ad pysc

Which of the following is not one of the personality dimensions of the Five-Factor Model?

Gender Intensification

________ strategies are more effective in situations that are clearly uncontrollable; ________ strategies generally result in better adjustment, less depression, and fewer behavior problems.

Primary; primary

When the author of the textbook, Laurence Steinberg, says that "Some researchers have argued that the question of whether self-esteem is stable during adolescence is a poor one," what does he mean?

Researchers have argued that asking whether self-esteem is stable is a poor question because group averages often hide substantial differences between people.

Which of the following statements about sexual orientation in adolescence is false?

Researchers have been able to identify consistent predictors for adolescents who will later identify themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender.

According to research by Small and Luster, which adolescent is most likely to engage in early sexual activity?

The adolescent most likely to engage in early sexual activity is one that has a combination of the above risk factors.

Which of the following statements about comorbidity is not true?

There is hardly any comorbidity among different psychosocial problems during adolescence within or across the broad categories (i.e., internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, substance abuse).

Until recently, what aspect of teenage sexuality did social scientists focus on?

Until fairly recently, researchers only focused on the problematic aspects of adolescent sexuality (precocious sex, promiscuous sex, unsafe sex, etc.).

In the United States today, the peer group is most likely to have _______ influence on an adolescent's academic achievement.

a negative

Boys' initial interest in sex is motivated by ________ hormones, whereas girls' initial interest in sex is motivated by ________.

androgen; androgens and estrogen

Which of the following is considered an "internalizing disorder"?

anxiety

Which of the following parenting styles is associated with adolescents' development of mastery motivation and academic achievement?

authoritative

Which type of parenting is linked to school success during adolescence?

authoritative

The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called:

autonomy.

Sexual activity in the United States is ________ in other industrialized countries, and the rate of pregnancy is ________.

comparable; higher

What is the most common method of birth control among sexually active adolescents?

condoms

Industrialized societies place a great deal of emphasis on all of the following, except:

cooperation.

Two characteristics of authoritative parents that positively influence their children's school performance are ________ and ________.

healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; less tendency to be over-controlling

Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus?

herpes

What family factor appears to predict adolescent sexual involvement, especially among girls?

household composition

According to Erikson, the major crisis of adolescence is called:

identity versus identity diffusion.

Current research addressing sex differences in achievement suggests that:

if differences in math and science are found today, they are very slight.

Compared with students in other countries, U.S. elementary school ________ students in other countries, and high school students in the United States ________ than their peers in other countries (especially in science and math).

perform as well as; perform more poorly

Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ________ in evaluative situations.

performance

All of the following are reasons stated in the textbook to explain why adolescent autonomy has attracted the attention of developmental psychologists, except:

puberty sets up a situation of the adolescent's increasing emotional dependence on the family.

To treat depression, anxiety disorders, and social phobia in adolescence, a class of drugs known as ________ has been shown to be effective, especially when used in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy.

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

The practice of advancing adolescents to the next grade level in school based on age rather than their successful completion of the grade level is known as:

social promotion.

With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices, and not just the immediate ones. According to the textbook, these improvements seem to be due to all of the following except:

the increase in the probability that decision making is influenced by emotions.

What did the results from longitudinal studies on identity development indicate about the flexibility of identity statuses?

All of these statements are based on the results of longitudinal studies.

Which statement about the familial influences on an adolescent's drug and alcohol use is false?

An indulgent, permissive parenting style is a protective factor against developing substance abuse problems.

________ is an example of an internalizing disorder; ________ is an example of an externalizing disorder.

Anxiety; delinquency

Which of the following is the best example of cultural capital?

Art's father takes him to museums during the summer.

Which scenario best represents adolescent alcohol use in today's society?

Brian first tried alcohol at the beginning of high school and now, at 17, uses it only occasionally.

Which of the following is a reason that "identity development" is an adolescent issue?

Changes take place during adolescence that cause young people to change how they view and feel about themselves.

What is the immigrant paradox?

Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform better in school and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.

When researchers use brain-imaging technology to investigate patterns of adolescent brain activation, what do they find?

Researchers find that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are more intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood.

Who is probably most likely to drop out of high school?

Sally, whose parents are consistently permissive

According to the textbook, young adolescents with ________ also report high levels of anxiety, tension, and adjustment problems.

a volatile self-image

Researchers are particularly interested in the identity changes that occur in adolescence for all of the following reasons, except:

adolescents are now capable of thinking in concrete terms about who they are and where they are going.

Researchers have found all of the following with regard to problem behavior in adolescence, except:

adolescents with severe behavior problems are likely to have followed similar pathways to deviance, most typically with similar family problems.

Which substance is most commonly used and abused by adolescents?

alcohol

Which list correctly ranks substances used by high school seniors from most to least popular?

alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, inhalants

Which behavior would not be seen as a manifestation of lack of impulse control?

depression

Recent research indicates that ________ has negative effects on adolescents' mental health, whereas ________ has positive effects.

detachment; individuation

All of the following are noted in the text as reasons why achievement during the adolescent years merits special attention, except:

development in the realm of achievement begins and ends during adolescence.

As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more:

differentiated

Which of the following is the best predictor of occupational success?

educational attainment

Which work values decline most dramatically with age?

extrinsic, altruistic, and social rewards

Research suggests that adolescents ________ are the most likely to be susceptible to peer pressure.

from families in which parents are strict and make decisions for their adolescents

Generalizing from the textbook, if Nicky's parents want to slow down her sexual involvement, which of her parents should talk to her about sex?

her mother

Which work values are most likely to remain strong over the course of young adulthood, as other work values decline?

intrinsic rewards and job security

The most effective strategy for keeping students from dropping out of high school has been:

involving at-risk students in service learning and guided discussions of their life options.

The sexual behavior of adolescents who have talked about sex with their parents is ________ compared to the sexual behavior of adolescents who have not talked to their parents about sex.

less influenced by peer pressure

According to personality research presented in the textbook, there is evidence that, between adolescence and young adulthood, individuals become:

more emotionally stable and more extraverted.

Temperament and personality tend to become ________ as we ________.

more stable; get older

In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the closest?

mother-daughter relationship

According to Sullivan's theory, which of the following is the correct sequence of interpersonal needs?

need for intimacy; need for sexual contact; need for integration into adult society

Externalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect an antisocial syndrome just as internalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect the common underlying factor of:

negative emotionality.

Which of the following is most likely to influence (both directly and indirectly) a teenager's occupational choice?

parents

Which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficulty complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends?

permissive

What does the Five-Factor Model describe?

personality dimensions

According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called:

preconventional.

The term "________ syndrome" refers to covariation among various types of externalizing disorders that results from an underlying trait of unconventionality found in the adolescent's personality and social environment.

problem behavior

Issues of autonomy:

recur throughout the life span.

Many experts endorse a model of depression that suggests individuals who are predisposed toward internalizing problems will develop depression when they are exposed to chronic or acute stressors. This is called:

the diathesis-stress model.

All of the following are examples of the ways adolescents display intimacy with their friends, except:

they become less likely to negotiate than to disengage when resolving their disagreements.