Adolescence final exam

Why did the trend of teenagers working during schools reverse in this past 20 years?

- policy makers began calling for tougher standards in high schools - schools began requiring more from their students, and many implemented graduation requirements - as more and more students sought college admission, a higher proportion of them began taking advanced placement which had more homework requirement

in 1940 only about ___ of high school students worked during the school year.

3%

The self fulfilling prophecy is a statement that

alters actions and therefore comes true

Puberty and and development of inmatcy have connections with

biological, cognitive and social changes of the period Naturally, changes in sexual impulses at puberty provoke interest in sex, which leads to the development of romantic relationships.

In our society what can be mildly considered as scarification ?

body piercing shaving tattoos putting makeup

Myelination begins in the ___ ___ and ___ before birth but is not completed in the frontal cortex until late in adolescence

brain stem and cerebellum

In psycho social moratorium the adolescent t can experiment with

different roles and identities in a context that permits and encourages exploration which is very important to establish sense of identity

Individuals in a state of identity ___ display the highest level of psychological, behavioral, and interpersonal problems most likely to engage in antisocial behavior newest level of intimacy

diffusion

Relationship between school size and academic achievement is

disproportional. the smaller the school the better academic achievement the bigger the school the lower academic achievement

What is identity diffusion marked by?

disruptions in the individuals sense of time ( some things seen to happen faster than they really do, while others take forever) excessive self consciousness , to point that it is difficult to make decisions, problems in work and school, difficulties in forming intimate relationships concerns over sexuality

ADHD is diagnosed ___ childhood

during

When is it seen for teens to show a growing capacity for abstract thought

early adolescent (continues to increase during middle adolescence) because intellect expands and knowledge becomes more important

The reactions to spermarche can range from what to what

fear to excitement. this is because it all depends on their upbringing, cultural differences and prior sex knowledge

Individuals classified as being in the ___ status have been shown to be the most authoritarian and most prejudiced and to have the highest need for social approval, lowest level of autonomy , and the greatness closeness to their parents

foreclosure

Prior 1925, teenagers from all but the most affluent families left between ages of 12 and 15 to become what?

full-time workers

The disequilibrium with parents and kids of understanding when their children are in early adolescence is

girls " 11 or 12 boys " 13 or 14

Between 11 and 13 years of age, they start to experience what

growth of body hair, gain height and weight rapidly breast and hip development, menstruation begin in girls boys deepen in voice

Adolescents in the United States and other Western countries spend nearly ___ their waking hours in leisure activities

half

When parents believe negative stereotypes about teenagers it ___

harms the teenager which it the end weakens the parent-child relationships. these mixed messages make it harder for teens to become their best selves. it prevents some parents from having their greatest influence on their developing child. "WHO AM I " is a very big developmental question of adolescence which these stereotypes can harm that development

The status in which adolescent has gone through a identity crisis and has Made a commitment to a sense of identity (certain role) that he or she has chosen is known as

identity achievement

Characterized by an incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self is

identity diffusion

The status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future. Adolescents in this stage have not experienced an identity crisis. They tend to conform to expectations of other regarding their future (allowing parents to decide career) they have explored not range of options is known as

identity foreclosure

___ __ is an interruption of the identity development process, one that interferes with the indidivudals discovery of his or her full range of potentials

identity foreclosure

the circumvention of identity crisis is called

identity foreclosure

According to Erikson what is the chief psychical crisis of adolescent

identity versus identity diffusion

Begins during infany and continues into late adolescent, involves gradual progressive sharpening of one's sense of self as autonomous, competent and separate from ones parents

individuation

Individuals who are ___ ____ strive to achieve because of the pleasure they get out of learning and mastering the material. Generally speaking, they perform better in school than students who are extrinsically motivated.

intrinsically motivated

the belief that failure is inevitable.

learned helplessness

Students who are led to believe that their efforts do not make a difference—by being told, for example, that they are stupid or that the work is too difficult for them— develop what psychologists call

learned helplessness:

