acute coronary syndrome
After thrombolytic therapy, the nurse working in the cardiac catheterization laboratory would be alarmed to notice which sign? 1. 1 inch backup of blood in the IV tubing 2. Facial drooping 3. Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 68 seconds 4. Report of chest pressure during dye injection
2. During and after thrombolytic administration, the nurse observes for any indications of bleeding, including changes in neurologic status, which may indicate intracranial bleeding.
The client with unstable angina has received education about the acute coronary syndrome. Which of the following indicates that he understood the teaching? 1. "This is a big warning, I must modify my lifestyle or risk having a heart attack in the next year." 2. "Angina is just a temporary interruption of blood flow to my heart." 3. "I need to tell my wife I've had a heart attack." 4. "Because this was temporary, I will not need to take any medications for my heart."
1. Among people who have unstable angina, 10% to 30% have a myocardial infarction (MI) within 1 year. Although angina pain is temporary, it reflects underlying coronary artery disease (CAD), which requires attention, including lifestyle modifications. Unstable angina reflects tissue ischemia, but infarction represents tissue necrosis. Clients with underlying CAD may need medications such as aspirin (ASA), lipid-lowering agents, antianginals, or antihypertensives.
After receiving change-of-shift report in the coronary care unit, which client should you assess first? 1. The client with acute coronary syndrome who has a 3-pound weight gain and dyspnea 2. The client with percutaneous coronary angioplasty who has a dose of heparin scheduled 3. The client who had bradycardia after a myocardial infarction and now has a paced heart rate of 64 4. A client who has first-degree heart block, rate 68, after having an inferior myocardial infarction
1. Dyspnea and weight gain are symptoms of left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema; the client needs prompt intervention.
The client in the cardiac care unit has had a large myocardial infarction. How does the nurse recognize onset of left ventricular failure? 1. Urine output of 1500 mL on the preceding day 2. Crackles in the lung fields 3. Pedal edema 4. Expectoration of yellow sputum
2. Manifestations of left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema are noted by listening for crackles and identifying their locations in the lung fields. Edema is a sign of right ventricular heart failure.
The client comes to the emergency department with chest discomfort. Which action does the nurse perform first? 1. Administers oxygen therapy 2. Obtains the client's description of the chest discomfort 3. Provides pain relief medication 4. Remains calm and stays with the client
2. A description of the chest discomfort must be obtained before further action can be taken.
The nurse is caring for a group of clients who have sustained myocardial infarction (MI). The nurse observes the client with which type of MI most carefully for the development of left ventricular heart failure? 1. Inferior wall 2. Anterior wall 3. Lateral wall 4. Posterior wall
2. Owing to the large size of the anterior wall, the amount of tissue infarction may be large enough to decrease the force of contraction, leading to heart failure. with the inferior wall, the client is more likely to develop right ventricular MI. regarding clients with obstruction of the circumflex artery may experience a lateral wall or posterior wall MI and sinus dysrhythmias.
The client has just returned from coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. For which finding should the nurse contact the surgeon? 1. Temperature 98.2° F 2. Chest tube drainage 175 mL last hour 3. Serum potassium 3.9 mEq/L 4. Incisional pain 6 on a scale of 1 to 10
2. Some bleeding is expected after surgery; however, the nurse should report chest drainage over 150 mL per hour to the surgeon.
When caring for a client with acute myocardial infarction, the nurse recognizes that prompt pain management is essential for which reason? 1.The discomfort will increase client anxiety and reduce coping. 2. Pain relief improves the oxygen supply and decreases oxygen demand. 3. Relief of pain indicates that the myocardial infarction is resolving. 4. Pain medication should not be used until a definitive diagnosis has been established.
2. The focus of pain relief is on reducing myocardial oxygen demand. Chest discomfort will increase anxiety, but it may not affect coping. The major purpose of pain relief is to reduce myocardial oxygen demand. Relief of pain is secondary to the use of opiates or indicates that the tissue infarction is complete.
