AC final (Homework assignments and Quizzes)

Macrominerals and microminerals

A general classification scheme divides minerals into what two groups?

B. High protein to calorie ratio

A joint mobility prescription diet includes a: A. High calorie ingredients B. High protein to calorie ratio C. High fat to protein ratio D. A high vitamin diet

Nutraceutical

A portmanteau of " nutrition " and " pharmaceutical " generally applied to dietary supplements intended for specified therapeutic effects

Animal Dietary Supplement

A substance for oral consumption by horses , dogs , or cats , whether in/on feed or offered separately , intended for specific benefit to the animal by means other than provision of nutrients recognized as essential , or provision of essential nutrients for intended effect on the animal beyond normal nutritional needs , but not including legally defined drugs .

4%

About what percent of an animals total body weight comprises of mineral matter?

A. It increases

As the fat in the diet increase , what happens to the energy density of the diet ? A. It increases B. It decreases

the energy density increases

As the fat in the diet increases , what happens to the energy density of the diet ?

C. Normal

Bella is a 4 year old spayed female DSH weighing 10 lbs. What DER claculation should be used? A. Obese B. Weight loss C. Normal D. Kitten or puppy

CVS

Center for Veterinary Medicine - part of the FDA responsible for interstate regulation if animal foods and drugs

A. Obese

Clementine is a 3 year old DSH weighing 20lbs, what DER calculation would you use: A. Obese B. Weight loss C. Normal D. Kitten

Digestible energy

DE stands for

Daily energy requirement

DER stands for

This food is required to have a significant reduction of calories or fat compared to standard pet food

Define a " Lite , low - calorie , and low - fat " diet :

Human grade is defined as a food that is legally edible and approved as nourishment for humans . This is highly regulated by the FDA and USDA

Define a " human - grade " food :

not the same as organic , this refers to the conditions under which the plants were grown or animals were raised, usually lacking artificial colors and preservatives .

Define a " natural diet " :

a protein that is less common within a diet . Can be suitable for animals with allergies undergoing an elimination diet. Usually these proteins can be but are not limited to ; Bison , Kangaroo , and rabbit "

Define a " new protein diet " :

a food type containing no artificial preservatives , coloring , or flavoring , no antibiotics or growth hormones in meat and meat by-products, and no or very little fillers contained . Higher quality, costly food

Define organic food

Atleast 25 % of the product must be named by the comprised Ingredient's , and the product name must include a qualifying term. Generally when a product has a " fancy " name it follows the 25 % rule

Describe the " 25 % Rule " :

Atleast 95% of the product must be named by the main ingredient for the company to name the food this way. The remaining 5% of ingredient's would consist of Vitamins, minerals, and small amounts of other ingredient's

Describe the " 95 % Rule " :

when a product name states the word " flavor " requiring a low percentage to have that label for marketing . Essentially just enough of that protein or ingredient to be defected is required .

Describe the " Flavor Rule " :

when the product name includes the word " with " and then a protein or ingredient , only 3 % of that said ingredient has to be within the food to have that hame

Describe the " With Rule " :

DSHEA

Dietary Supplement Health and education act , enacted in 1994 , had two primary goals : ( a ) to ensure the continued consumer access to a wide variety of dietary supplements and ( b ) to provide consumers with more information about the intended use of dietary supplements .

A. 3-11%

Dry dog food consists of how much water? A. 3-11% B. 2-9% C. 3-8% D. 9-17%

FFDCA

Federal food , drug , and cosmetic act , a law brought cosmetics and medical devices under control and it required that drugs be labeled with adequate directions for safe use

A. Obese

Fluffy is an 8 year old neutered male husky weighting 120lbs. What is fluffys DER calculation?: A. Obese B. Weight loss C. Normal D. Kitten or puppy

Gross energy

GE stands for

C. Dilated cardiomyopathy

Grain free diets have been shown to have a direct causation with what heart failure diagnosis? A. Congestive heart failure (CHF) B. Chronic systolic heart failure C. Dilated cardiomyopathy D. Degenerative mitral valve disease (DVMD)

B. Cardiac

High potassium levels severely affect the contractile of what muscle? A. Calf B. Cardiac C. Respiratory D. Optic

1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Oligosaccharides 4. Polysaccharides

How are carbohydrates classified ?

stored as fat and may be used for energy in times of need

How are excess amino acids stored in the body ?

