Adolescent Psychology: Chapter 4: Familes!!
What are children with indulgent parents like?
Less mature, less responsible, and more conforming to their peers.
. Studies of immigrant families suggest that the least amount of conflict exists in households in which: A. adolescents and their parents communicate in their native language. B. adolescents and their parents communicate in English. C. adolescents use English to communicate with their parents, and the parents use their native language to communicate with their adolescents. D. parents have adjusted to living in the United States
a
. Which of the following statements about adolescents who have been adopted or spent time in foster care is true? A. It is hard to generalize about the impact of adoption on adolescent development; however, research with youth in the foster care system consistently indicates that these individuals have more problems than other youth. B. Children and adolescents with foster or adoptive parents have more problems than other individuals. C. Foster care children are more detached and resilient, and consequently, have fewer problems than youth who have been adopted. D. There are no differences between youth who have been adopted or placed in foster care and youth who are reared
a
According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd? A. one-sixth B. one-half C. two-thirds D. one-third
a
According to the textbook, during adolescence, which are more influential, nonshared or shared environmental influences?
nonshared
Rank ethnicities in order of their likelihood of growing up in two parent houses.
Asian (85%), White (75%), Hispanic (60%), and Black (33%)
What is the best parenting style?
Authoritative
Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions adult orientation and peer orientation. Page: 133 51. Dorion is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in: A. his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults. B. institutions valued by adults, but not involved in his peer culture. C. his peer culture, but not involved in institutions valued by adults. D. neither his peer culture nor institutions valued by adults
a
According to the Family Systems Model, financial strain increases mothers' and fathers'______, which, in turn, make parents more irritable, which adversely affects the quality of their parenting.
Dissatisfaction with their marriages, feelings of depression, and conflicts over money
Why is parental divorce during early adolescence particularly stressful for the adolescent?
Early adolescence is a time during which individuals are particularly sensitive to stress.
Sleeper Effects
Effects of divorce that are not apparent until later in a adolescent's life.
What types of environmental factors are particularly strong in adolescence?
Genetic and nonshared environmental influences.
What are children with indifferent parents like?
Impulsive, more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior, more likely to experiement with drugs, sex, and alcohol.
What is the worse parenting style?
Indifferent
How do adolescents who are adopted do?
It is a diverse group and hard to generalize.
Is divorce more or less common among graduates than non-graduates?
Less
Which of the following statements about classroom environment is true?
Moderate, rather than strict, control in the classroom promotes positive student behavior.
What are children with authoritative parents like?
More psychosocially mature, more responsible, self-assured, creative, intellectually curious, socially skilled, and academically sucessful.
Who do most children live with after a divorce? What percentage?
Mother 85% and Father 15%
What factors would explain the fact Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up?
Non-shared environments
Authoritarian Parents
Parents who use punitive, absolute, and forcefuldiscipline, and who place a premium on obedience and conformity.
Why do adolescents and parents argue over such mundane things?
Teenagers and their parents define the issues of contention very differently. Parents view issues as matters of right and wrong--as in matters of custom or convention. Teenagers see most things as personal choice.
Which of the following is not a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents?
The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household.
Parental Demandingness
The degree to which the parent expects and insists on mature, responsible behavior from the child.
Parental Responsiveness
The degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
The idea that individuals' behavior is influenced by others' expectations for them.
The fact that most books for parents of teens tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because
The more parebts beluece in streotypes, the worse the relationship with teens becomes
Sibling Deidentification
The process through which siblings deliberately try to be different from each other.
Behavioral genetics
The scientific study of genetic influences on behavior.
Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is false?
Younger children have a harder time adjusting to stepfamilies than older adolescents.
"Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of: A. crowds. B. cliques. C. youth cultures. D. gangs.
a
. Many immigrant families place an especially high value on _____, an orientation in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual. A. familism B. family system theory C. self-fulfilling prophecy D. deidentificatio
a
How does the period of adolescence change the way the family functions?
-Financial Changes: Adolescents grow quickly and parents have to keep buying them clothes and smart phones. Parents might start saving for their kids to go to college. -Increasing importance of the peer group: Adolescents want to spend more time with friends than family. -Different expectations between immigrant families and teenagers -Family functions change as well. During infancy the family is supposed to nurture, protect, and socialize with the children. However, during adolescents parents should support, guide, and direct instead.
American high school students spend fewer than ____ hours per week on homework, while Japanese high school students average closer to ____
5; 5 hours per day
Adolescents report that what percentage of parental treatment is not differential?