The nurse in the coronary care unit is caring for a group of clients who have had myocardial infarction. Which client should the nurse see first? 1. Client with dyspnea on exertion when ambulating to the bathroom 2. Client with third-degree heart block on the monitor 3. Client with normal sinus rhythm and PR interval of 0.28 second 4. Client who refuses to take heparin or nitroglycerin
2. Third-degree heart block is a serious complication that indicates that a large portion of the left ventricle and conduction system is involved. Third-degree heart block usually requires pacemaker insertion.
The older adult client, 4 hours post coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), has a blood pressure of 80/50. What action should the nurse take? 1. No action is required; low blood pressure is normal for older adults. 2. No action is required for postsurgical CABG clients. 3. Assess pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP). 4. Give ordered loop diuretics.
3. Decreased preload as exhibited by decreased PAWP could indicate hypovolemia secondary to hemorrhage or vasodilation. Hypotension could cause the graft to collapse.
The visiting nurse is seeing a client post coronary artery bypass graft. Which nursing action should be performed first? 1. Assess coping skills. 2. Assess for postoperative pain at the client's incision site. 3. Monitor for dysrhythmias. 4. Monitor mental status.
3. Dysrhythmias are the leading cause of prehospital death. The nurse should monitor the client's heart rhythm.
The client undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) asks why the doctor has chosen to use the internal mammary artery for the surgery. Which response by the nurse is correct? 1. "This way you will not need to have a leg incision." 2. "The surgeon prefers this approach because it is easier." 3. "These arteries remain open longer." 4. "The surgeon has chosen this approach because of your age."
3. Mammary arteries have remained patent much longer than other grafts.
The nurse is caring for a client in phase 1 cardiac rehabilitation. Which activity should the nurse suggest? 1. The need to increase activities slowly at home 2. Planning and participating in a walking program 3. Placing a chair in the shower for independent hygiene 4. Consultation with social worker for disability planning
3. Phase 1 begins with the acute illness and ends with discharge from the hospital. It focuses on promoting rest and allowing clients to improve their ADLs based on their abilities.
An LPN/LVN is scheduled to work on the inpatient "step-down" cardiac unit where you are the team leader. Which of these clients would be best to assign to the LPN/LVN? 1. A 60-year-old who was admitted today for pacemaker insertion because of third-degree heart block and who is now reporting chest pain 2. A 62-year-old who underwent open heart surgery 4 days ago for mitral valve replacement and who has a temperature of 38.2° C 3. A 66-year-old who has a prescription for a nitroglycerin (Nitro-Dur) patch and is scheduled for discharge to a group home later today 4. A 69-year-old who had a stent placed 2 hours ago in the left anterior descending artery and who has bursts of ventricular tachycardia
3. The LPN/LVN scope of practice includes administration of medications to stable clients. Third-degree heart block is characterized by a very low heart rate and usually by required pacemaker insertion; the skills of the RN are needed to care for this client. Fever after surgery requires collaboration with the physician, which is more consistent with the role of the RN. This client is unstable and is showing ventricular irritability; he will need medications and monitoring beyond the scope of practice of the LPN/LVN.
The nurse is teaching a group of teens about prevention of heart disease. Which point should the nurse emphasize? 1.Reduce abdominal fat. 2. Avoid stress. 3. Do not smoke or chew tobacco. 4. Avoid alcoholic beverages.
3. Tobacco exposure, including secondhand smoke, reduces coronary blood flow, causes vasoconstriction and endothelial dysfunction and thickening of the vessel wall, increases carbon monoxide, and decreases oxygen. Because this is highly addicting, beginning smoking in the teen years may lead to decades of exposure.
To validate that the client has had a myocardial infarction (MI), the nurse assesses for positive findings on which tests? 1. Creatine kinase-MB fraction (CK-MB) and alkaline phosphatase 2. Homocysteine and C-reactive protein 3. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterols 4. Myoglobin and troponin
4. Myoglobin, troponin, and CK-MB are the cardiac markers used to determine whether MI has occurred. Homocysteine and C-reactive protein are markers of inflammation, which may represent risk for MI, but they are not diagnostic for MI.