They are involved by making the antibodies that provide resistance to disease

How are proteins involved in the body's immune system ?

C. They are involved in making the antibodies that provide resistance to diseases

How are proteins involved in the body's immune system ? A. They help expedite the healing process B. They help build muscle to help absorb the entering virus C. They are involved in making the antibodies that provide resistance to diseases D. They help strengthen hair , feathers , & nails to help prevent the disease from entering the body

They act as an important carrier for substances . This includes hemoglobin to carry oxygen between the lungs + cells , and transfer to carry iron .

How do proteins found in blood contribute to everyday body functions ?

Used to form the bile salts necessary for proper fat digestion and absorption. They are also the precursor for the Steroid hormones

How is cholesterol used by the body ?

C. Is used by the body to form the bile salts necessary for proper fat digestion and absorption

How is cholesterol used by the body ? A. It is used to help digest lipids B. It aids in assisting the metabolism C. Is used by the body to form the bile salts necessary for proper fat digestion and absorption D. It helps the body to synthesize proteins

A. Vacuum-sealed pouches or packets

How is semi-moist food packaged? A. Vacuum-sealed pouches or packets B. Ziplock bags C. Bag seaming D. Canning

B. 6

How many essential nutrients are in dog food? A. 3 B. 6 C. 10 D. 15

Feeding once or twice per day is reccomeneded. Many dogs can benefit from eating 2 to 3 times a day . This is based on some animals having a sensitive stomach and benefiting from having food in their stomach at all times .

How many feedings are recommended per day and why ?

A. 95%

If a pet food is titled "Turkey for dogs", what percentage of the food contains turkey? A. 95% B. 75% C. 25% D. 3%

D. Parturition

In what situation should loss of iron be worried and evaluated? A. Hypochromic anemia B. Decreased cardiac function C. Immune system dysfunction D. Parturition

D. A weight management diet

In what type of prescription diet is high fiber included to help contribute to satiety? A. A kidney diet B. A liver management diet C. A stomach sensitive diet D. A weight management diet

Metabolized energy

ME stands for

Maintenance energy requirement

MER stands for

D. Kitten or puppy

Nala is a 3 month d intact female kitten weighing 0.9kgs. What DER calculation should be used? A. Obese B. Weight loss C. Normal D. Kitten or puppy

1. Metabolic work to maintain + synthesize body tissue 2. Engaging in physical work 3. Regulating body temperature

Name 3 body functions energy is necessary to perform :

1. urination 2. Defecation 3. evaporations from lungs during expiration ( respiration )

Name 3 ways the body experience natural water loss

1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Oligosaccharides 4. Polysaccharides

Name the 4 types of carbohydrates :

1. Ion balance across cellular membrane 2. Transport of nutrients within and among cells 3. Elimination of waste products through urine 4. Removal of heat - evaporative cooling 5. Lubrication in joints and internal organs

Name the 5 Functions of water :

NASC

National Animal Supplement Council - A trade organization comprising manufactures ofdietary supplements for companion animals and associated industries

fat

Of all the nutrients in the body , which one provides the most concentrated form of energy ?

B. Alkaline urine D. Nutrient inadequacy

Potential risks in feeding a plant based diet includes: (select all that apply) A. Diarrhea B. Alkaline urine C. Hemolytic anemia D. Nutrient inadequacy

Resting energy requirement

RER stands for

Soluble fiber

Rasberries are a type of soluble or insoluble fiber?

