Abnormal Psychology Final

What is the range of the correlation coefficient?

-1 to +1

Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa have been found more frequently in women compared to men by what ratio?

10:1

Modern studies suggest that the average number of subpersonalities in cases of dissociative identity disorder in women is about:

15, and is lower for men

All anxiety disorders equal a prevalence of about

18-26%

To be classified as a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at least:

2 weeks

To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:

2 years

What percentage of teens with ADHD have mutliple automobile crashes?

40%

To be diagnosed with gender dysphoria, a person must experience symptoms for at least:

6 months

The dysfunctional neurological processes causing most NCDs almost never begin prior to what age?

60

Approximately _______ of individuals with Parkinson's eventually meet criteria for a major NCD.

75%

What is the lifetime prevalence of PTSD?

8.7%

In the final stages of life, it is estimated that ________ of individuals suffer from delirium

83%

On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, and then David welcomes more than 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. MOST likely, David is experiencing:

A manic phase of Bipolar 1 Disorder

Which of the following is the best example of random selection?

A population-based database is used, and individuals are randomly selected from this database and contacted to participate in a study.

While many fields of psychology are concerned with the majority, or the 96% of the normative distribution, _____________ is concerned with the small percentage of the population, the 2% who are two standard deviations below the mean.

Abnormal Psych

Reliability is to validity as consistency is to:

Accuracy

Salina was terrified during the San Francisco earthquake of 1989-who wouldn't be? For a couple of weeks after, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, the fears gradually diminished, disappearing within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n):

Acute stress disorder

Which behavior pattern is NOT listed in the DSM-5 as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder?

Agoraphobia

Autism Spectrum Disorder sometimes occurs in conjunction with:

All of the above

The diagnosis for General Personality Disorder requires that a person exhibits an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior marked by deficits in which of the following possible area(s)?

All of the above

Which of the following has been used to promote eugenics?

All of the above

Which of the following is a possible etiology of intellectual disabilities?

All of the above

Which of the following is a specifier of sexual dysfunction disorders?

All of the above

Which of the following is not a common symptom of PTSD?

All of the above are symptoms of PTSD

According to Lilienfeld, defendents should only be considered "not guilty by reason of insanity" if they:

All the above

Alcohol withdrawal can cause which of the following?

All the above

Dissociative Identity Disorder can be recognized by which of the following symptom(s)?

All the above

Multitheoretical psychotherapy proposes that psychopathology may find it's origin in many dimensions or contexts of the person, including:

All the above

Psychologists and the practice of counseling are often portrayed in such ways by the media that they lead to a variety of myths. Which of the following is an example of these portrayals?

All the above

Which can be a psychological trauma?

All the above

Which of the follow symptoms is typical of NCD due to Alzheimer's Disease?

All the above

Which of the following is an example of body size mistaken beliefs or perceptions characteristic of Anorexia Nervosa?

All the above

Which of the following is one of the Americal Psychological Association's ethical principle of psychologists?

All the above

Which of the following would be considered ancillary information?

All the above

The lack of menstruation is referred to as:

Amenorrhea

Which of the following is NOT a criteria recognized by the DSM-5 for diagnosing children with gender dysphoria

An increase in depressive and suicidal thoughts and feelings

Cluster A includes all of the following except:

Antisocial

Deception is a feature of which personality disorder?

Antisocial

The formal process of gathering information to make decisions about what the client is experiencing and how to best treat the client is referred to as:

Assessment

__________ occur when people provide reasons or explanations for other peoples' behavior.

Attributions

_______________ principles have been found to be successful for treating children with elimination disorders without biological sources.

Behavioral

While some research suggests that a majority of therapists reported lying to their clients, an even higher number have indicated that they have used __________.

Benevolent Deception

______________ involves a preoccupation and misperception regarding some part(s) of the body leading one to feel pain and to functional difficulties.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Which characteristic is MOST consistent with anorexia nervosa?

Body size overestimation

Which personality disorder best describes seeing a therapist as being the greatest therapist who ever lived in one session, and in the next session, the worst of the 46 therapists with whom the patient has worked?

Borderline

Which of the following psychological/behavioral treatments is commonly used for helping people with autism spctrum disorder?

Both A&B

Albert has been experiencing hallucinations for the past week, most days. He would best meet diagnostic criteria for which disorder given this information?