Which statement by the client scheduled for a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty indicates a need for further preoperative teaching? 1. "I will be awake during this procedure." 2. "I will have a balloon in my artery to widen it." 3. "I must lie still after the procedure." 4. "My angina will be gone for good."
4. Reocclusion of angina is possible after the procedure. The client is typically awake, but drowsy, during this procedure. The procedure uses a balloon to widen the artery. The client will have to lie still after the procedure because of the large-bore venous access. Time is necessary to allow the ìholeî to heal and prevent hemorrhage.
The nurse is assessing the client with chest pain to evaluate whether the client is suffering from angina or myocardial infarction (MI). Which symptom is indicative of an MI? 1. Chest pain brought on by exertion or stress 2. Substernal chest discomfort occurring at rest 3. Substernal chest discomfort relieved by nitroglycerin or rest 4. Substernal chest pressure relieved only by opioids
4. Substernal chest pressure relieved only by opioids is typically indicative of MI. Chest pain brought on by exertion or stress is indicative of angina. Substernal chest discomfort that occurs at rest is not necessarily indicative of MI; it could be a sign of unstable angina. Substernal chest discomfort relieved by nitroglycerin or rest is indicative of angina.
The nurse is caring for a client 36 hours post coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), with a diagnosis of activity intolerance related to imbalance of myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Which of these findings causes the nurse to terminate an activity and return the client to bed? 1. Pulse 60 and regular 2. Urinary frequency 3. Incisional discomfort 4. Respiratory rate 28
4. Tachypnea and tachycardia reflect activity intolerance; activity should be terminated.
During discharge planning after admission for a myocardial infarction, the client says, "I won't be able to increase my activity level. I live in an apartment, and there is no place to walk." What is the nurse's best response? 1. "You are right. Work on your diet then." 2. "You must find someplace to walk." 3. "Walk around the edge of your apartment complex." 4. "Where might you be able to walk?"
4. This response calls for cooperation and participation from the client.
how does angiotensin II increase the workload of the heart? A. by increasing the PVR B. by causing dysrhythmias as a a result of hyperkalemia C. by redacting the contractility of the myocardium D. by stimulating the SNS
A. (according to old patho notes)
The nurse is providing care for a patient who has decreased cardiac output related to heart failure. The nurse recognizes that cardiac output is: A. Calculated by multiplying the patient's stroke volume by the heart rate. B. The average amount of blood ejected during one complete cardiac cycle. C. Determined by measuring the electrical activity of the heart and the patient's heart rate. D .The patient's average resting heart rate multiplied by the patient's mean arterial blood pressure.
A. Cardiac output is determined by multiplying the patient's stroke volume by heart rate, thus identifying how much blood is pumped by the heart over a 1-minute period. Electrical activity of the heart and blood pressure are not direct components of cardiac output.
When planning emergent care for a patient with a suspected MI, the nurse will anticipate administration of: A. Oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin, and morphine. B. Oxygen, furosemide (Lasix), nitroglycerin, and meperidine. C. Aspirin, nitroprusside (Nipride), dopamine (Intropin), and oxygen. D. Nitroglycerin, lorazepam (Ativan), oxygen, and warfarin (Coumadin).
A. The American Heart Association's guidelines for emergency care of the patient with chest pain include the administration of oxygen, nitroglycerin, aspirin, and morphine. These interventions serve to relieve chest pain, improve oxygenation, decrease myocardial workload, and prevent further platelet aggregation.
