for bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosia is

delusional disorder

delusions without other symptoms of schizophrenia

enlarges lateral ventricles, hypo frontality (frontal lobes are less active), obstetrical complications (lack of oxygen during delivery or bleeding during pregnancy), and early use of marijuana use

describe the possible role of neurological damage in schizophrenia and discuss the correlational or causational nature of this evidence

criteria for inattention (ADHD)

difficulty sustaining attention, does not seem to listen when spoken to, does not follow through on instructions/fails to finish tasks, difficulty organizing tasks and activities, avoids/dislikes/reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort, loses things necessary for tasks, easily distracted, forgetful in daily activities

1. must be able to understand the charge against them 2. must be able to assist their own defense

discus competency to stand trial- what are the 2 criteria to be achieved? before the person can be tried for criminal offense what must be found competent of the following:

first to hypothesize that brain damage might be causing this disorder, believed that this began in adolescence and led to irreversible mental breakdown, said people with this had short attention

emil kraepelin

neo-conservative era (1980-present)

emphasized limiting the rights of the mentally ill to protect society

hallucinations

experience of sensory events without any input from these surrounding environments

Strong genetic evidence of association with the D4 dopamine receptor gene, DAT dopamine transporter gene and the D5 receptor gene

explain evidence of the D4 dopamine gene and dopamine transporter gene as a cause for ADHD

second trimester

fetus exposed to virus during what trimester of pregnancy causes implications for (schizophrenia)

desire, arousal, orgasm, and pain

four types of sexual dysfunctions include

a person's physical sex is inconsistent with the person's gender identity

gender dysphoria is diagnosed when

-genetic:brain and structural differences -environment: families not reading often

genetic and psychosocial causes for specific learning disorder

police power

government takes responsibility for protecting the public health safety and wealth fare and can create laws and protections

15%

have only a single episode of illness (schizophrenia) with no subsequent impairment

30%

have repeated episodes of illness (schizophrenia) with gradually declining impairment between episodes

25%

have repeated episodes of illness (schizophrenia) with no impairment between episodes

30%

have repeated episodes of illness (schizophrenia) with some impairment between episodes. not going back to how things were before

disorganized behavior

hoarding object, acting in unusual ways

-not guilty by reasons of insanity -guilty but mentally ill

if the "insanity defense" is successful what are the 2 possible verdicts

transvestic disorder

in a heterosexual male, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasises, sexual urges, or behaviours involving cross-dressing

family studies

in heritably tendency and adoption studies show that children with parents of schizophrenia have a much higher chance of developing this and good home environments reduce chance (schizophrenia)

false- the insanity defense refers to a person's mental state when committing the crime while competency to stand trial is their mental state while going through the legal process after the crime has been committed

in order to successfully use the insanity defense, one must be able to show a lack of competency to stand trial

How sensitive a person is to the positive effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the negative effects after a few hours???

in trying to understand why some people continue to use drugs until they become dependent on them and others are able to stop before this happens, it is important to consider

binge eating disorder

individuals who experience loss of control of their eating and consume great qualities of food but do not engage in any attempts to compensate for their binge would be diagnosed with

schizotypal personality disorder

individuals who have "ideas of reference" but who sense that these beliefs are probably unrealistic are generally diagnosed with

found to have committed the offense but only because of significant illness

insanity defense: what are the legal rulings providing the criteria for this defense?

false

intellectual disability occurs most frequently in females

anhedonia

lack of pleasure or interest in life activities

affective flattening

little expressed emotion

ADHD

maternal smoking appears to be specific risk factor for which of the following developmental disorder?

delusions

misrepresentation of reality

march

more people born in the winter have schizophrenia particularly in

false

most individual when autism show a strong intellectual ability in the topics of mathematics

of fairly normal body weight

most individuals with bulimia nervosa are

false

most times when an individual has an intellectual disability the cause is either identified as environmental or prenatal

perfectionists, dieting themselves, less satisfied with their families

mothers of girls with anorexia nervosa tend to be

thinking of oneself as deserving of special treatment

narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by

Clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine

new medications to treat schizophrenia

wellbutrin, strattera

non-stimulents used to treat ADHD

disorganized behavior examples

o Child-like silliness o Unpredictable or inappropriate behavior o Unpredictable agitation o Markedly disheveled appearance o Dresses unusual manner o Clearly inappropriate sexual behavior

