ACC 340 Exam 2 (CH 4, 17, 18)

1) each event is linked to at least one resource that it effects 2) every event entity must be linked to at least one other event entity 3) every event entity must be linked to at least two participating agents

3 rules of the REA data model

1) identify the events about which management wants to collect information 2) identify the resources affected by each event and the agents who participate in those events 3) determine the cardinalities of each relationship

3 steps for developing an REA for a specific business cycle

b) Order Inventory-Inventory

A business orders mass-produced merchandise frequently throughout the year. In which table should the attribute "quantity ordered" appear? a) Order Inventory b) Order Inventory-Inventory c) Inventory d) None of the above

b) Description of data elements in a database, relationships among them, and logical model used to organize and describe data

A schema is defined as: a) Individual user's view of portions of a database. b) Description of data elements in a database, relationships among them, and logical model used to organize and describe data c) Organization-wide view of all fields that lists important fields and relationships between them d) Low-level view of entire database describing how data are actually stored and accessed

a) a database.

A set of interrelated, centrally coordinated data files that are stored with as little data redundancy as possible is called: a) a database. b)a data set. c)a file set. d)an AIS.

d) None of the above

Accounts receivable would appear in an REA diagram as an example of which kind of entity? a) Resource b) Event c) Agent d) None of the above

a) 1

An REA diagram contains four instances of the Employee entity. How many tables does this require in a relational database? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

c)foreign key.

An attribute in a table that serves as a unique identifier in another table and is used to link the two tables is a a)local key. b)primary key. c)foreign key. d)secondary key.

b) foreign key.

An attribute that is used to link an instance of one entity with an instance of another entity is called a(n): a) primary key. b) foreign key. c) other attribute.

a) primary key.

An attribute that uniquely identifies an instance of an entity is called a(n): a) primary key. b) other attribute. c) foreign key.

a)resource; event; agent.

An integrated REA diagram merges multiple copies of ________ and ________ entities but retains multiple copies of ________ entities. a)resource; event; agent. b)None of the choices listed. c)event; agent; resource. d)resource; agent; event.

b)external-level schema.

Annie Walker is a sales associate for Drug Co. Annie uses her company issued computer to access Drug Co.'s accounting information system when she travels across the country. She has access to view customer and product information. She also has access that allows her to enter and cancel customer orders. Annie's right to access Drug Co.'s AIS represents a(n) ________ in the company's database management system. a) conceptual-level schema. b)external-level schema. c)internal-level schema. d)data dictionary.

c) Systems analysis e) Conceptual design

At what stage(s) in the database design process is a data model created? (Check all that apply.) a) Operation and maintenance b) Implementation and conversion c) Systems analysis d) Physical design e) Conceptual design

c) Physical design d) Implementation and conversion e) Operation and maintenance

At what stage(s) in the database design process is a data model used? (Check all that apply.) a) Conceptual design b) Systems analysis c) Physical design d) Implementation and conversion e) Operation and maintenance

d) Analyzing large amounts of data for strategic decision making

Business Intelligence is defined as: a) Process that manages the interfaces between stored data and application programs b) Defining relationships among data to facilitate the preparation of management reports c) Storing most data only once to more efficiently store data and increase data accuracy d) Analyzing large amounts of data for strategic decision making

c) Agents

Combining two REA diagrams typically does not involve merging which type of entity? a) Resources b) Events c) Agents d) All of the above

a) Using sophisticated statistical analysis to discover relationships among data not previously hypothesized

Data mining is defined as: a) Using sophisticated statistical analysis to discover relationships among data not previously hypothesized b) Separating data and programs such that each can be changed without changing the other c) Combining master files into large data repositories that many application programs can access d) Allowing many authorized users to browse data to research a problem or obtain detailed information underlying a report.

b) System analysis and conceptual design

Data modeling occurs during which stages of database design? a) System analysis and physical design b) System analysis and conceptual design c) Conceptual design and implementation and conversion d) Physical design and implementation and conversion

a)All of these are correct.