The community health nurse is planning health promotion teaching targeted at preventing coronary artery disease (CAD). Which of the following ethnic groups would the nurse select as the highest priority for this intervention? A. white male B. hispanic male C. African American male D. Native American female
A.The incidence of CAD and myocardial infarction (MI) is highest among white, middle-aged men.
which of the following risk factors is associated with a two fold increase in the risk for CAD death and up to a sixfold risk for stroke? A. DM B. HTN C. obesity D. high alcohol consumption
A> (according to old patho notes)
Which of the following individuals would the nurse identify as having the highest risk for CAD? A. A 45-year-old depressed male with a high-stress job B. A 60-year-old male with below normal homocysteine levels C. A 54-year-old female vegetarian with elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels D. A 62-year-old female who has a sedentary lifestyle and body mass index (BMI) of 23 kg/m2
A> Studies demonstrate that depression and stressful states can contribute to the development of CAD. Elevated HDL levels and low homocysteine levels actually help to prevent CAD. Although a sedentary lifestyle is a risk factor, a BMI of 23 kg/m2 depicts normal weight, and thus the patient with two risk factors is at greatest risk for developing CAD.
A client had a coronary artery bypass graft 2 days ago and has a new onset of atrial fibrillation. What diagnostic test will the nurse check that could explain this dysrhythmia? A. Arterial oxygen level B. Serum potassium C. Serum sodium D. Blood urea nitrogen
B Rationale: Hypokalemia after a coronary artery bypass graft procedure is a common cause of atrial fibrillation. Other complications may also include hypotension, hypothermia, hypertension, bleeding, cardiac tamponade, decreased level of consciousness, and anginal pain. Studies remain inconclusive on the role sodium plays in the development of atrial fibrillation. Elevated blood urea nitrogen levels may occur related to dehydration or decreased cardiac perfusion but have no connection to the development of atrial fibrillation.
The nurse is examining the ECG of a patient who has just been admitted with a suspected MI. Which of the following ECG changes is most indicative of prolonged or complete coronary occlusion? A. Sinus tachycardia B. Pathologic Q wave C. Fibrillatory P waves D. Prolonged PR interval
B. The presence of a pathologic Q wave, as often accompanies STEMI, is indicative of complete coronary occlusion. Sinus tachycardia, fibrillatory P waves (e.g., atrial fibrillation), or a prolonged PR interval (first-degree heart block) are not direct indicators of extensive occlusion.
An older client has a history of stable angina. Which modifiable risk factors will the nurse assess to guide the client's teaching plan? Select all that apply. A. Older age B. Tobacco use C. Activity level D. Serum lipid levels E. Family history F. Weight
B, C, D, F Rationale: Modifiable risk factors are lifestyle choices that can be controlled by the client, such as smoking, activity level, control of serum lipid levels, and control of obesity through dietary management. Nonmodifiable risk factors are personal characteristics that cannot be altered or controlled. These risk factors, which interact with each other, include age, gender, family history, and ethnic background.
a pt taking nitroglycerine should be taught that a common adverse effect is: A. blurred vision B. dizziness C. headache D. weakness
B, C?
the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers is to: A. force calcium out of the myocardial cells B. block the entry of calcium into the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells C. relax the blood vessels D. act as an autonomic drug
B, causing decreased contractility and decreased conductivity of the heart, thus decreasing the demand for oxygen (and decreasing BP, HR)
CAD can diminish the myocardial blood supply until deprivation impairs myocardial metabolism enough to cause________, a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply. A. infarction B. ischemia C. necrosis D. inflammation
B. (according to old patho notes)
of the following risk factors for CAD, what is the 2nd major risk factor for CAD? A. DM B. HTN C. obesity D. high alcohol consumption
B. (according to old patho notes)
The nurse is providing teaching to a patient recovering from an MI. Discussion regarding resumption of sexual activity should be: A/ Delegated to the primary care provider. B. Discussed along with other physical activities. C. Avoided because it is embarrassing to the patient. D. Accomplished by providing the patient with written material.
B. Although some nurses may not feel comfortable discussing sexual activity with patients, it is a necessary component of patient teaching. It is helpful to consider sex as a physical activity and to discuss or explore feelings in this area when other physical activities are discussed. Although providing the patient with written material is appropriate, it should not replace a verbal dialogue that can address the individual patient's questions and concerns.
The nurse is admitting a patient who is scheduled to undergo a cardiac catheterization. Which of the following allergies is most important for the nurse to assess before this procedure? A. Iron B.Iodine C. Aspirin D .Penicillin
B. The physician usually will use an iodine-based contrast to perform this procedure. Therefore it is imperative to know whether or not the patient is allergic to iodine or shellfish.