Fred, who has sex at least once a week to satisfy his wife, but would prefer to be left alone since he is rarely interested in sex.

of the following, the individual most likely to receive an appropriate diagnosis of male hypoactive sexual desire disorder is

mark, who feels like a women trapped in a man's body

of the following, the individual who should be diagnosed with gender dysphoria is

tolerance

of the symptoms of substance dependence, which of the following is the clearest indications that physiological dependence (as opposed to psychological dependence) is present?

personality trait; observable behaviours

one difference between a psychopath and a person with antisocial personality disorder is that ___ are used in diagnosing the psychopath, but ___ are used to diagnose antisocial personality disorder

its abstinence only approach to drinking cessation

one of the key components to alcoholics anonymous has been criticised by some substance abuse researchers is

do not have obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors

one of the major differences between individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder is that the patient with the personality disorder generally

seldom live up to their unrealistic expectation of themselves

one reason why individuals with narcissistic personality disorder tend to become depressed at times in that they

alogia

poverty of speech (brief reply, slow response, little to say)

prevalence -reading disorder 4-10% -mathematics disorder 1% cultural difference -white children 1% -black children 2.6%

prevalence and cultural differences of specific learning disorder

18 to 22 (6.4%)

prevalence of off-label ADHD medication use in college settings

diagnosis in children, commonly believed to be over diagnosed

prevalence, sex ratio, age of onset and prognosis of ADHD

- Prevalence 1% -Sex ratio- slightly higher in men -Age of onset: men 18-25 women: bimodal - Culture: evidence of bias, mostly African Americans and Asian Americans

prevalence, sex ratio, and age of onset for schizophrenia

-prevalence: 2% of general population and 90% labeled with mild intellectual disability -sex ratio: occurs more in males -chronic course

prevalence, sex ratio, and course for intellectual disability

-1 in 50 school age children -4.4 males to 1 females -38% have intellectual disabilities -savant skills

prevalence, sex ratio, and rate of associated factors of autistic disorder

schizophrenogenic

previous theory for schizophrenia - cold dominant rejecting mothers "refrigerating mothers" (disproven)

double blind communication

previous theory for schizophrenia - conflicting messages (disproven) ex. saying, i love you while giving a stiffened hug

confidentiality

protection fo disclosure of personal information

dialectical behavior therapy

research regarding psychological treatment for borderline personality disorder suggest appears to be helpful in improving mood and reducing suicidal and self injurious behaviors

influenced by biological, genetic, psychological, and social factors

research regarding sexual orientation suggests that homosexuality is

liberal era (960-1980)

rights of persons with mental illnesses dominated

schizophreniform disorder

same criteria for schizophrenia and symptoms for more than 1 month but less than 6 months

-diagnosed more frequently in African Americans

schizophrenia cultural bias and sociocultural factors that might contribute to prevalence differences among ethnic groups

males

schizotypal personality disorder is more common in

10-30%

schizotypal personality disorders in impatient setting is

elimination of psychologically-based performance anxiety

senate focus and non-demand pleasuring were designed by masters and johnson to treat sexual dysfunctions primary through

the squeeze technique

sex therapy technique used for premature ejaculation; the man's partner stimulates him to an erection, and then when he signals that ejaculation is imminent, the partner applies a firm but gentle squeeze to his penis, either at the glans or at the base, for 3 or 4 seconds; the goal of this technique is for the man to learn to identify the point of ejaculatory inevitability and to control his arousal level at that point

false

sexual arousal disorders do not occur in men. men have such a high sex drive that is only something diagnosed in women