75%
Sandwich Generation
A generation of adults that have to take care of their kid in adolescence as well as their aging parents.
Foster care
A placement in a temporary living arrangement when a child's parents are not able to provide care, nurturance, or safety.
True or False? No studies demonstrate that family problems are any more likely to occur during adolescence then at any other time in the lifespan.
True
True or False? Divorce is worse for adolescents during the actual divorce.
True.
True or False? Teenagers and their parents fight more over the definition of an issue than over specific details.
True.
True or Fase? Young people in stepfamilies can be worse off than their peers in single-parent, divorced homes.
True.
True or false? Differences between the family relations of sons and daughters are minimal.
True.
. Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have: A. been coerced by their peers to join. B. had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood. C. been involved in drugs and alcohol. D. reported high levels of sensation-seeking behavior
b
Which of the following statements is most true of minority families and parenting styles?
because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, authoritarian parenting may actually be beneficial for these adolescents
According to the textbook, why do private school students academically outperform students at public schools?
because of the characteristics of the students who attend private schools
. Although conflict between adolescents and parents over mundane matters (e.g., curfews, clothing) is generally _____ frequent in ethnic minority than in White families, the topics of disagreement are _____ across ethnic groups. A. more; similar B. more; completely different C. less; completely different D. less; similar
d
. Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called: A. naturalistic observation. B. an ethnographic approach. C. a demographic approach. D. participant observation.
d
In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common. A. same sex; opposite sex B. same sex; same sex C. opposite sex; same sex D. opposite sex; opposite sex
a
Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent with peers? A. Maya, a White female B. Rosalia, a Hispanic-American female C. Hillary, a Black female D. Mike, an Asian-American male
a
Which of the following is not one of the three major factors that influence the transformation in family relationships that takes places during early adolescence? A. puberty B. changes in the balance of power C. gender of the adolescent D. violations of expectations
dd
All of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society, EXCEPT
decrease in family values
Research on violent video games has shown
in contract to 10 years ago, girls now play violent video games as frequently as boys do
What adolescent desire seems to be the hardest for a parent to accept?
independence because it signifies the end of a certain stage of parenting.
One tremendous problem in interpreting studies of media use and adolescent development is that:
it is extremely difficult to disentangle cause and effect
All of the following changes typically occur during adolescence, EXCEPT
larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques
In comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ______ time with their peers ______ with their parents
more; than
Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that:
most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents
As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. These difficulties suggest that: A. G. Stanley Hall was correct in stating that adolescence is a period of "storm and stress." B. the generation gap is a major issue for parents and their adolescents. C. their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood. D. Alex has been negatively affected by his entrance into the high school system.
c
What factors would explain the fact that Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up?
nonshared environment
Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents?
on how to wear his hair
Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, EXCEPT
parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity
When it comes to matters like religion, adolescents are more likely to be influenced by _____ over ______
parents/friends.
Although Sarah's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Sarah's poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the
sleeper effect of divorce
The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic effect, meaning: A. the program was successful and delinquent behavior was reduced. B. the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased. C. there were no effects on delinquent behavior, either positive or negative. D. some problem behaviors increased and others decreased.
b
Through which of the following behaviors does an adolescent help shape authoritative parenting?
by displaying psychosocial maturity, leading parents to encourage further development of maturity
. By the end of high school, crowds: A. have become a defining influence in the adolescent's life. B. increasingly gain in importance for an adolescent's identity. C. become less important to adolescents. D. peak in their importance to adolescents
c
. Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave? A. "nerds" B. "populars" C. "druggies" D. "normals"
c
All of the following changes typically occur during adolescence, except which one? A. Peer groups disintegrate. B. Pairs of dating adolescents split off from the larger group. C. Larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques. D. Couples become the focus of social activity.
c
Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge.
disequilibrium
According to research, _________ can be an effective way for enhancing the development of adolescents' reasoning abilities, moral judgment, and empathy.
family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained
According to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be:
less mature and more conforming to their peers.
Although conflict between adolescents and parents over mundane matters (e.g., curfews, clothing) is generally _____ frequent in ethnic minority than in White families, the topics of disagreement are _____ across ethnic groups.
less; similar
Under current federal law, children with learning disabilities must be:
mainstreamed whenever possible
One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents:
may also be experiencing identity crises of their own
One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents:
may also be experiencing identity crises of their own.
All of the following are factors associated with higher performance of students in Catholic schools relative to other schools, EXCEPT
more effective use of academic tracking
How many divorced men and divorced women get remarried?
more than 3/4 men and 2/3 of divorced women.