After teaching a patient with chronic stable angina about nitroglycerin, the nurse recognizes the need for further teaching when the patient states: A. "I will replace my nitroglycerin supply every 6 months." B. "I can take up to five tablets every 3 minutes for relief of my chest pain." C. "I will take acetaminophen (Tylenol) to treat the headache caused by nitroglycerin." D. "I will take the nitroglycerin 10 minutes before planned activity that usually causes chest pain."
B. The recommended dose of nitroglycerin is one tablet taken sublingually (SL) or one metered spray for symptoms of angina. If symptoms are unchanged or worse after 5 minutes, the patient should be instructed to activate the emergency medical services (EMS) system.
A 59-year-old man has presented to the emergency department with chest pain. Which of the following components of his subsequent blood work is most clearly indicative of a myocardial infarction (MI)? A. CK-MB B. Troponin C. Myoglobin D. CRP
B. Troponin is the biomarker of choice in the diagnosis of MI, with sensitivity and specificity that exceed those of CK-MB and myoglobin. CRP levels are not used to diagnose acute MI.
Auscultation of a patient's heart reveals the presence of a murmur. This assessment finding is a result of: A. Increased viscosity of the patient's blood. B. Turbulent blood flow across a heart valve. C. Friction between the heart and the myocardium. D. A deficit in heart conductivity that impairs normal contractility.
B. Turbulent blood flow across the affected valve results in a murmur. A murmur is not a direct result of variances in blood viscosity, conductivity, or friction between the heart and myocardium.
what is the expected EKG pattern for a pt when a thrombus in a coronary artery lodges permanently in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium? A. prolonged QT interval B. ST elevation C. ST depression D. non ST elevation
B? STEMI. (according to old patho notes)
cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions and still return to a viable state for ______ minutes. A. 10 B. 15 C. 20 D. 25
C. (according to old patho notes)
an individual is demonstrating elevated levels of troponin, CK, and LDH, which indicate: A. myocardial ischemia B. HTN C. myocardial infarction D. CAD
C. (according to old patho notes) but we had crossed out LDH
While assessing the cardiovascular status of a patient, the nurse performs auscultation. Which of the following practices should the nurse implement into the assessment during auscultation? A. Position the patient supine. B. Ask the patient to hold his or her breath. C. Palpate the radial pulse while auscultating the apical pulse. D. Use the bell of the stethoscope when auscultating S1 and S2.
C. In order to detect a pulse deficit, simultaneously palpate the radial pulse when auscultating the apical area. The diaphragm is more appropriate than the bell when auscultating S1 and S2. A sitting or side-lying position is most appropriate for cardiac auscultation. It is not necessary to ask the patient to hold his or her breath during cardiac auscultation.
Postoperative care of a patient undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery includes monitoring for which of the following common complications? A. Dehydration B. Paralytic ileus C. Atrial dysrhythmias D. Acute respiratory distress syndrome
C. Postoperative dysrhythmias, specifically atrial dysrhythmias, are common in the first 3 days following CABG surgery. Although the other complications could occur, they are not common complications.
what type of antianginal med is most effective for the treatment of coronary artery spasms? A. beta blockers B. calcium channel blockers C. nitrates D. antihyperlipidemics
C?
The nurse is concerned that the client who had myocardial infarction (MI) has developed cardiogenic shock. Which of these findings indicates shock? Select all that apply. Bradycardia Cool, diaphoretic skin Crackles in the lung fields Respiratory rate of 12 Anxiety and restlessness Temperature of 100.4
Cool, diaphoretic skin: The client with shock has cool, moist skin. Crackles in the lung fields: Owing to extensive tissue necrosis (MI), the left ventricle cannot forward blood adequately, resulting in pulmonary congestion and crackles. Anxiety and restlessness: Owing to poor tissue perfusion, a change in mental status, anxiety, and restlessness are expected. All types of shock (except neurogenic) present with tachycardia. Owing to pulmonary congestion, the client with cardiogenic shock typically has tachypnea.Cardiogenic shock does not present with low-grade fever; this would be more likely to occur in pericarditis.