Prior to 1925, teenagers from all the most affluents families did what with school. Depending at what did this happen

left school to become full time works by the age of 12-15 depending if they were from affluent families and their class did it let them become students or workers but not both

As a result of learned helplessness, some students try ___ hard than their peers, and they don't do as well as they might.

less

Students who believe that their teachers value and encourage autonomy are ___ likely to show this decline in motivation.

less

At the ___ level most adolescents and adults, we begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adults role models

level 2 conventional morality

similar to intrinsic motivation

mastery motivation

Individuals with a strong __ ___ perform better in school than those whose motivation is mainly driven by performance goals

mastery orientation

Who suffers more men or women in empty nest syndrome

men

Parent could go through a ___ ___ when their child enters adolescent years

mid life crisis

Development concerns for parents are complementary when talking about the nature of

midlife crisis

Individuals in the midst of a ___ score highest on measures os anxiety, show the highest levels of conflict over issues of authority, and are themselves the least rigid and least authoritarian

moratorium

The process of coating the axon of each neuron with a fatty coating called myelin which protects the neuron and helps it conducts signals more efficiently is called

myelination

What are the three subtypes adolescents with ADHD have

predominately inattentive (30-40) predominately hyperactive (fewer than 5% of all cases, rarely seen in adolescent) combined (50-60% of all cases)

Teenagers who get used to having relatively luxiours standard or living before having any serious financial responsibilities is known as

premature affluence

A "time out" during adolescent from excessive responsibilitties and obligations that might restrict the pursuit of self discovery is known as

psycho social moratorium

What is the period during which an individual becomes capable of sexual reproduction

puberty

What and why plays an important provoking identity development during adolescent

puberty - this is because the when you change the way you look you sometimes feel your personality has changed too. (losing weight or gaining ) - broadening of intellectual capabilities during early adolescence provides new way of thinking of problems values and relationships ... think about themselves in new way . think about possible self when outside changes question if inside as well self esteem and self conception fluctuates

What triggers individuation and why?

puberty is the main catalyst changes in the adolescents physical appearance provoke changes in the way adolescent is viewed shortly after puberty families experience an increase in bickering and squabbling adolescents feelings of connectedness to their parents often decline in early adolescence when bickering is more frequent but increase in late adolescent

Compared to children adolescents are more likely to questions others assertions and less likely to accept facts as absolute truths is known as

relativism

As secondary education became more widespread more young people

remained in school well into middle and late adolescent and fewer dropped out

Spermarche occurs at the same time from the __ sex characteristics occur

secondary

Erikson viewed the developing person as moving through what

series of 8 psychical crisis over the course of a life Spain

Negative identity is known as

sign of problems in identity development

What are examples of leisure activities of adolescents in the US

socializing with friends (person, phone, electronically) watching televisions and listening to music searching the internet playing videos games playing sports practicing a musical instrument working on hobbies

Depending on their social class adolescents were either what or what

students or workers but not both

What is a concern of giving ADHD patients stimulants

that their non affective friends can get them to help them study.

future orientation means

the ability and tendency to consider the long term consequences of one decision and imagine what one's life might be like in the years to come

The changes in identity that take place during adolescence involve what

the first substantial recognization and restricting of the individual sense of self at a time when he or she had the intellectual capability to appreciate fully just how significant the changes are

Possible selves means

the various alternative identities that they may adopts

Adolescence is also an important time for changes in what

their capacity to be intimate with friends of both sexes, and in the way they express closeness to others.

One important difference between leisure and other activities is that adolescents choose

their leisure activities, whereas their time at school and work is dictated by others

Before midlife individuals tend to measure time in terms how long they been alive .. after what happens

they are more likely to see things in how much longer they have to live.

According to the criminal justice system in the United States, it is not permissible to what

to try someone in a proceeding if the individual does not understand the charges, doesn't not understand the nature of the trial, or is unable to make reasoned decisions about the case.