Developing an REA diagram for a specific business cycle consists of which of the following step(s)? a)All of these are correct. b)Determine the cardinalities of each relationship. c)Identify the events about which management wants to collect information. d)Identify the resources affected by each event and the agents who participate in those events.

c)a many-to-many (M:N) relationship

Every employee at the Grizzley Corp can enroll in more than one training program, and each training program can have more than one employee to participate. Thus, the cardinality that exists between employee and training program is a)a one-to-one (1:1) relationship b)a one-to-many (1:N) relationship c)a many-to-many (M:N) relationship d)none of these are correct

b) logical view

How a user conceptually organizes and understands data is referred to as the __________. a) physical view b) logical view c) data model view d) data organization view

b) 10

How many tables are needed to implement an REA data model that has seven distinct entities, three M:N relationships, and five 1:N relationships in a relational database? a) 7 b) 10 c) 12 d) 15

b) many.

If an instance of entity A can be linked to multiple instances of entity B, the maximum cardinality for entity A in this relationship is: a) zero. b) many. c) one.

c) one.

If an instance of entity A can only be linked to one instance of entity B, the maximum cardinality for entity A in this relationship is: a) zero. b) many. c) one.

a) one.

If at least one instance of entity A must participate in a relationship with an instance of entity B, the minimum cardinality for entity A in this relationship is: a) one. b) zero. c) many.

a) 1:1

If customers pay for each sales transaction with a separate check and are not permitted to make installment payments on any sales, then the relationship between the Sale and Receive Cash events would be modeled as being which of the following? a) 1:1 b) 1:N c) M:N d) 0:N

a) zero.

If it is optional whether a specific instance of entity A participates in a relationship with an instance of entity B, the minimum cardinality for entity A in this relationship is: a) zero. b) one. c) many

c) foreign key.

If the table that is used to store customer orders contains a field/column labeled "employee number," that field/column is considered a(n): a) primary key. b) other attribute. c) foreign key.

b) primary key.

If the table that is used to store payments from customers contains a field/column labeled "remittance number," that field/column is considered a(n): a) foreign key. b) primary key. c) other attribute.

d) A set of queries involving all of the above

In a relational database designed, according to the REA data model, information traditionally stored in ledgers can be obtained by querying which of the following? a) Resources b) Events c) M:N relationship tables between resources and events d) A set of queries involving all of the above

c) Rectangles

In an E-R diagram, entities are represented as: a) Lines b) Diamonds c) Rectangles

d)diamonds.

In an E-R diagram, relationships are depicted as a)rectangles. b)ovals. c)inverted triangles. d)diamonds.

a)Receive cash b)Sales-receive cash c)Sales-inventory e)Sales

In an REA database, a query designed to produce a sales journal would pull information from the following tables. (Check all that apply.) a) Receive cash b) Sales-receive cash c) Sales-inventory d) Employee e) Sales f) Customer

b) Receive cash d) Disburse cash f) Cash

In an REA database, a query to calculate the current balance of cash in an organization's checking account would require which of the following tables? (Check all that apply.) a) Purchases b) Receive cash c) Sales d) Disburse cash e) Payroll f) Cash

c)Event

In an REA diagram, information about all the payments received from customers would be stored in which type of entity? a)None of these choices are correct b)Agent c)Event d)Resource

c)Resource

In an REA diagram, information about the various cash accounts that an organization has (checking, payroll, savings, etc.) would be found in which type of entity? a)Agent b)None of these are correct c)Resource d)Event

c)Agent

In an REA diagram, suppliers would be examples of the type of entity called a(n): a)Event b)Resource c)Agent d)None of these are correct

e) every event entity must be linked to at least one other event entity

In an REA diagram, the economic duality principle means that: a) none of the statements reflect the economic duality principle. b) every event entity must be linked to at least two participating agents. c) every event entity must be linked to at least one resource entity. d) all three statements reflect the economic duality principle. e) every event entity must be linked to at least one other event entity

a) Agent

In an REA diagram, what kind of entity is "Employee"? a) Agent b) Resource c) Event

a) Event

In an REA diagram, what kind of entity is "Receive Cash"? a) Event b) Agent c) Resource

a)events.