A client who had thrombolytic therapy is receiving a continuous infusion of sodium heparin. In the past hour, the client's blood pressure changed from 122/74 to 98/46 mm Hg. His pulse is rapid and weak. What is the nurse's first action at this time? A. Assess for signs of bleeding. B. Slow the heparin infusion rate. C. Document the blood pressure change. D. Stop the heparin infusion immediately.
D Rationale: Based on the assessment data, the nurse's first action should be to stop the heparin infusion, because the change in vital signs is consistent with bleeding. Heparin is an anticoagulant and increases the client's risk for bleeding. The client may be bleeding internally, so symptoms of bleeding on assessment may not be overt. Simply decreasing the infusion rate will still lead to anticoagulation of the blood and increase the client's risk for further bleeding. Documentation is always an important nursing action but, in this case of suspected bleeding, documentation can wait until after the heparin infusion is stopped.
how does nicotine increase atherosclerosis? A. by the release of histamine B. by decreasing nitric oxide C. by the release of angiotensin II D. by the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
D. (according to old patho notes)
which angina occurs because of vasospasms of one or more coronary arteries and often during sleep? A. unstable B. stable C. silent D. Prinzmetal
D. (according to old patho notes)
for a pt using transdermal patches, the RN recognizes that the best way to prevent tolerance to nitrates is to do what? A. leave the old patch for 2 hours when applying a new patch B. apply a new patch every other day C. leave the patch off for 24 hours once a week D. remove the patch at night for 8 hours and then apply a new patch in the morning
D. (per notes)
Which of the following instructions given to a patient who is about to undergo Holter monitoring is most appropriate? A. "You may remove the monitor only to shower or bathe." B. "You should connect the monitor whenever you feel symptoms." C. "You should refrain from exercising while wearing this monitor." D. "You will need to keep a diary of all your activities and symptoms."
D. A Holter monitor is worn for at least 24 hours while a patient continues with usual activity and keeps a diary of activities and symptoms. The patient should not take a bath or shower while wearing this monitor.
For which of the following antilipemic medications would the nurse question an order in a patient with cirrhosis of the liver? A. Niacin (Nicobid) B. Ezetimibe (Zetia) C. Gemfibrozil (Lopid) D. Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
D. Adverse effects of atorvastatin (Lipitor), a statin drug, include liver damage and myopathy. Liver enzymes must be monitored frequently and the medication stopped if these enzymes increase. Thus liver disease is a contraindication for atorvastatin.
The blood pressure of a 71-year-old patient admitted with pneumonia is 160/70 mm Hg. Which of the following is an age-related change that contributes to this finding? A. Stenosis of the heart valves B. Decreased adrenergic sensitivity C. Increased parasympathetic activity D. Loss of elasticity in arterial vessels
D. An age-related change that increases the risk of systolic hypertension is a loss of elasticity in the arterial walls. Because of the increasing resistance to flow, pressure is increased within the blood vessel and hypertension results.
When evaluating a patient's knowledge regarding a low-sodium, low-fat cardiac diet, the nurse recognizes additional teaching is needed when the patient selects which of the following food choices? A. Baked flounder B. angel food cake C. baked potato with margarine D. canned chicken noodle soup
D. Canned soups are very high in sodium content. Patients need to be taught to read food labels for sodium and fat content.
For which of the following is percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) most clearly indicated? A. Chronic stable angina B. Left-sided heart failure C. Coronary artery disease D. Acute myocardial infarction
D. PCI is indicated to restore coronary perfusion in cases of myocardial infarction. Chronic stable angina and CAD are normally treated with more conservative measures initially. PCI is not relevant to the pathophysiology of heart failure.
