Active and Passive transport
When the solution outside of the cell has more solute concentration than the cytosol inside the cell, the solution is called?
A hypertonic solution
When the solution outside of the cell has less solute concentration than the cytosol inside the cell, the solution is called?
A hypotonic solution
What does gradient mean?
An inclination
What is an Ion and how do they form?
An ion is an atom with a net electrical charge or a charged particle. They form by losing or gaining electrons.
When the solution outside of the cell has an equal solute concentration than the cytosol inside the cell, the solution is called?
An isotonic solution
What controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell?
The cell membrane
What do all these materials need to go across?
The cell membrane
What is the main reason that cells move potasium into the cell and move sodium outside of the cell, creating concentration gradients for both elements?
The cell uses the differences in concentration to send electrical messages.
What is a cell wall?
The cell wall is a hard structure that can help the cell to stop from exploding.
How do cells that don't live an isotonic enviroment deal with osmosis?
They evolved with the following methods: Contractile vacuole Solute Pumps Cell Wall
What can ion channel proteins do that facilitated diffusion proteins can't?
They have a gate which can open or close to start or stop the flow of molecules.
Is any cellular energy used in facilitated transport?
no
Is any cellular energy used in passive transport?
no
Is any cellular energy used to transport an ion through an ion channel?
no
How many different types of molecules can each carrier protein transport?
one
What does concentration gradient mean?
The difference in the concentration of molecules across a space.
What organelle produces adenine triphosphate?
The mitochondria
What does the outside of the cell membrane become on a vesicle when it is formed and what is speacial about the structure of a membrane that allows this to happen?
The outside of the cell membrane becomes the inside of the vesicle. The two sides of the cell membrane is made of a lipid bilayer.
When can dynamic equilibrium occur?
After osmosis; in isotonic solutions; after diffusion
This type of pump is used to move sodium and potassium against their concentration gradients.
Sodium-potassium pump
How is energy released from adenine triphosphate?
by breaking the bond in between the second and third phosphate bond
Where does energy come from to create adenine triphosphate?
food (glucose)
How many potassium ions will move inside the cell each time?
2
How many sodium ions will move out of the cell each time?
3
What is needed to transport a partical through an Ion channel that is not needed for diffusion through a membrane?
A protein is needed, whereas diffusion does not need a protein.
What is ribose?
A simple 5-carbon sugar
What is a solute pump?
A solute pumps solutes out of the cell and will eventually create an isotonic enviroment and even go on to become a hypertonic enviroment which could stop the flow of water into the cell and possibly reverse it.
What is a contractile vacuole?
A speacial vacuole that is attached to the cell membrane. Water flows into the empty vacuole and when full, it pumps water out of the cell.
What specific type of energy is used by the cell to move ions?
ATP
Which has more energy ATP or ADP?
ATP
What is the difference between ATP and Adenosine Diphosphate(ADP)?
ATP has 3 phosphate groups; meanwhile, ADP has two phosphate groups.
The 3 parts that make up adenosine triphosphate are:
Adenosine ribose three phosphate groups
What is needed for facilitated diffusion to work, that diffusion doesn't use, and where is it located?
Carrier proteins; they are located in the cell membrane.
What is the movement of oxygen across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Diffusion
What is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Osmosis
What direction across the cell membrane do molecules travel in facilitated diffusion?
Down the concentration gradient
What direction across the cell membrane do molecules travel through ion channels?
Down the concentration gradient
Why is "dynamic" a good term to use with equilibrium?
Dynamic means moving and during equilibrium the molecules are constantly moving to keep equal.
What does it mean when we say "cellular energy"?
Energy provided and belonging to the cell.
Cells in a hypotonic enviroment with no ways of dealing with it can
Expand and possibly burst (cytolysis)
What helps keep plants upright/
High turgidity
What does concentration mean?
How much of the solute is located throughout the solvent.
Pure water is considered what type of solution?
Hypotonic
What are the 3 possible solute/solvent concentration differences when dealing with cells?
Hypotonic solution isotonic solution hypertonic solution
Where is energy stored in chemical compounds?
In the bonds of molecules
What type of molecule is trasported through ion channels?