In an REA model, activities about which management wants to collect information for planning or control purposes are known as a)events. b)agents. c)activities. d)resources.

b) 1:N

In most cases, the relationship between agent entities and event entities is: a) 1:1 b) 1:N c) M:N d) 0:N

c)All of these are correct

Managers can use completed REA diagrams to guide the design of queries to print __________________. a)financial statements. b)managerial receipts. c)All of these are correct d)journals and ledgers.

d)Data mining.

Mary Grossman has been selling cupcakes for the past few years. She keeps meticulous record of every cupcake that she has ever made and sold. She has also kept records of customers' comments on all of her cupcakes. These have been entered into a computerized accounting information system that her accountant refers to as a "data warehouse." Mary is considering rebranding her cupcake and has asked her accountant to identify the top sellers for the past few years. Mary wants her accountant to engage in: a)Product resource management. b)Data exploring. c)Product auditing. d)Data mining.

b)does not; minimum.

Merging redundant resources _____ affect any cardinalities, but merging redundant events alters the _____ cardinalities associated with the other events that are related to the merged event. a)does; minimum. b)does not; minimum. c)does; maximum. d)does not; maximum.

b) some of the agents who participate in the shared event. c) some of the other events that have relationships with the shared event.

Merging two individual REA cycle diagrams that share a common event requires changing the minimum cardinalities of: (Check all that apply.) a) some of the resources affected by the shared event. b) some of the agents who participate in the shared event. c) some of the other events that have relationships with the shared event.

c) none of the other entities.

Merging two individual REA cycle diagrams that share common resources requires changing the minimum cardinalities of: a) some of the events that affect the shared resource. b) some of the agents who participate in events affecting the shared resource. c) none of the other entities.

c)data independence.

One of the benefits of using database is to allow an organization to change its data in one location without affecting its data in another location. This benefit is called: a)data integration. b)data sharing. c)data independence. d)data redundancy minimization.

d)give-to-get

REA diagrams for individual business cycles are built around basic _____ economic exchanges. a)none of these are correct b)debit-credit c)in-and-out d)give-to-get

a)DDL.

The DBMS language that builds the data dictionary is called a)DDL. b)Both B and C. c)DQL. d)DML.

d)registration number.

The National Butterfly Society maintains a database of all types of butterflies within the United States. One database table will store the butterfly species name and classification, with each species uniquely identified by a registration number. A second table will contain butterfly characteristics, uniquely identified by a characteristic number, and will be linked to the species table by means of the registration number. The primary key of the species table is: a)classification. b)species. c)characteristic number. d)registration number.

a) Referential integrity rule

The constraint that all foreign keys must have either null values or the value of a primary key in another table is referred to as which of the following? a) Referential integrity rule b) Entity integrity rule c) Foreign key value rule d) Null value rule

b) Entity integrity rule

The constraint that all primary keys must have non-null data values is referred to as which of the following? a) Referential integrity rule b) Entity integrity rule c) Normalization rule d) Relational data model rule

d) Changes database content, including updates, insertions, and deletions

The data manipulation language: a) Contains powerful, easy-to-use commands that can retrieve, sort, order, and display data b) Builds the data dictionary, creates the database, describes logical views, and specifies security constraints c) Simplifies report creation and shows items stored in a file, including the order and length of data fields d) Changes database content, including updates, insertions, and deletions

a)the logical view.

The database view that allows a sales manager to view all customer information as being stored in a table is called a)the logical view. b)the custom view. c)the physical view. d)the detail view.

c) How people organize, view, and understand relationships among data items

The logical view of data is: a) Description of data elements in a database, relationships among them, and logical model used to organize and describe data b) Way data are arranged and stored in the computer c) How people organize, view, and understand relationships among data items d) Information about the database structure; includes description of each data element

b)conceptual-level schema.