Brief Psychotic Disorde

A woman eats chips and dips and burgers and fries and drinks a couple of shakes. Afterward, she goes to the gym and does 90 minutes of aerobics, spends an hour on the stair stepper, and then does weights for another hour. She also does not eat for 72 hours. The set of assumptions underlying her behavior would lead to a diagnosis of:

Bulimia Nervosa

A woman eats cookies, cake, ice cream, and almost anything else that is sweet. At some point during the binge, she takes a huge dose of a laxative to "empty out" the food. Her taking the laxative, and the assumption underlying why she does it, would lead to a diagnosis of:

Bulimia Nervosa

If binge eating is followed by a period of strenuous exercise to compensate for the food, the diagnosis is probably:

Bulimia Nervosa

A cluster of personality disorders which are characterized by emotional instability and dramatic, impulsive behaviors and personality features are:

Cluster B

Which cluster of disorders is characterized by anxious and fear-based behaviors and personality features

Cluster C

Which of the following psychological treatments has been found effective for somatic disorders?

Cog-Behav Therapy

When someone who is about to leave for work checks the stove 10 times to make sure it is turned off, that person is exhibiting a(n):

Compulsion

The tendency for humans to seek evidence to confirm a preexisting belief is referred to as:

Confirmation bias

In some cases, symptoms are only present in specific places or events, known as:

Context Display

Involving a loss of functioning that is not better explained by another medical or mental disorder and causes distress and impairment in sensory or neurological functioning is best referred to as:

Convers. Disorder

Just before debuting at Carnegie Hall, the pianist suffered paralysis of her left hand. Which BEST describes her disorder?

Conversion Disorder

Cognitive therapy attempts to change _____________ that influence thoughts or hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness in depression.

Core beliefs

Chronic switching between hypomanic symptoms and depression over an extended period of at least two years, or one year in children.

Cyclothymia

Milder forms of bipolar disorders are known as _____ disorder.

Cyclothymic

Which problem is a possible medical complication of anorexia nervosa?

Decreased heart rate

Psychodynamic theories of abnormality suggest that humans utilize ________________ to help the ego resolve the conflict between the Id and the superego.

Defense mechanisms

A significant disturbance of awareness and attention characterized by difficulties maintaining and shifting focus on events and decreased orientation to one's surroundings.

Delirium

Providing a label for a set of symptoms that typically occur together is referred to as:

Diagnosis

Which of the following is NOT categorized by the DSM-5 as an executive functioning deficit in some NCDs?

Difficulties retaining recent information

A disturbance in the integration of memory and awareness is referred to as:

Dissociation

If a person says, "I must be perfect in every way. I'll be a better person if I deprive myself of food," that person is engaging in:

Distorted thinking

The DSM-5 emphasizes that in order to meet diagnostic criteria for most disorders there must be evidence of ____________ in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.

Distress and Impairment

Tony is a therapist. One of his clients just became highly agitated while discussing his girlfriend's recent infidelity. The client, who has been violent in the past, said that he was going to hurt her, and stormed out. Tony wants to tell the client's girlfriend, but is worried because his state has not established _____________ laws, and he would be doing so at his own risk.

Duty to warn

Psychopathology is ____________, meaning that it involes many interacting aspects of a person's life.

Dynamic

A person's thoughts, actions, feelings, or impulses being in conflict with their core beliefs, personality, and/or self-image is called

Ego-Dystonic

A student who dreads being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) _____ response to stress.

Emotional

A skin-picking disorder that involves individuals picking at their skin or scabs

Excoriation

_______________ is a key technique in treating PTSD and Dissociative Disorders, and is characterized by attending to a memory or stimulus in order to extinguish negatively reinforcing escape/avoidance behavior.

Exposure

Disorders characterized by behaviors oriented toward outside world as a means to reduce one's distress are known as:

Externalizing

A woman complains of an assortment of physiological ailments. You think that she is intentionally producing the physical symptoms to appear sick, which fills some psychological need. You would diagnose:

Factitious Disorder

Feigning or inducing symptoms or injury to present as sick or ill, without being motivated by an external incentive is referred to as:

Factitious Disorder

Munchausen's syndrome is synonymous with:

Factitious Disorder

Being antisocial means not engaging people during social functions or being withdrawn.

False

OCD is the same thing as Obsessive Compulsive Personaltiy Disorder:

False

Fasting means that someone has:

Fasting is not necessarily a disorder

Agorphodia refers to which of the following?

Fear of having a panic attack in several places

According to Lilienfeld, defendents should only be considered "not guilty by reason of insanity" if they:

Fewer acquitals than

Which of the following coined the term eugenics?