Research studying adolescent friendship networks has found all of the following, EXCEPT
more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques
Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _________ distant and __________ emotionally intense
more; less
According to Smetana, adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as _____, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as _____.
personal; conventional
According to Smetana, adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as ________, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as __________.
personal; conventional
Adolescents are least likely to seek out ____ webt sites on the internet
pornography
Felicia is very warm and accepting to both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are:
responsive and demanding
Amalia is most likely to be adversely affected by her parents' divorce if
she blames herself for her parents' problems.
Sarah is an excellent writer, but her younger sister Jane has always hated writing classes and instead has focused on developing gymnastic abilities. Sarah readily expresses disdain for gymnastics, so the girls feel that they are different enough to avoid direct competition. One explanation for this type of sibling behavior is called
sibling deidentification
The chief determinant of popularity in high school is
social competence
Debbie is moving from elementary school into middle school. We would expect her to experience declines in all of the following EXCEPT her:
standardized test scores
All of the following have been found to be benefits of playing sports as an adolescent, EXCEPT
starting training while young helps protect adolescents from injuries later
What is the paradox of dropping out of school?
students who drop out are typically the ones who are most harmed by doing so..
Jacquelynne Eccles argues that the difficulty adolescents experience in the transition to junior high school is a result of the:
teachers' beliefs about junior high students
Which of the following statements about tracking is FALSE?
teaching quality is more or less the same in different tracks
Which of the following is NOT a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents?
the adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household
The text states that _______ is/are the most critical influence on adolescents' adjustment.
the quality of their relationships at home
Research has shown that teachers tend to favor high-achieving students by providing extra cues for answers and more positive nonverbal behaviors than for lower-achieving students. Such evidence provides support for the notion that teachers' expectations may contribute to:
the self-fulfilling prophecy
As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. These difficulties suggest that:
their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood.
Which of the following in NOT a common message that the media conveys about sex?
unprotected sex can have serious consequences
Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is FALSE
younger adolescents have a harder time adjusting to stepfamilies than older adolescents
How do teens relate to mothers and fathers
• Fight more often with moms than dads • Tend to be closer to mom • Fathers are more likely to be seen as distant authority figures
Concerns of adolescents and their parents are often complementary. All of the following issues concern both adolescents and their parents, except: A. the future. B. sexual appeal. C. money. D. adult roles
c
Jim and Stacey are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is: A. highly likely. B. average. C. not likely. D. not easily predicted
c
Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during: A. childhood. B. preadolescence. C. middle adolescence. D. late adolescence.
c
Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups? A. mixed-sex groups B. less adult supervision C. sex segregation D. the emergence of peer "crowds"
c
During the 1920's, the ________ was designed to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.
comprehensive high school
Jesse has just married a woman who has two adolescent daughters. These children will adjust best if Jesse establishes all of the following types of discipline, except
controlling
Jesse has just married a woman who has two adolescent daughters. These children will adjust best if Jesse establishes all of the following types of discipline, except:
controlling
. According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school: A. were automatically labeled "dweebs" in high school. B. were the "popular" group in high school. C. could never become part of another crowd. D. had opportunities to shift status in high school.
d
. Kim lives in a poor neighborhood. As a result, Kim's mother drives her to school each morning and refuses to let her go out after dark. According to the textbook, Kim's mother is: A. suffering from the empty nest syndrome. B. using the promotive strategy. C. using the prohibitive strategy. D. using the restrictive strategy
d
. One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents: A. are frequently becoming more involved in building their own careers. B. seem to be pushing children toward financial independence at increasingly earlier ages. C. are often home too often and don't give their children adequate freedom. D. may also be experiencing identity crises of their own.
d
All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except: A. an increase in the amount of time adolescents spend with their friends. B. a decrease in the amount of adult supervision. C. an increase in contacts with opposite sex friends. D. a decrease in the size of their peer groups
d
Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except: A. cliques are formed on the basis of shared activities and interests. B. adolescents' increasing concerns about sex roles. C. adolescents' concerns about being ostracized by their friends for engaging in cross-sex activities. D. parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.
d
What are some of the reasons authoritative parenting is the best?
-Good balance between restrictiveness and autonomy. Adolescent can develop self-reliance while having limits and guidelines. -More likely to have verbal give and take which is good for psychosocial development. -It is based on a warm parent-child relationship which promotes closeness between the two. Kids more likely to share details of their lives with their parents and seek their advice.