Is it true that parents mental health is worse when their teenage child is living at home than it is once they have moved out

true

True or False Adolescent is a time of heightened peer pressure and heightened susceptivity of peer influence

true

true or false Individuals who have a strong mastery orientation strive to achieve because of the pleasure they get out of learning and mastering the material.

true

true or false Individuals who are mainly performance oriented strive to achieve because of the rewards they get for performing well (typically, good grades) and the punishments they receive for performing poorly (like parental disapproval).

true

Sometimes adolescents appear o select identities that are obviously ____ to parents and communtity

undesirable daughter of an attorney repeatedly gets into trouble with the law refuses to go to college

Persisten, impairing symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity is known as

ADHD

___ can be consisdered Biological disorder with a strong genetic component

ADHD damage to brain while pregnant drinking smoking and even low birth weight and birth complication

As a term of power, status and entrance of role to the world how do teenagers and middle age parents differ?

Adolescence see this phase has a boundless of horizons parents have to come to terms with choices they made when they were younger.

Stage 2 level 1 Individualism and Exchange

At this stage children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by authorities. Different individuals have different view points

The system of courts and related institutions developed to handle adult crimes is known as

Criminal Justice System

True or False Employment during adolescent does deter delinquent activity

False does not

What common job in adolescent is known as the highest for stress and in interference with other parts of life and lowest in providing skills and leading to a career?

Fast food restaurants or retail stores

Does not have sexual or physical connotation is known as

Intimacy

An emotional attachment between two people that is characterized by concern for each other's well-being; a willingness to disclose private, and occasionally sensitive, topics; and a sharing of common interests and activities is known as

Intimate relationship

It is common for teens in EARLY adolescent to compare themselves with peers and become sensitive and self-conscious about their bodies

It is UNCOMMON

Is the average age for menarche to occur true for all ethnic groups?

It is generally true for all ethnic and geographic regions in the world. The correlation between the first sign of initiation of puberty and the age which first period sets in is very positive.

Does menstruation occur if all parts of a girl's reproductive system have not matured and working together?

No it does not occur. All parts must be matured and working together.

Does individuation involve stress and turmoil?

No. it relinquishes childish dependencies on parents in favor of a more mature responsible and less dependent relationship

Name the level Most 9 years olds and younger Don't have a personal code of morality. It is shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their rules authority is outside the individual and reasoning is based on the physical consequences of actions

Preconventional morality

What is the ceremony in the latino community which adolescents girls participate together in an elaborate sort of coming out celebration called

Quineceañera

A shift from seeing things in absolute terms black in white to seeing things relative

Relativisim

ADHD is frequently treated with what

Ritalin or combination of amphetamines (adder all) stimulant medication (helpful in 70% of cases) certain types of antidepressants can also help w mood disorder anxiety and depression

The intentional creation of scars on some part or parts of the body, often done as part of an initiation ceremony is classified in what type of ceremony

Scarification

Spermarche is also known as

Semenarche

Plays a fundamental role in processor cognitive development. (precedes learning)

Social intervention

Vygotsky's theory is one of the foundations of constructivism. It asserts three major themes what are they?

Social intervention More knowledgeable other (MKO) Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The beginning of the development of sperm in boys testicles at puberty is called

Spermarche

What is one of the first events In the life of a male leading to sexual maturity ...

Spermarche

Name the stages in preconventional morality

Stage 1: Obedience and punishment Orientation Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange

The child and individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society, so judgements concern obeying the rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt is what level and stage

Stage 4 Level 2 Maintaining social order

true or false ADHD persists into adolescent in 50 to 70% of cases and into adulthood in about half of all children with diagnosis

TRUE

What are examples of MKO

Teacher coach or other adult but also can be peers, younger person or even computers

What is the average age for menarche to occur?

The average is 12 years & 9 months to 13 years & 9 months.

Stage 1 Level 1 Obedience and Punishment Orientation

The child/individual is good in order to avoid being punished. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong

What is known to clash during adolescent and middle age?

The optimism of adolescence and the pragmatism of middle age

What are some characteristics before the celebration of Bat or Bar Mitzvah?

They are sent to a school where they are instructed in the productive activities of the community like fishing, hunting, farming.