Francis Galton

Which of the following aspect of abnormal behavior is concerned with a person's inability to fulfill the demands of daily living and self-established goals for academic, occupational, relational, social, and personal domains.

Functioning

Which of the following is NOT considered a trauma and dissociative disorder?

Gender Dysphoria

When someone communicates some truth, but not the full truth, this is gnerally known as:

Half-truth

Hallucinations are different from delusions in which of the following ways?

Hallucinations are sensations in the absence of stimuli and delusions are patently false beliefs about the world.

Ecstasy and LSD are both examples of which class of drugs?

Hallucinogens

Constantly concerned and anxious with having or getting a serious illness, which leads to excessive health-related behaviors is referred to as:

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Which of the following are not specifiers for Alcohol Use Disorder?

In an uncontrolled environment

Which of the following is not a symptom typically characteristic of autism disorder?

Increased capacity for delayed gratification

NCD due to Parkinson's Disease is typically characterized by _______________.

Insidious onset and slow progression

Biological development of both male and female internal and/or external genitalia is best known as:

Intersex

Unlike anxiety, fear is considered an adaptive emotional response because:

It helps us respond and adapt to dangers and threats

The symptom of major depression that can be represented as moving through a thick fog or sludge represents:

Lassitude

Carl was ashamed to tell his therapist that he was extremely poor when he grew up, so he decidedto simply leave that part of the story out when discussing his early life. This would be an example of:

Lies of Omission

______________ refers to different areas of your brain having unique functions.

Localization

This disorder may be categorized as seasonal if it changes with the seasons.

Major Dep. Disorder

A discomfort or despondency without an unidentified cause is referred to as:

Malaise

Lying about symptoms for an external incentive is best viewed as:

Malingering

Raymond has dissociative identity disorder. All of his subpersonalities talk about and tattle on each other. This is called a:

Mutually cognizant pattern

Which of the following is NOT an NCD (Neurocognitive Disorder) recognized by the DSM-5?

NCD due to Diss. Amnesia

While women are more likely to experience several NCDs than men, this may be a result of:

NCDs occurring more frequently at older ages, and women living longer than men

A person is reporting alogia, avolition, and anhedonia as features of their schizophrenia. These are referred to as:

Negative Symptoms

Neurons activate or inhibit other neurons by sending ___________ into the synaptic gap between one neuron's axon terminals and another neuron's dendrites.

Neurotransmitters

One limitation of the genetic deterministic perspective of psychopathology is:

Neurotransmitters and gene funciton alone cannot entirely account for all mental illness.

A psychological test that has concrete answer choices, in which a person could answer either true, false, or leave the item blank, would best represent what type of psychological test?

Objective

Recurrent and persistent thoughts that increase anxiety are called:

Obsessions

While it is a myth that all people with schizophrenia are violent, a subset of these individuals can be dangerous, especially those who experience ___________________ that are violent.

Paranoid delusions and command hallucinations

A class of disorders characterized by sexual attraction or interest in activities, persons, or things that are not typically or inherently sexually arousing for most peopleis called

Paraphilic Disorders

Which is not found in the cognitive traid?

Past

What is one of the main difference between Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa?

People with Anorexia use restricitve eating or bingeing and purging to reduce anxiety or fear about gaining weight, whereas people with Bulimia primarily use binging and compensatory behaviors

Which of the following is a myth of eating disorders?

People with eating disorders do not eat

Depressed mood that lasts almost all day long, more often than not, for at least 2 years (1 year for children and adolescents) is called:

Pers Depressive Disorder

An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called:

Phobic Disorder

Reported improvement in mood after taking a sugar pill when you believe that it is actually an antidepressant is best indicated by:

Placebo effect

Positive correlation differs from negative correlation in which of the following ways?

Positive correlation means that as one variable increases, so does another, whereas negative correlation means that as one variable increases the other decreases.

Which is not a severity specifier for depressive and bipolar disorders, according to the DSM-5?

Profound

The most common biological treatment for ADHD is:

Psychostimulants

One of the most frequent fear-inducing social situations is:

Public Speaking

How do random selection and random assignment differ?

Random selection refers to choosing participants in an unbiased manner, while random assignment refers to placing participants in research conditions in an unbiased manner.

Behavioral theories suggest that operant conditioning mechanisms may account for some aspect of abnormal behavior. Which of the following are the primary mechanisms of operant conditioning?