According to the textbook, approximately _____ of American children will experience their parents' divorce
40%
How do parents and adolescents live in separate realities?
Adolescents could mistake a serious tone of voice with anger while the parents don't see it that way. Adolescents rate parents' behavior more negatively than the researcher and the parent.
If adolescents are NOT rebels without a cause then why do they rebel?
Adolescents do not resist all of their parents' attempts to make and enforce rules (stereotype), they draw distinctions between parental rules that they feel parents have a right to set (Like having to let their parents know how late they are going to be out) and rules that they think are out of bounds (Like having to keep their bedroom orderly). Of course adolescents have different perceptions of what they think their parents should have authority over.
Sibling Rivalry
Competition between siblings, often for parental attention.
Which child would be expected to have the most conflict with his parents?
Robert, a 13-year-old
Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?
adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school
Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?
adolescents who engage in tranditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying
In contrast to adolescents in the United States, adolescents in Europe:
are more likely to drop out of school early to take on a full-time job
Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through all of the following, except:
asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues.
The belief that being on welfare has a negative impact on adolescents: A. has been substantiated by the research. B. is incorrect because there are few differences in the behavior, values, and family relationships between adolescents whose families are or are not on welfare. C. is incorrect because the most current research finds that adolescents whose families receive welfare do better in school and later in their professional lives. D. has been neither supported nor rejected.
b
True or False? Authoritative parenting is less common among ethnic minorities than white people?
True.
What are some examples of how differing expectations of adolescence between parents and children affect familial relationships?
-Adolecents may see adolescence as a time of increased freedom whereas parents might see it as a time of increased disipline and control. -Adolescents may see adolescence as a time of increased family closeness while parents want time to themselves.
Adolescents from divorced families frequently display all of the following negative effects, EXCEPT
social rejection as a result of stigma
Experts are likely to express all of the following reasons for the failure of school reform, EXCEPT
the explosion of job opportunities in inner-city communities have left many students leaving school to pursue careers
The textbook states that _________ is the most critical influence on adolescents' adjustment.
the quality of the parent-child relationships at home
One potential reason that Mallory and Mikey, a brother and sister growing up in the same family, have completely different personalities may be that:
they have very different family experiences, both through differential treatment by parents and their own perceptions of similar experiences.
Midlife Crisis
A psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45, the age range of most adolescents' parents.
What are some differences in an adolescent and his or her parents' perspectives when the adolescent is going through puberty and the parents are going through midlife crises.
-Adolescents are gaining more physical maturity and sexual maturation while their parents are starting to look older. -Adolescents are looking ahead to the future while adults feel like their future is limited. -As adolescents choices seem limitless (career, marriage) while adults are forced to compare their early ambitions with what they have actually accomplished.
Which parent do adolescents seek for guidance and why?
-Adolescents have a close bond with their mothers and will share personal information and seek help from her. Some fight more with their mothers and perceive them as more controlling but this does not diminish their closeness. They may ask their fathers for homework help, but nothing personal. Fathers rely on mothers for information about their children's personal lives.
Explain the generation gap. What matters do adolescents and parents disagree on and what stays the same?
-Most of the time core values such as religion, hard work, educational and occupational ambitions, and personal characterisics and attributes that are desireable stay the same. Actually, these values vary more among adolescents then among generations. -Adolescents start to change their taste in clothing, hairstyles, and music because of their peer groups and involvement in extracurricular activites. These are much more transitional than core values.
What is the difference during adolescence between sibling relationships with same-sex siblings and mixed-sex siblings?
-Same-sex siblings increase intimacy between preadolescence and middle adolescence and then it declines. -Mixed-sex siblings have decreased intimacy between preadolescence and middle adolescence but then it increases.
Close to ____ of children in the United States grow up either in abject poverty or in low-income families
40%
What percentage of children are born outside of marriage? What percent of that is to two parent homes?
40%, 20%
What percentage of first marriages end in divorce? What percentage of children will experience their parents' divorce?
40%, 40%
Family Systems Theory
A perspective on family funtioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family relationships (such as marital, parent-child, sibling). Relationships in families change most dramatically during those times when individual family members or the family's circumstances are changing, since it is during these times that the family's previously established equilibrium will be upset.
What changes about adolescents role in the family as they get more mature?
Adolescents want more of an assertive position. Early adolescents interrupt because they want to be heard, but middle adolescents are treated as more of a part of the family and will stop trying to be heard in immature ways.
What ethnic groups are more likely to experience poverty and why?
African Americans and Hispanics because they tend to have a decreased likelihood of growing up in two parent homes.