Ions
What will occur to a red blood cell that is put into 50% salt water?
It will shrivel
What is the cell membrane made of
Lipids and Proteins
What two types of molecules are transpoted in facilitated diffusion?
Molecules that are too large to pass through the pores in the membrane as well as molecules that aren't soluble in lipids.
What type of transport is facilitated diffusion?
Passive
cells in a hypertonic solution will
Shrivel
What occurs to the facilitated diffusion protein, that not happen to the ion channel protein, when a particle is transported across the membrane?
The carrier protein surrounds the molecule in a membrane, thus changing shape, making it possible for the molecule to go through the lipid bilayer.
What change occurs to the facilitated diffusion protein when facilitated diffusion occurs?
The carrier proteins surround the molecules with a membrane, therefore, changing shape
What are the 3 major types of active transport
Transport proteins/ pumps endocytosis exocytosis
The pressure of the cell membrane against the cell wall is called
Turgor or osmotic pressure (turgidity)
What specific type of molecules might a cell need?
Water, salts, and gases
What does a cell wall do when dealing with osmosis?
When osmosis occurs, the cell membrane expands and is pushed against the cell wall. The cell wall deosn't expand, this causes the water to stop flowing into the cell.
What is adenosine?
a molecule containing nitrogen (nitrogenous base)
When is the only time molecules are not moving?
absolute zero
What are three things cells need energy for?
active transport across cell membranes protein synthesis/create things Muscle contraction/ movement
What is the chemical compound most commonly used by cells for energy?
adenosine trisphosphate
Besides using cellular energy, these proteins have to change shape to perform pumping
carrier proteins
What type of proteins are used in facilitated diffusion?
carrier proteins
What do you think active transport needs to occur?
cellular energy
What does passive transport not need to occur?
cellular energy
Usually active transport requires cells to move materials against the
concentration gradient
When a cell expands and bursts it is called
cytolysis
Do molecules move "up" or "down the concentration gradient in passive transport?
down
When molecules move equally in all directions it is called
dynamic equilibrium
The process of cells ingesting outside fluids and large particles such as proteins, starch, and even other cells is called
endocytosis
Active transport requires cells to use their own
energy
When a cell expels large particles or wastes, the opposite of endocytosis, it is calles
exocytosis
Most animals have a higher concentration of potassium(K+) (inside or outside of the cell)
inside
If a vegetable is placed in pure water, in which direction will the water move?
into the vegtable
Moving materials against the concentration gradient means to have the materials move from an area of
low concentration to an area of high concentration
When cells ingest bacteria or viruses, what other organelle will fuse with vesicles to destroy the bacteria or viruses
lysosomes
What type of protein is used in ion channels?
membrane protein
Passive and Active Transport are
methods a cell uses to get and release materials.
Define Diffusion
movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Most animals have a higher concentration of sodium(Na+) (inside or outside of the cell)
outside
What material does a cell need to get to survive?
oxygen
Diffusion is what type of transport
passive
What type of transport occurs through ion channels?
passive
The process of ingesting large particles is called
phagocytosis
Wha 2 molecules does ATP become after it is used?
phosphate and adenine diphosphate
The process of ingesting fluids is called
pinocytosis
When plants have low turgor pressure the cell membrane moves away from the cell wall and they wilt this is called
plasmolysis
Many small particles are carried accross the membrane by
proteins
Transport proteins are also commonly called
pumps
Small pores in the cell membrane allow what sized molecules to pass through?
small
What allows material to travel through the membrane?
small pores
What are 2 parts that make up a solution?
solvent and solute
Each carrier protein will bind to a
specific kind of molecule
Many cells live in an isotonic enviroment which means they do not have to have any methods to deal with osmosis since it isn't normally occurring? (true or false)
true
Once the concentrations are equal, molecules continue to move. (true or false)
true
How many different types of molecules can each ion channel transport?
usually one type
Vacuoles that are formed in endocytosis are also called
vesicles
What material does a cell need to get rid of to survive?
waste materials
Is any cellular energy used in active transport?
yes
Is any energy involved in diffusion?
yes, kinetic energy