The organization-wide view of the entire database that lists all data elements and the relationships between them is called: a)internal-level schema. b)conceptual-level schema. c)subschema. d)external-level schema.

c)insert anomaly.

The problem of not being able to add records to a database is called a)update anomaly. b)delete anomaly. c)insert anomaly. d)database anomaly.

b) tables

The relational data model portrays data as being stored in __________. a) hierarchies b) tables c) objects d) files

d)Inventory-Sales

The relationship between sales and inventory for ABC Company is M:N. During the year, ABC Company runs periodic sales. The actual sales price of an item sold to a particular customer would be stored in which table? a)None of these are correct b)Inventory c)Sales d)Inventory-Sales

d)All of these are correct.

The step(s) to implement an REA diagram in a relational database include a)Use foreign keys to implement one-to-one and one-to-many relationships. b)Assign attributes to all tables. c)creating a table for each distinct entity in the diagram and for each many-to-many relationship. d)All of these are correct.

d) Tuple

What is each row in a relational database table called? a) Relation b) Attribute c) Anomaly d) Tuple

b) Event

Which kind of entity in an REA diagram would contain information about business activities performed by an organization? a) Resource b) Event c) Agent

c) Customer number

Which of the following attributes in the Cash Receipts table (representing payments received from customers) would most likely be a foreign key? a) Cash receipt number b) Customer check number c) Customer number d) Cash receipt date

b) Supplier number

Which of the following attributes would most likely be a primary key? a) Supplier name b) Supplier number c) Supplier zip code d) Supplier account balance

d) All of the above

Which of the following elements of a traditional AIS can be derived from queries of an REA database? a) Journals b) Ledgers c) Claims [receivables and payables] d) All of the above

b) DBMS

Which of the following is a software program that runs a database system? a) DQL b) DBMS c) DML d) DDL

a) All of these are correct

Which of the following is an entity? a) All of these are correct b) Sales c) Suppliers d) Customers e) None of these are correct f) Purchases

b) External-level schema

Which of the following is an individual user's view of the database? a) Conceptual-level schema b) External-level schema c) Internal-level schema d) Logical-level schema

c) Invoices

Which of the following is not likely to be depicted as an entity in the REA data model? a) Customers b) Sales c) Invoices d) Delivery trucks

a) Systems Analysis.

Which of the following is the first stage of the database design process? a) Systems Analysis. b)Physical design. c)Conversion. d)Conceptual design.

b)All of these statements are true.

Which of the following rules must be followed when implementing an REA diagram in a relational database? a)Every attribute in the table must be single-valued. b)All of these statements are true. c)Any attributes (other than the primary key) in a table must be either a fact about the thing designated by the primary key or foreign keys used to link that table to another table. d)Every table must have a primary key.

c) A database usually has more than one file. d) A record usually has more than one field

Which of the following statements about data aggregation is (are) true? a) A database usually has more than one data warehouse b) A file usually has more than one database c) A database usually has more than one file. d) A record usually has more than one field

a) Every event must be linked to at least two agents.

Which of the following statements about the REA data model is true? a) Every event must be linked to at least two agents. b) Every resource must be linked to at least two agents. c) Every event must be linked to at least two resources. d) Every agent must be linked to at least two events.

d)The minimum cardinality in a relationship in an REA diagram can be many.

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a)The minimum cardinality in a relationship in an REA diagram can be zero. b)The minimum cardinality in a relationship in an REA diagram can be one. c)The maximum cardinality in a relationship in an REA diagram can be one. d)The minimum cardinality in a relationship in an REA diagram can be many. e)The maximum cardinality in a relationship in an REA diagram can be many.

c) Every resource must be linked to at least one increment event and at least one decrement event.