C. Pets over 7 years of age

Senior dog diets are targeted towards: A. Pets with gray hair B. Pets that are sedentary C. Pets over 7 years of age D. Pets that need higher calories, lower protein, higher sodium, and higher carbohydrates

C. Normal

Sparky is a 3 year old male neutered great dane weighing 30kgs. What is sparkys DER calculation? A. Obese B. Weight loss C. Normal D. Kitten or puppy

B. Weight loss

Spot in a 5 year old male neutered dalmation weighting 75lbs. What is the DER calculation? A. Obese B. Weight loss C. Normal D. Kitten or puppy

C. Retorting

Sterilization is done through what process? A. Evading B. Resorting C. Retorting D. Cleaning

D. Puppy

Sylvia is a 5 month old boxer mix weighing 25lbs, what DER calculation would you use: A. Weight loss B. Normal C. Obese D. Puppy

True

T/F: As animals age, metabolic and physiologic changes may also increase the requirement for vitamins

A. True

T/F: Carbohydrates act primarily as an energy source A. True B. False

A. True

T/F: Fiber is typically reported on pet food labels as crude fiber A. True B. False

A. True

T/F: Fiber is typically reported on pet food labels as crude fiber ? A. True B. False

A. True

T/F: Insoluble fiber doesn't absorb water, generally increases fecal bulk without softening feces A. True B. False

True

T/F: It's usually unnecessary and perhaps unwise to supplement commercial foods with additional vitamin supplements

B. False

T/F: Organic ingredients are better than high quality ingredients A. True B. False

True

T/F: Prolonged starvation and various disease deprives animals of vitamins and other nutrients and depletes the vitamins storage

A. True

T/F: Soluble fiber " holds " water and generally makes feces softer ? A. True B. False

A. True

T/F: The source of the proteins and fats is less important than the quality and digestibility of these essential components of their dogs diet A. True B. False

B. False

T/F: The term "natural" and "organic" when describing pet food ingredients mean the same things? A. True B. False

True

T/F: Vitamins requirement differs based in the life stage of the animal

AAFCO

The Association of American Feed Control Officials is an independent organization that has been guiding state , federal and international feed regulators with ingredient definitions label standards and laboratory standards , while supporting the health and safety of people and , animals

A. Limited ingredient diet C. A novel protein diet D. Hydrolyzed protein diet

Types of hypoallergenic diets include (select all that apply) A. Limited ingredient diet B. Elimination diet C. A novel protein diet D. Hydrolyzed protein diet

FDA

United States Food and Drug Administration - the federal agency responsible for the regulation of foods and drugs

1. Energy balance 2. Growth rate 3. Weight status

What are 3 pro's to portion controlled feedings ?

1. Impairs wound healing 2. Causes a dry, lusterless coat 3. Causes scaly skin 4. Change the lipid film on the skin which can predispose the animal to skin infections

What are 4 effects of a pet's diet lacking in fatty acids ?

1. The 95 percent rule 2. The 25 percent rule 3. The "with" rule 4. The flavor rule

What are AAFCO's 4 rules regarding main ingredients when labeling pet foods?

1. Water 2. Proteins 3. Fats 4. Carbohydrates 5. Minerals 6. Vitamins

What are a dogs 6 basic nutrients ?

1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen

What are amino acids made up of ?

1. Hydrogen 2. Carbon 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen

What are amino acids made up of ?

1. Build bodies proteins 2. Repair bodies proteins 3. Replace bodies proteins

What are amino acids required to do ?

A. Metabolic processes

What are minerals essential in the body for? A. Metabolic processes B. Energy levels C. Disease preventions D. Dietary balance

Inorganic elements that are essential for the bodies metabolic processes

What are minerals?

hair feathers , Skin , nails , tendons , ligaments , and cartilage

What are some body structures proteins are major structural components of ?

They activate enzymatically atalyzed reactions , provide skeletal Support aid in nerve transmission and muscle contractions , Serve as components of certain transport hormones and proteins , and function in maintaining water and electrolyte balance

What are some examples of functions of minerals in the body ?

1. Chain length 2. Saturation 3. Placement of the double bonds

What are the 3 major characteristics that are critical to fatty acid properties ?

1. Linoleic acid 2. Alpha-linolenic acid 3. Arachidonic acid

What are the 3 types of essential fatty acids ?

1. Glucose 2. Fructose (Fruit Sugar) 3. Glactose (Milk Sugar)

What are the chief monosaccharides ?

1. Portion Controlled feeding 2. Increased exercise

What are two methods to help prevent a pet from gaining excessive weight while they have a moderate to high level of fat in their diet ?