Reinforcement and punishment

_______________ refers to habitual patterns of behavior, while _____________ refers to habitual patters of inaccurate perceptions of the world, both of which are attempts to resolve conflicts rooted in earlier life experiences.

Repetition compulsion; transference distortion

A person who stopped eating candy and other sweets, then gradually eliminated other foods until he or she was eating almost nothing, could be experiencing:

Restricted-type anorexia nervosa

Which test best represents a subjective psychological assessment?

Roschach

Which personality disorder best characterizes someone who does not engage others socially and has no interest in connecting with others?

Schizoid

Biological studies on individuals diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder have found brain similarities with individuals diagnosed with ____________.

Schizophrenia

Schizoaffective disorder is characterized primarily by:

Schizophrenia plus a mood disorder (manic or depressive episode)

Believing that stones have magical powers is best demonstrated in which personality disorder?

Schizotypal

Psychology's use of the formal approach used for problem-solving is referred to as

Scientific Method

The MOST commonly used form of treatment for a substance use disorder is:

Self help groups

Hypersexuality is a term sometimes used synonymously with:

Sexual Addiction

A class of disorders related to problems with sexual desire, response, or pleasure across any point of the sexual response cycle is referred to as:

Sexual Dysfunctions

Female Orgasmic Disorder and Premature Ejaculation are both examples of which category of disorders?

Sexual dysfunctions

People with _____________ often have an intense fear of others in social situations or being negatively evaluated by people.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Which of the following is NOT a cognitive domain for classifying neurocognitive disorders?

Social Memory

Comparing oneself to others in an effort to improve one's sense of their own worth or to motivate change is known as:

Social comparison

Someone who may help others or the public dismiss myths held about a disorder is best demonstrating which goal of classification?

Sociopolitical

Symptoms that affect a person's body or physiological processes are referred to as:

Somatic

The Greek translation of schizophrenia means:

Split-mind

Asking the same questions in an interview to all applicants best illustrates:

Standardization

Euphoria or a lack of affect, hypervigilance and anxiety, differences in socializing, interpersonal sensitivity, anger, impaired decision making, and physiological changes such as increases or decreases in blood pressure and heart rate, dilation of the pupils, perspiration or chills, nausea or vomiting, weight loss, psychomotor changes and bodily weakness or pain are best representative of which drug intoxication?

Stimulants

A college professor's work performance recently has deteriorated, and his colleagues find him difficult to talk to. If this is due to a problem with drugs, the best description of this professor's behavior as detailed above would be:

Substance Use Disorder

Wes has a drink in the morning on rising. He has a cocktail with breakfast. He usually sneaks a snort during the morning ("just to get through the day") and then drinks during his lunch. When he leaves work, he goes to a singles bar and immediately has a drink to ease his nerves about approaching the women there. Later, at home, he generally has a small dinner and then sits in front of the TV watching sports and drinking beer (as many as 12 cans). Somehow he manages to get up and go to work the next morning. Wes is displaying:

Substance use disorder

Which of the following would NOT be considered a "drug"?

Sugar

According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode EXCEPT:

Suicidal ideation

A client who is talking calmly and rationally all of a sudden begins whining and complaining like a spoiled child. If that client suffers from true dissociative identity disorder, the client just experienced:

Switching

____________ increase the risk of disorders due to exposure during the prenatal development.

Teratogens

The Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) is primarily used for which of the following?

The clinical assessment and understanding of mental illnesses

Schizophreniform disorder is characterized primarily by:

The same symptom profile as schizophrenia, albeit with a period of dysfunction less than six months

Kelly was in a passenger plane that had engine trouble. She watched as all four engines quit, one at a time. Then the plane exploded and she was thrown 5,000 feet in the air. It was a miracle that she survived, although she was severely injured. She landed in a thick pine forest covered with 10 feet or more of snow. When she regained consciousness several weeks later, she had a stress reaction that lasted for years, and she could never fly again. The factor that probably MOST contributed to her extreme posttraumatic stress reaction was:

The severity of the trauma

Neurodevelopmental disorders are termed such due to:

Their onset being related to early developmental stages

Benevolent deception and Other-oriented lies share which of the following in common?

They are both done on behalf of another person.

Maslow postulated a humanistic theory suggesting that human beings all share basic human goals, and that psychopathology is at least partially due to:

Threats to these basic human goals

A frequent drug user finds that larger doses of a drug are necessary to produce the same "high" that much lower doses once produced. That drug user is developing:

Tolerance

A state in which one's body becomes habituated and less responsive to a drug, thereby requiring higher doses to achieve similar effects is called:

Tolerance

An identification with a gender incongruent with one's assigned gender/sex is best referred to as:

Transgender

What is the scientific name for "hair-pulling disorder"?