A college freshman who made up her mind that she was going to become a DR at age 13 may enroll. in ridge curriculum without considering other careers is known as

Those who do not take advantage of psychosocial moratorium

True or False With the growth of the retail and service sectors of the economy the situation (work adolescenets) began to change during the second half of the twentieth

True

True or False Social redefinition during adolescence is very clear in most traditional cultures

True

True or False In boys growth continues to late adolescent which occurs between 19 to 21 years of age

True

True or False unstructured peer activity without adult supervision is associated with all sorts of problems—depression, delinquency, drug and alcohol use, violence, and precocious sexual activity

True

Are adolescent far more self conscious about identity changes?

YES

Is it true that lately over the years more and more juveniles are being tried as adults at younger and younger ages even though some may be incompetent to stand trial simply because of cognitive or emotional immaturity ?

YES

In what zone did learning occur

ZPD

The distance between a students ability to perform a task under guidance and/or peer collaboration and the students ability solving problem independently

ZPD Zone of proximal development

The term "teenager" came from what

a time when kids could get jobs, meaning they had their own money and relied less on parents - markerts realized these kids had to be marketed differently - they could make products for new and younger people.

What is an example self fulfilling prophecy

"Im probably gonna have a bad day" may alter his actions and then it happens

Compulsory education laws were passed in most states that required individuals to stay in school until at least turning

16. child labor laws restricting adolescents employment were enacted and part-time jobs were not plentiful as a result of these social and legislative changes, the employment of American teenagers declined steadily during the first four decades of the twentieth century.

Effects of multidimensional thinking in adolescence

- Adolescent can see things through more complicated lenses - adolescents can give much more complicated answers than children to questions - the development of a more sophisticated understanding of probability is also made possible by an improved ability to think in multiple dimensions - adolescents describe themselves and others in more complicated terms and find it easier to look at problems from multiple perspectives - understanding that people's personalities are not one sided, or that social situations can have different interpretations, permits that adolescent to have more sophisticated and complicated relationships - enables a broader understanding of sarcasm - adolescents ability to think in multiple digestions permits to appreciate satire, metaphor and languages

Compared to children how are adolescent different

- Adolescents are better thinking about what is possible ( hypothetical thinking ) - Adolescents are better at thinking about abstracting things - Adolescents thinking is more often multidimensional rather than single - Adolescents are more likely to see things in relative rather absolute - children become more argumentative during adolescence - Adolescents think more counterfactually - Adolescents reason more with math and science

Characteristics of Cognitive Change and the Development of Intimacy

- Compared to children, adolescents have more sophisticated conceptions of social relationships and better communication skills. - These developments permit adolescents to establish and maintain relationships with greater empathy, self-disclosure, and sensitivity; they also contribute to adolescents' feelings of loneliness if they perceive themselves as socially isolated.

Children's friendships versus adolescent friendships (basis, beliefs, characteristics)

- During adulthood, having at least one intimate friendship is beneficial to an individual's health: People who have others to turn to for emotional support are less likely to suffer from psychological and physical disorders - One reason is that it is not until adolescence that truly intimate relationships—relationships characterized by openness, honesty, self-disclosure, and trust—emerge. - Children's friendships are activity oriented; they are built around games and shared activities. To a child, a friend is someone who likes to do the same things he or she does.

Sexual intercourse and younger female adolescents

- For many girls, their first sexual experience is forced. - Involuntary sex is especially frequent among girls who have sex for the first time when they are 12 or younger - One-fourth of younger adolescents report that their first intercourse was against their will, in contrast to 10% of women whose first intercourse was after age 18. Many other young women who report that they had sex voluntarily the first time nevertheless report that they did not really want to have sex; girls in relationships where the balance of power favors the boy are more likely to have sex than those whose relationship is more equal. Young adolescents, both male and female, with a significantly older romantic partner are far more likely to have sexual intercourse than those whose partner is the same age

What are some characteristics of the Juvenile Justice System

- Operates under different rules and principles than the criminal justice system that applies to adults - Although being tried in the juvenile justice system usually results in severe sanction than being found guilty of the same crime in adult court (not always the case)

characteristics of Changes in Social Roles and the Development of Intimacy

- The behavioral independence that often accompanies the transition into adolescence provides greater opportunities for adolescents to be alone with their friends, engaged in intimate discussion. - Adolescents spend more time in conversation with their friends than in any other activity.