If the person demonstrates "clear and present danger to himself or others", then they can be detained for treatment

specific rules for civil commitment using Arkansas as an example

antisocial

steve steals money from his friends and family, lies to get what he wants, and often hurts others with no sign of guilts or remorse. Steve probably be diagnosed with__ personality disorder

dopamine

stimulation of the ___ neurons in the "pleasure pathway" probably causes the "high" associated with cocaine use

be diagnosed with bulimia nervosa

susan, a women of relatively normal body weight, sometimes eats huge quantitates of junk food with no ability to stop herself. she follows this with long periods of complete fasting. based on this she has

alcohol

the condition called delirium tremens, also known as the "DT's, involves hallunications and body tremors during withdrawal from

higher than any psychological disorder reviewed in your test

the death rate (including suicide) due to anorexia nervosa is

open communications

the families of anorexia nervosa patients are typically characterised by all the following except

successful perfectionistic

the families of patients with anorexia nervosa are typically characterised as

true

the frequency used drug prevention program D.A.R.E has been effective in reducing drug us

M'Naghten

the insanity defense was originally based on a historic case in England involving a man named

a lack of desire for sex despite normal physical sexual response

the main feature of female sexual arousal disorder is

15% or lower weight than is expected for that height and body size

the major diagnostic factor in anorexia nervosa is

do not truly believe that they are too thin

the most common reason that anorexic individual generally do not seek treatment on their own is that they

do not see themselves as too thin

the most common reason that people with anorexia nervosa generally do not seek treatment on their own is that they

weight gain

the most important and immediate goal in treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa is

electrolyte imbalance

the most serious medical consequence of bulimia nervosa is potential

binge eating followed by compensatory behavior

the most significant feature of bulimia nervosa is

false- a need for treatment alone is not enough for commitment. there needs to be "clear and present danger to self or others" to be detained for civil commitment

the need for psychiatric treatment is sufficient justification for civil commitment

inability to initiate and persist in activities

the negative symptoms of schizophrenia called avolition is defined as

a psychiatric hospital

the outcome of miguel's trial resulted in finding of "not guilty by reason of insanity"/according to criminal law. Miguel will now be sent to

opponent process

the phenomenon in the progression of drug use in which people switch from taking a drug for its positive effects (and just dealing with the negative effects afterward) to taking the drug to reduce the negative effects ( the crash) is called

1%

the prevalence of schizophrena is

psychosis

the reality contact is impaired

sociocultural

the strongest contributions to etiology of eating disorders seem to be

echolalia

the term for repeating the speech of others is called

specific learning disorder

the term that describes when academic performance that is substantially below expectation given the person's age, cognitive ability, and education is___

does not use physical force

the typical adult who molests a child..

schizoaffective disorder

this disorder is characterized by combination of a mood and psychotic disorder occurring simultaneously is known as

vascular disease and diabetes

two common medical causes of erectile dysfuntions are

unconditioned stimuli

Sam has been using cocaine for almost a year now. He always does it when he is out with his friends at a club and has noticed that he has to use much more now to get high than when he started using. One day he decides to stay in his apartment in the morning before he goes to work. He uses the same amount he has been using at the club but overdoses and dies. The context in which he used the drugs are the

50

what % of elementary school girls report that they are currently dieting

stress (activation and relapse)

what appears to be the activation of schizophrenia

-3 times more likely - DAT 1 genotype- gene environment interaction

what are the implication fo maternal smoking for ADHD

-mental illness -danger to self or others -grave disability (unable to care for him/herself)

what conditions may someone be civilly committed?

-negative self-image -food additives

what is a maintenance factor that can increase symptoms of ADHD

20

what is the % of college students that meet criteria for an alcohol use disorder?

20

when individuals with anorexia nervosa have been evaluated over too long periods of time, it has been found that the percentage of individuals who die as a result of their disorder is as many as ___ percent

seemingly "model" patients

when individuals with dependent personality disorder are int therapy they are

younger???

when the victim of pedophilia is a member of the perpetrator's family it is labeled incest. victims of incest tend to be___ than victims of pedophilia

parens patriae

when those who are having severe illness or can't take care of themselves

vaccines

which has not been implicated in the most recent research as a casual factor in autism spectrum disorders?

opioids

which of the following classes of drugs has effects that include analgesia, euphoria, vein collapse, and flu-like withdrawal symptoms

low levels of dopamine

which of the following is not a risk factor for schizophrenia

evaluation for competency to stand trial

which of the following is not one fo the conditions under which civil commitment may take place?

medications have not generally been found to be effective for treatment of anorexia nervosa

which of the following statements is true with regard to drug treatments for patients with anorexia nervos?

false

women have more sexual desire than men