A patient was admitted to the emergency department 24 hours earlier with complaints of chest pain that were subsequently attributed to ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Which of the following complications of MI should the nurse anticipate? A. unstable angina B. cardiac tamponade C. sudden cardiac death D. cardiac dysrhythmias
D. The most common complication after MI is dysrhythmias, which are present in 80% of patients. Unstable angina is considered a precursor to MI rather than a complication. Cardiac tamponade is a rare event, and sudden cardiac death is defined as an unexpected death from cardiac causes; cardiac dysfunction in the period following an MI would not be characterized as sudden cardiac death.
The nurse would assess a patient with complaints of chest pain for which of the following clinical manifestations associated with a myocardial infarction (MI) (select all that apply)? flushing ashen skin diaphoresis Nausea and vomiting S3 or S4 heart sounds
During the initial phase of an MI, catecholamines are released from the ischemic myocardial cells, causing an increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation. This results in the release of glycogen, diaphoresis, and vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels. The patient's skin may be ashen, cool, and clammy (not flushed) as a result of this response. Nausea and vomiting may result from reflex stimulation of the vomiting center by severe pain. Ventricular dysfunction resulting from the MI may lead to the presence of the abnormal S3 and S4 heart sounds.
Which of the following atypical symptoms may be present in the female client experiencing myocardial infarction (MI)? Select all that apply. Sharp, inspiratory chest pain Dyspnea Dizziness Extreme fatigue Anorexia
Dyspnea, Dizziness, Extreme fatigue
The nurse is teaching the client that metabolic syndrome can increase the risk for myocardial infarction (MI). Which signs of metabolic syndrome should the nurse include in the discussion? Select all that apply. Truncal obesity Hypercholesterolemia Elevated homocysteine levels Glucose intolerance Client taking losartan (Cozaar)
Hypercholesterolemia: Decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (usually with high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]), HDL-C less than 40 mg/dL for men or less than 50 mg/dL for women, or taking an anticholesterol drug is a sign of metabolic syndrome. Glucose intolerance: Increased fasting blood glucose (caused by diabetes, glucose intolerance, or insulin resistance) is included in the constellation of metabolic syndrome. Client taking losartan (Cozaar): Blood pressure greater than 130/85 or taking antihypertensive medication indicates metabolic syndrome.
The nurse is providing a cardiac class for a women's group. The nurse emphasizes that which characteristics place women at high risk for myocardial infarction (MI)? Select all that apply. Premenopausal Increasing age Family history Abdominal obesity Breast cancer
Increasing age, especially after 70 yo Family history is a risk factor in both men and women Abdominal obesity: A large waist size/abdominal obesity is a risk factor for both metabolic syndrome and MI.
When planning care for a client in the emergency department, the nurse recognizes that which interventions are needed in the acute phase? Select all that apply. Morphine sulfate Oxygen Nitroglycerin Naloxone Acetaminophen Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin)
Morphine: Morphine is needed to reduce oxygen demand, preload, pain, and anxiety. Oxygen: will increase available oxygen for the ischemic myocardium. Nitroglycerin is used to reduce preload and chest pain. The client is given aspirin to chew; acetaminophen may be used for headache related to nitroglycerin. Owing to negative inotropic action, calcium channel blockers are used for angina, not for myocardial infarction (MI).
Angina pectoris is chest pain caused my myocardial ischemia. T/F
T. (according to old patho notes)
When providing nutritional counseling for patients at risk for CAD, which of the following foods would the nurse encourage patients to include in their diet (select all that apply)? tofu walnuts tuna fish whole milk orange juice
Tuna fish, tofu, and walnuts are all rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to reduce the risks associated with CAD when consumed regularly.
Which of the following cardiovascular effects of aging should the nurse anticipate when providing care for older adults (select all that apply)? Arterial stiffening Increased blood pressure Increased maximal heart rate Decreased maximal heart rate Increased recovery time from activity
arterial stiffening, increased BP, decreased maximal HR, increased recovery time from activity. Well-documented cardiovascular effects of the aging process include arterial stiffening, possible increased blood pressure, and an increased amount of time that is required for recovery from activity. Maximal heart rate tends to decrease rather than increase with age.