What are the three chief physical manifestations of puberty.

- a rapid accerlation in growth, resulting in dramatic increases in heigh and weight. - The development of primary sex characteristics ( sex glands ) - development of secondary sex characteristics ( pubic hair, changes in genitals and breasts )

Identity changes also includes social roles explain how

- changes in social roles at adolescent open up a new array of choices and decisions - adolescent is a time of important decision with school work relationship and future - facing these decisions about their place in society does more than provoke adolescents to ask questions about who they are and where they are headed it NECESSITATES asking them

How can working negatively impact the adolescent

- if the job is too stressful, unchallenging, repitive they gain little experience - Working more than 20 hours a week jeopardizes adolescent performance and engagement in school - intensive involved in a part time job can increase likelihood of dropping out of school

How can holding a job during adolescence benefit development

- learn how to budget, save and spend money wisely - in jobs were adolescents are given responsibility they are more likely to come away feeling more mature, competent and dependable

The abundance of free time in the lives of contemporary adolescents has several orgins what are they?

- one of the most important contributions was the development of compulsory schooling - adolescents prior were expected to work full-time, and most maintained schedules comparable to those of adults, working long hours each week - most didn't go to school, because they were working and couldn't do both (now they are) - organized leisure became an institutionalized part of adolescent as a supplement to school and a replacement for full-time employment. - part-time jobs held by teenagers that are familiar to us today- working behind fast-food counters or in supermarket, for instance - did not exist in large numbers, making opportunities for after school employment rare.

Social Emotional changes include

- teens struggle with sense of identity (during early ) feel awkward about boys - Mom and Dad aren't perfect and conflict begin to arise for desire for independence and influence of peer group increase - moodiness, testing boundaries and great interest in privacy are concerning - peer groups in early adolescent usually consists of platonic friendships .. behave dress in similar way - approach middle adolescent (14) they become self involved and have high expectations for themselves .. poor self image - age age 18 teens show a stronger sense of identity and emotional stability independent

Describe Authoritative parents

- they are warm and firm - set standards for the child's conduct but form expectations consistent with the Childs needs and capabilities - they value the development of autonomy and self direction but assume the ultimate responsibility for their child's behavior - deal with their child in rational, issues-orientated manner, frequently engaging in discussion over matters of discipline - strive to raise a child who is self reliant, strong sense of initiative.

Characteristics of cognitive changes also are

- they show an increased concern for the future and continue to be interest in moral reasoning - increased in setting goals and in moral reasoning, by late asolcene teens are able to think ideas through, delay gratification examine their inner emotions and experiences.

Explain some reactions to psycho social moratorium

1. can use time to gather info and explore options can be exhilarating experience 2. for others period of uncomfortable and anxious decision

In pre conventional reason how many levels are there and name them

1. pre conventional morality 2. conventional morality 3. post conventional morality

In Post conventional morality only what

10-15% are capable of the kind of abstract thinking nesscary in stage 5 and 6. Most people take their moral views from those around them and only minority think through ethical principles for themselves

Between what ages do many physical changes occur as teens enter adolescent

11 and 13 years of age

What is the average age of girls menstruating in the United States ?

12! **even though some may between 8 and 16. **

____ is a Jewish coming for age ritual for boys

Bar Mitzvah

___ is a Jewish coming for age ritual for girls

Bat Mitzvah

At what age does middle adolescent begins and physical growth slows for girls

Between ages of 14 to 18

What can be an easy way of understanding the reason for midlife crisis

Biological reason At the same time adolescents are having a rapid physical growth sexual maturation and a period of the life span of their prime of physical attractiveness their parents are beginning to feel an increased about their own bodies and sex appeal

A grief and loneliness caused when someone moves out of your home. This can occur when a child leaves their parents household, or a spouse loses their partner to death or divorce.. this is called

Empty nest syndrome

___ ___refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise. This type of motivation arises from outside the individual, as opposed to intrinsic motivation, which originates inside of the individual.