B. James Spratt

What businessman introduced the first commercially prepared pet food? A. Ralston Purina B. James Spratt C. Morris Frank D. Benjamin Hills

veterinarians should evaluate the rational for using the dietary supplement , the data supporting the use , and it's source

What conditions need to be evaluated prior to prescribing a supplement to a patient ?

the transport of fats

What do lipoproteins provide through the bloodstream ?

the average daily energy expenditure of any animal dependent on life stage and activity

What does DER represent?

Daily energy requirement . This calculates the average dally expenditure of an animal , depending on life stage and activity

What does DER stand for and what does it calculate ?

the energy requirement of a moderately active adult animal

What does MER represent?

the energy required for a normal but fed animal at rest

What does RER represent?

B. Resting Energy Requirement

What does RER stand for ? A. Rapid Energy Requirement B. Resting Energy Requirement C. Racing Energy Requisite D. Resting Energy Requisite

Resting energy requirements . This calculates the recommended daily caloric value for an animal considering meals and treats

What does RER stand for and what does it calculate ?

C. A single hydrolyzed protein, which is protein that has been broken down into small components to be less likely to cause an adverse food reaction in certain dogs

What does a hydrolyzed protein diet consist of? A. A lack of protein in the diet B. A high quality protein C. A single hydrolyzed protein, which is protein that has been broken down into small components to be less likely to cause an adverse food reaction in certain dogs D. A rare protein

A. Uncooked meat B. Edible bones C. Organs

What does a raw diet primarily consist of? (select all that apply) A. Uncooked meat B. Edible bones C. Organs D. Cartilage

Identifys that if a animal food company claims their food is " complete and balanced " it is due to the food meeting government standards set in place by AAFCO

What does the nutritional adequacy statement identify ?

How much of the food is in the container measured by weight , liquid measure , or by count

What does the quantity listed on the label tell you ?

Fish Oil

What is a good example of a supplemental arachidonic acid ?

those minerals that occur in appreciable amounts in the body and account for most of the bodies mineral content . They include calcium , phosphorus , magnesium , sulfer , iron , and the electrolytes sodium , Potassium , and chloride

What is a macromineral ?

Often referred to as trace elements , include a larger number of minerals that are present in the body in very small amounts . The se minerals are required in very small quantities in the diet

What is a mircromineral ?

These are typically dietary supplements that are intended for health benefits beyond prevention of essential nutrient deficiencies

What is a nutraceutical and its associated benefits ?

a substance for oral consumption by horses , dogs , or cats , whether in/on feed or Offered separately intended for specific benefit to the animal by means other than provision of nutrients recognized as essential , or provision of essential nutrients for intended effect on the animal beyond normal nutritional needs , but not including legally defined drugs

What is a supplement ?

Fats

What is considered the major energy - storage form in an animal's body ?

A. Fats

What is considered the major energy - storage form in an animal's body ? A. Fats B. Protein C. Carbohydrates D. Electrolytes

D. Temperament

What is something you do not need to consider when deciding your pets overall necessary caloric intake? A. Age B. Breed C. Lifestyle D. Temperament

B. Blood clotting mechanism

What is the best known function of vitamin K? A. Bone formation B. Blood clotting mechanism C. Tissue development and maintenance D. Protein metabolism

Portion controlled feeding

What is the best method when feeding a well - balanced , energy - dense pet food containing moderate to high levels of fat to control excessive weight gain ?

B. Glucosamine

What is the commonly added supplement in senior dog food to help with bone and joints? A. Calcium B. Glucosamine C. Vitamin D D. Milk

a drug is an article intended for use in the diagnosis, cure , treatment , or prevention of disease in animals , and articles ( other than food ) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body. A supplement is a Substance of oral consumption intended for a Specific benefit to the animal , by means other than provision of nutrients recognized as essential , or provision of essential nutrients for intended effect on the animal beyond normal nutritional needs , does not include legally defined drugs

What is the difference between a drug and a supplement ?

nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by dogs and cats to meet the body's needs if adequate nitrogen is also avaliable . Essential amino acids are not able to be synthesized by dogs + cats therefore they must be included in the diet ( ex taurine ).

What is the difference between essential and non - essential amino acids ?

-Glucose is commercially prepared and naturally occuring is a monosaccharide -Sucrose has a molecule of glucose linked to the molecule of fructose , and is a Disaccharide

What is the difference between glucose and sucrose ?

Saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds between the carbon atoms and are therefore, " Saturated " with hydrogen atoms . Monosaturated fatty acids have one double bord . Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain 2 or more double bonds

What is the difference between saturated fatty acids , monounsaturated fatty acids , and polyunsaturated fatty acids ?

Fat or Energy

What is the first requirement met by an animal's diet ?

With the exception of cobalamin, the body is unable to store significant levels of the water soluble vitamins. As a result, the fat soluble vitamins have a much higher potential for potency. Similarly because they can be stored, deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins develop much more slowly

What is the main difference between a fat soluble vs a water soluble vitamin?

A. Fat

What is the main form of stored energy in animals ? A. Fat B. Protein C. Water D. Iron

To act as cofactors in metabolic reactions

What is the main goal of vitamins?

Glucose

What is the major carbohydrate required by cells ?

energy density

What is the most important factor in determining the quantity of food that a pet eats each day ?

Triglycerides

What is the most important fat in the diet ?

B. Triglycerides

What is the most important fat in the diet ? A. Lipoproteins B. Triglycerides C. Dietary Fat D. Cholesterol

B. Glucose

What is the most important nutrient for animals after water and oxygen ? A. Fat B. Glucose C. Proteins D. Fiber

water

What is the most important nutrient for the body ?

C. Water

What is the most important nutrient for the body ? A. Energy B. Fats C. Water D. Protein

A. Vitamin B12

What is the only vitamin that contains a trace element? A. Vitamin B12 B. Vitamin A C. Vitamin C D. Vitamin K

There is no perfect protein source to meet all the needs of all dogs and cats. It is important to include a mixture of plant and animal Proteins in a pets diet .

What is the perfect protein source for pets ?

D. There is not perfect protein source

What is the perfect protein source for pets ? A. Chicken with limited fat B. Beef with minimal fat C. Salmon without the skin D. There is not perfect protein source

To act as cofactors in metabolic reactions. They aid enzymes in converting nutrients into components the body needs, creating protein and aiding in the breakdown of nutrients to provide energy

What is the primary role of vitamins?

C. Extrusion

What is the process to make dog nuts called? A. Excision B. Excursion C. Extrusion D. Baking

A. 2-4 months

What is the shelf life of a semi-moist food? A. 2-4 months B. 3-6 weeks C. 3-6 months D. 2-4 weeks

C. FFDCA

What law regulates that drugs be labeled with adequate directions for safe use? A. AAFCO B. NASC C. FFDCA D. DSHEA

B. 4%

What percent of an animals total body weight comprises of mineral matter? A. 2% B. 4% C. 6% D. 8%

D. 10 %

What percent of body water loss results in death ? A. 3 % B. 5 % C. 7 % D. 10 %

10 %

What percent of body water results in death ?

A. Beef B. Soy C. Turkey E. Chicken

What proteins are common causes of allergy reactions? (Select all that apply) A. Beef B. Soy C. Turkey D. Elk E. Chicken

The ingrediants section

What section is the most important part of the label to read ?

A. Kilocalories (kcal)

What units is energy in food is expressed in units of A. Kilocalories (kcal) B. Grams (g) C. Micronutrient D. Macronutrient

Insoluble fiber

Wheat is a type of soluble or insoluble fiber?

Grains

Where does insoluble fiber typically come from in the diet ?

D. To aid in an energy source for the body

Which is NOT a function of water within the body A. Elimination of waste products through urine B. Removal of heat - evaporative cooling C. Lubrication in joints and internal organs D. To aid in an energy source for the body

D. Negative effect on hair skin and nails

Which is NOT an effect that lipids have on the body ? A. Play a key role in nutrition B. Positive effect in cell function C. Many positive effects on metabolism D. Negative effect on hair skin and nails

C. Revolution flea and tick prevention

Which is NOT an example of a nutraceutical? A. Pet fur and skin capsules containing fish oil B. Fortiflora C. Revolution flea and tick prevention D. Joint chews that contain glucosamine chondroitin

D. They are at a higher risk for deficiencies

Which is NOT true of water-soluble vitamins? A. They include vitamin C and members of the B-complex group B. When in excess, they are excreted from the body in the form of urine C. They have a higher potential for toxicity D. They are at a higher risk for deficiencies