Which of the following statements is true only about an integrated REA data model? a) Every event must be linked to at least two agents. b) Every increment (Get) event must be linked to a decrement (Give) event. c) Every resource must be linked to at least one increment event and at least one decrement event. d) Every resource must be linked to at least one agent.

c) Inventory-Sales

Which of the following tables would most likely have a concatenated primary key? a) Inventory b) Sales c) Inventory-Sales d) none of the above

d) All of the above

Which of the following types of entities must become a separate table in a relational database? a) Resources b) Events c) Agents d) All of the above

d) DQL

Which of the following would managers most likely use to retrieve information about sales during the month of October? a) DML b) DSL c) DDL d) DQL

a)In a 1:1 relationship, the primary key of either entity can become a foreign key in the database table representing the other entity.

Which statement is true? a)In a 1:1 relationship, the primary key of either entity can become a foreign key in the database table representing the other entity. b)In a 1:N relationship, the primary key of either entity can become a foreign key in the database table representing the other entity. c)In a M:N relationship, the primary key of either entity can become a foreign key in the database table representing the other entity. d)All of these statements are true.

d)The choice of cardinalities in an REA diagram reflects facts about the organization's business practices.

Which statement is true? a)The choice of cardinalities in an REA diagram is arbitrary. b)None of these are true. c)The choice of cardinalities in an REA diagram depends upon the wishes of the data modeler. d)The choice of cardinalities in an REA diagram reflects facts about the organization's business practices.

d)M:N

Which type of relationship between two entities must have a concatenated key? a)1:1 b)all of these relationships require use of a concatenated key c)1:N d)M:N

c) M:N relationship

Which type of relationship cardinality must be implemented in a relational database as a separate table? a) 1:1 relationship b) 1:N relationship c) M:N relationship d) All of the above

a)8

XYZ Company's REA diagram depicts the following entities: sales, inventory, salesperson, cashier, customer, cash receipts, and cash. The inventory-sales and cash receipts-sales relationships are both many-to-many. How many tables does it need to implement its REA diagram in a relational database? a)8 b)9 c)7 d)10

data definition language (DDL)

a DBMS language that builds the data dictionary, creates the database, describes logical views for each user, and specifies record or field security constraints

data manipulation language (DML)

a DBMS language that changes database content, including data element creations, updates, insertions, and deletions

report writer

a DBMS language that simplifies report creation; users specify which data elements they want to print, and the elements are printed in the user-specified format

entity

a class of objects about which data are collected, such as the resources, events, and agents that comprise the REA model

relational data model

a data model in which data elements are logically viewed as being stored in 2-dimensional tables called relations

REA data model

a data model used to design AIS databases; contains information about 3 fundamental types of entites

relational database

a database built using the relational data model

schema

a description of the data elements in a database, the relationships among them, and the logical model used to organize and describe the data; largely describes logical view

record layout

a document that shows the items stored in a file, including the order and length of the fields needed to store the data as well as the type of data stored

data query language (DQL)

a high-level, English-like, DBMS language that contains powerful, easy-to-use commands that enable users to retrieve, sort, order, and display data

internal-level schema

a low-level view of the entire database describing how the data are actually stored and accessed; it includes information about record layouts, definitions, addresses, and indexes

entity integrity rule

a primary key cannot uniquely identify a row in a table if it is null (blank); a non-null primary key ensures that every row in a table represents something and that it can be identified

many-to-many (M:N)

a relationship between 2 entities where the maximum cardinality for both is many

one-to-one (1:1) relationship

a relationship between two entities where the maximum cardinality for each entity is one

one-to-many (1:N) relationship

a relationship between two entities where the maximum cardinality for one of the entities is one but the other entity has a maximum cardinality of many

tuple

a row in a table that contains data about a specific item in a database table

database

a set of interrelated, centrally coordinated data files that are stored with as little data redundancy as possible; consolidates records previously stored in separate files into a common pool and serves a variety of users and data processing applications

file

a set of related records

data mining

accessing information stored in a data warehouse through statistical analysis or artificial intelligence techniques to "discover" unhypothesized relationships in the data