Extrinsic motivation

The first menstrual cycle, or bleeding in a female humans is known as

Menarche

What are the 4 reasons that by the end of adolescent children are far less emotionally attached to their parents?

First older adolescents do not generally rush to their parent when needing assitancing second do not see their parents as all knowing or all powerful third they often have great deal of emotional energy wrapped up in relationships outside of family finally older adolescents are able to see and interact with their parents as people

The status in which the adolescent does no have a sense of having choices, he or she has not yet made ( nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment is known as

Identity Diffusion

The status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices yet

Identity Moratorium

Who score highest on measures of achievement motivation, moral reasoning, intimacy with peers and career maturity

Identity achievement

What is an issue that is seen with adolescents in the criminal justice system

If the juvenile might be tried as an adult is whether the adolescent is competent to stand trial.

A separate system of courts and and related institutions developed to handle juvenile crime and delinquency is known as

Juvenile Justice System

While girls are fully physically developed by the beginning of __ adolescence, young men will continue to what.

Late adolescence men continue to gain weights, muscle mass, body hair and heights

Authority is internalized but not questioned, and the reasoning is based on the norms of the group to which the person belongs is known as

Level 2 - Conventional morality

The child individual is good in order to be seen as being a good person by others. therefore answers relate to the approval of others is what level and stage

Level 2 Stage 3 good interpersonal relationships

Individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles, and moral reasoning is based on individual rights and justice. According to Kohlberg this level of moral reasoning is as far as most people get. is what level

Level 3 Post conventional morality

the child/individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals. is part of what level and stage

Level 3 Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights.

People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone. is in what level and stage

Level 3 Stage 6. Universal Principles

Refers to anyone who has better understanding or a higher ability than the learned with respect to a particular task, process, or concept.

MKO More knowledgeable other

It is often considered the central event in female puberty because is signals the possibility of fertility .... this is known as ...

Menarche

Individuals who are in state of identity ___ are psychologically healthier than others on a variety of measures

achievement

Adolescent who spend five or more evening out in an average week are at least 4x more likely to what

be involved in antisocial activity than those who go out less than twice a week increase likelihood of problem behavior is unsupervised by adults at NIGHT

Employers hired teenagers because of why

because they needed who were willing to work part time for relatively low wages and short work shifts. - many businesses looked to teenagers to fill these jobs and the 1970s teenagers were plentiful - working during schools became a way of life but it reversed itself about 20 years ago.

During adulthood, having at least one intimate friendship is why

beneficial to an individual's health :One reason is that it is not until adolescence that truly intimate relationships—relationships characterized by openness, honesty, self-disclosure, and trust—emerge. - children relationships are different from those formed during adolescent : Another reason for the importance of intimacy during adolescence concerns the changing nature of the adolescent's social world - increasing importance of peers in general and other sex peers

Spermarche occurs from what age

between 13 to 15 years of age. This is noticed by taking urine test from boys and seeing if the presence of spermatozoa occurs.

When college students were asked what the most important criteria are for deciding when someone is ready to get married what is the main indicator

capacity for intimacy with another person among both females and males

What represents the second of the three fundamental changes that occur during adolescent

changes in cognition

When children leave who feel a greatest loss? mom or dads

dads

One of the central issues in the study of intimacy during adolescence is the onset of what

dating

Psychoanalytic theory process through which adolescents sever emotional attachments to their parents or other authority figures

detachement

The son of successful parents is a good student but not quite good enough to please his excessively demanding parents. He feels he is a nobody in his parents' eyes, so he drops out of school to play guitar in a band—something his parents vehemently oppose. As Erikson pointed out, most adolescents would rather be somebody "bad" than nobody at all. example of

negative identity

Identity diffusion is reflected not only in problems of identity but also in what areas?

of autonomy, intimacy, sexuality, and achievement

The roles adopted in the process of identity foreclosure revolve around the goals set for the young person by who?

parents or other authority figures

similar to extrinsic motivation).

performance motivation