A. Silicon

Which of the following is a micromineral? A. Silicon B. Copper C. Zinc D. Selenium

B. CVS

Which organization is responsible for regulation of animal food and drugs? A. AAFCO B. CVS C. NASC D. FFDCA E. DSHEA

B. NASC

Which organization manufactures supplements for companion animals? A. AAFCO B. NASC C. FFDCA D. DSHEA

C. The food must have significant reduction of calories or fat compared to standard pet food

Which statement is true when talking about lite, low-calorie, and low-fat diets? A. The food must be fat free B. The food must have the same amount of protein as calories C. The food must have significant reduction of calories or fat compared to standard pet food D. The food must equal the same number of calories as a prescription diet

A. Fish oil

Which type of arachidonic acid supplement is commonly added to diets to help with skin issues ? A. Fish oil B. Cod liver oil C. Flaxseed oil D. Mineral oil

A, D, E, K vitamins

Which vitamins are classified as fat-soluble vitamins?

C, and members of the B-complex vitamin group

Which vitamins are classified as water-soluble vitamins?

NASC . ( national animal supplement council )

Who helps regulates supplements ?

FDA ( united States food and drug administration ) CVS ( Center for veterinary medicine ) part of the FDA for veterinary medicine

Who regulates drugs ?

B. A cat's liver enzymes will not adjust the lower levels of protein

Why are cats obligate carnivores ? A. They won't eat a vegan / vegetarian diet B. A cat's liver enzymes will not adjust the lower levels of protein C. A cat's satiety will never be fully satisfied D. Cats cannot digest leafy greens to process to appropriate protein levels

B. Due to repeat testing

Why are prescription diets so expensive? A. Due to the fancy high quality ingredients B. Due to repeat testing C. Due to new proteins D. Due to the color packaging

They are essential for most metabolic reactions, they are commonly referred to as metabolic cofactors. They aren't used directly in body structures or oxidized to provide energy. Therefore their requirement is measured by how well they prevent a disease or improve growth or reproduction

Why are vitamins essential and how is their importance measured?

due to exerting more energy and calories and needing more than average supplemented / added into their diet . Where as lap dogs would store that and gain weight .

Why do some pets , like working dogs , have a caloric need higher than other pets such as lap dogs ?

Because a high quality Protein is highly digestible and contains all the essential amino acids in proper proportions relative to the animals needs , where a low quality is deficient in one or more of the amino acids thus making the diet lower in digestibility

Why is it important to have a higher quality protein over a lower quality protein in a pet food diet ?

This means that compared to dogs cats require a higher protein content diet . This is due to the body's ability to conserve nitrogen and the inflexibility of their liver enzymes to adjust to low levels of protein .

Why is it important to note that cats are obligate carnivores and what does this mean ?

B. It contains all the essential amino acids in proper proportions

Why should an owner choose a diet with a highly digestible protein ? A. It will help pets with sensitive stomach digest their food easier B. It contains all the essential amino acids in proper proportions C. It will help owners with picky eaters D. It will help add satiety to the diet

B. To be able to give treats without compromising the effectiveness of their prescription diet food

Why were prescription treats formulated? A. To sneak in medications B. To be able to give treats without compromising the effectiveness of their prescription diet food C. To make a more palatable diet D. To help build a high protein diet

B. The diet is formulated to contain the optimal ratio of proteins and calcium to moderate rapid bone growth that can lead to joint disorders

You should feed a great dane puppy food specially formulated for large breed puppies because: A. It tastes better so they will eat more to help them grow B. The diet is formulated to contain the optimal ratio of proteins and calcium to moderate rapid bone growth that can lead to joint disorders C. It has extra added glucosamine to help with joint care D. It will ensure they are getting all their necessary nutritional requirements

Drug

an article intended for use in the diagnosis , cure , treatment or prevention of disease in animals , and articles ( other than food ) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body .

Food

articles used for food or drink for man or other animals

absorbtion across the intestinal mucosa

what is digestible energy used for ?

digestibility and urinary losses

what is gross energy used for ?

tissue use

what is metabolized energy used for ?