record

all of the fields that contain data about one entity

data model

an abstract representation of database contents

foreign key

an attribute appearing in one table that is the primary key of another table; used to link tables

external-level schema

an individual user's view of portions of a database; also called subschema

business intelligence

analyzing large amounts of data for strategic decision making

1) every column in a row must be single-valued 2) primary keys cannot be null 3) foreign keys, if not null, must have values that correspond to the value of a primary key in another table 4) all nonkey attributes in a table must describe a characteristic of the object identified by the primary key

basic requirements of a relational database

data independence

because data and the programs that use them are independent of each other, each can be changed without changing the other; facilitates programming and simplifies data management

data modeling

defining a database so that it faithfully represents all key components of an organization's environment; the objective is to explicitly capture and store data about every business activity the organization wishes to plan, control, or evaluate

cardinalities

describe the nature of a database relationship indicating the number of occurrences of one entity that may be associated with a single occurrence of the other entity

data warehouse access controls

encrypt the stored data

data validation controls

ensure data entered is accurate

normalization

following relational database creation rules to design a relational database that is free from delete, insert, and update anomalies

entity-relationship (E-R) diagram

graphical depiction of a database's contents showing the various entities modeled and the important relationships among them

logical view

how people conceptually organize, view, and understand the relationships among data items

update anomaly

improper organization of a database that results in a non-primary key item, such as customer address, being stored multiple times in a database

insert anomaly

improper organization of a database that results in the inability to add records to a database because attributes of one entity are stored in the record of a different entity

delete anomaly

improper organization of a database that results in the loss of all information about an entity when a row is deleted

cross-functional analysis

in a database system, relationships, such as the association between selling and promotional campaigns, can be explicitly defined and used in the preparation of management reports

data dictionary

information about the structure of the database, including a description of each data element stored in the database (sources, records, programs, output/reports, etc.)

data sharing

integrated data are more easily shared with authorized users; databases are easily browsed to research a problem or obtain detailed information underlying a report

data integration

master files are combined into large "pools" of data that many application programs access

backups

refer to copying and storing data in a secondary location to preserve the data in case it's destroyed or corrupted

systems analysis

step 1 of the database design process that consists of initial planning to determine the need for and feasibility of developing a new system

conceptual design

step 2 of the database design process that includes developing the different schemas for the new system at the conceptual, external, and internal levels

physical design

step 3 of the database design process that consists of translating the internal-level schema into the actual database structures that will be implemented in the new system

implementation and conversion

step 4 of the database design process that includes all the activities associated with transferring data from existing systems to the new database AIS, testing the new system, and training employees how to use it

operation and management

step 5 of the database design process which consists of using and maintaining the new system

database system

the combination of the database, the database management system, and the application programs that access the database through the database management system

primary key

the database attribute, or combination of attributes, that uniquely identifies each row in a table; used to distinguish, order, and reference records in a database

maximum cardinality

the maximum number of instances that an entity can be linked to the other entity in the relationship

minimum cardinality

the minimum number of instances that an entity can be linked to the other entity in the relationship

conceptual-level schema

the organization wide view of the entire database that lists all the data elements and the relationships between them

agents

the people and organizations that participate in events and about whom information is desired for planning, control, and evaluation purposes

database management system (DBMS)

the program that manages and controls the data and the interfaces between the data and the application programs that use the data stored in the database

events

the various business activities about which management wants to collect information for planning or control purposes

physical view

the way data are physically arranged and stored in the computer system

resources

things that have economic value to the organization

referential integrity rule

to ensure database consistency, foreign keys which link rows in one table to rows in another table must have values that correspond to the value of a primary key in another table

semantic data modeling

using knowledge of business processes and information needs to create a diagram that shows what to include in the database, such that it is fully normalized

online analytical processing (OLAP)

using queries to investigate hypothesized relationships among data; one of the two main techniques used in business intelligence

data warehouse

very large databases containing detailed and summarized data for a number of years that are used for analysis rather than transaction processing

fields

where information about attributes are stored