Trich

One of the most common genetic causes of I.D. is:

Trisomy 21

Delirium may be induced by substance intoxication or withdrawal, prescribed medications, or another medical condition such as a stroke.

True

Gambling can be addictive and a disorder

True

Neurocognitive Disorders can be caused by Traumatic Brain Injury.

True

The biopsychosocial model of abnormality attends to the humanness of patients by focusing on all by which of the following?

Unconscious drives

Cognitive theories are based on the idea that it is our ____________ events, rather than the events themselves, which lead to psychopathology.

Understanding and thinking about

Though personality disorders are pervasive and can be difficult to treat, this does not mean that they are ___________.

Untreatable

_______________ are two empty spaces or cavities in our brain, which have found to be larger in individuals with schizophrenia.

Ventricles

Waters et al. (2014) reported that 27% of individuals with schizophrenia experienced _______________ hallucinations, whereas 59% experienced _______________ hallucinations

Visual; auditory

The dependent variable is

What is being measure

A person who eats large amounts of food in a short period and does this repeatedly, with no other symptoms, would be said to have:

a binge-eating disorder

Which does NOT characterize stress disorders?

a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event

Dissociative Identity Disorder can best be described as:

a psychological disorder involving the presence of two or more personality states, usually in response to childhood trauma

Which is NOT a characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

a view that one is currently unattractively thin

Separate personality states are called:

alters

If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have:

an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine.

Compared to people with anorexia nervosa, MOST people with bulimia:

are of a more normal weight

A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives and who otherwise fits the definition of anorexia is experiencing:

binge-eating/purging-type anorexia nervosa.

People who binge:

can consume up to 10,000 calories during a binge

Catatonia sometimes occurs in conjunction with schizophrenia and is characterized by:

disorganized behavior or the complete absence of movement

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that its development is largely due to:

excess levels of dopamine

A man appeared at the emergency room complaining of bloody diarrhea. The doctor who examined him found that the man was intentionally creating the diarrhea through use of laxatives and anticoagulant medication and liked being a patient. The man is MOST likely:

experiencing fact. disorder

Social psychology research has demonstrated that people are more likely to make dispositional attributions about others' behavior. Dispositional attributions are best described as:

explaining others' behaviors in terms of aspects or characteristics of who they are

Some research has demonstrated that psychotherapists hold a number of incorrect beliefs about deception, including endorsing the false belief that clients who lie are more likely to indicate their deception by a decrease in _____________.

eye contact

Which is NOT a consequence of anorexia nervosa?

fever and high blood pressure

Medicolegal situations involve:

forensic evaluations or legal contexts

People who have Autism Spectrum Disorder are:

have social deficits and stertyped behaviors

Which is typical of posttraumatic stress disorder?

increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt

The insanity defense is actually used far ____________ than people perceive that it is used.

less often

The terrorist attacks occurring on Spetember 11, 2001 in the USA represents:

mass interpersonal violence trauma

Various research findings suggest that psychologists and counselors ________________ compared to the general population.

may be about the same or higher

When all of the subpersonalities in a person with dissociative identity disorder are aware of one another, it is termed a:

mutually cognizant pattern

Conversion disorder primarily involves a loss of functioning that is:

not better explained by another medical or mental condition

Dorian was only 10 miles away from Mount St. Helens when it erupted with one of the largest blasts in history. There was ash and lava everywhere, and he was terrified and sure he was going to die. When rescue teams found him a week later, he was cold, hungry, and scared. More than a year later, he still had nightmares and woke up in a cold sweat. This description BEST fits a(n)

posttraumatic stress disorder.

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is having "flashbacks" is:

reexperiencing the traumatic event

Epigenetic studies of schizophrenia have found:

similarity with identical twins concordant for the disorder and dissimilarity with identical twins disconcordant for the disorder

What is the first type of food usually eliminated from the diet of a person who is developing restricting- type anorexia?

sweets

A common side-effect of conventional antipsychotic medications characterized by involuntary movements of the face and other parts of the body is:

tardive dyskinesia

The severity of an intellectual disability will often indicate:

the degree to which a person can perform the activities of daily living and live independently

Carl Rogers believed that therapists should treat clients with genuiness, empathy, and _______________.

unconditional positive regard