What are some aspects of an adolescent that are largely controlled by genetic factors?
Aggression, risk for suicide and depression, alcohol dependence, adolescent conpetence, self-image, self-conceptions, and intelligence (measured by IQ). -Genes may shape tendencies, but whether these tendencies are actualized often depends on the environment.
familism
An orientation toward life in which the needs of one's family take precendence over the needs of the individual.
Which of the following statements is most true of minority families and parenting styles?
Because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, parental control may actually be beneficial for these adolescents.
Cory is more responsible, more self-assured, more adaptive, more creative, and more intellectually curious than most of her peers. Jerry, on the other hand, is very dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less intellectually curious than most of his peers. According to the textbook, what is the best way to explain this difference?
Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Jerry most likely has authoritarian parents.
General Dissonance
Divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents.
What are some of the factors that have changed the nature of family life?
Divorce, single parenthood, remarriage, and poverty.
What time during adolescence does conflict between parents and children increase and why?
Early adolescence; with time adolescents see more and more issues that they previously saw as legitimate for their parents to regulate as matters of personal choice.
Although conflict between adolescents and parents over mundane matters (e.g., curfews, clothing) is generally _____ frequent in ethnic minority than in White families, the topics of disagreement are _____ across ethnic groups.
Less; simila
A manifestation of adolescents' change in perspective is their willingness to do what?
Lie. Especially lies of omission.
What are children with authoritarian parents like?
More dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less intellectually curious.
Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______ distant and _______ emotionally intense.
More;less
Which of the following statements about parents of adolescents is not true?
Mothers' mental health declines when they enter the "empty nest stage."
Authoritative Parents
Parents who use warmth, firm control, and rational, issue-oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction.
Are there consequences for adolescents growing up in same-sex households?
No.
Shared environmental influences
Nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other.
What type of environmental influence appears to be the most important?
Nonshared enviromental influences that result from people having different experiences in what would appear to be the same context. Ex.) Being treated differently by parents.
Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents?
On how to wear his hair
Is it better for a child to have two parents with the same parenting type or to have at least one authoritative parent?
One authoritative parent. Normally it is not good for parents to disagree about how to raise their teenager.
Which two aspects of parents' behavior towards the adolescent are crucial?
Parent responsiveness and parent demandingness
Why is it difficult to determine the exact nature (and direction of the effect) of the relations between family characteristics and adolescent development?
Parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other.
Indifferent Parents
Parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness.
Explain how sibling relationships influence each other.
Quality of parent-adolescent relationship influences the quality of the sibling relationship. The sibling relationship influences their friendships. Their friendships influence their sibling relationship.
Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance?
Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents.
What do adolescents and their parents mostly argue about. Is there a difference between ethnicities?
Things like curfews, leisure time activities, clothing, and cleanliness of their rooms. It is less frequent in ethnic minority than in whites, the topics of disagreement are similar accross ethnicities.
What is is called when parents beliefs that they are going to have a difficult time with their child when he or she enters adolescence so much so that it becomes true as a result?
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
What environmental factors are less influential?
Shared environmental influences like SES or neighborhood.
According to behavioral geneticists, siblings are actually quite different from each other. Which of the following has not been used to explain this difference?
Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times.
Which of the following statements regarding divorce in America is true?
Social support from relatives has been found to buffer the effects of living in a single-parent household.
And what are some findings of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on adolescents?
Some of the differences in the effects of divorce on adolescents are a result of genetic differences among individual adolescents. It is the process of going through a divorce, not the change in family structure, that most affects the adolescent's mental health. The quality of an adolescent's relationship with important adults in the adolescent's life is more important than the number of parents in the home.
Why are children who have spent time in the foster care system more at risk for emotional and behavioral problems?
The greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems among foster care children could be because of the foster care placement itself. The greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems among foster care children could be because of the instability in living arrangements. The greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems among foster care children could be the product of the abuse or neglect that necessitated their removal from their biological parents' home.
Nonshared environmental influences
The nongenetic influences in individuals lives that make them different from people they live with.
What are some reasons that siblings are different?
They percieve family life differently. They are treated differently by their parents.
True or False? Adolescence takes more of a toll on the parents than on the adolescents. Why or why not?
True. It is a low point in parental marital and life satisfaction. Parents who are in an especially happy marriage may be buffered against these effects. Single mothers are especially vulnerable.
True or False? Authoritarian parenting is not as harmful for ethnic minorities as it is for whites.
True. It may be seen more as protective. Also, authoritative parenting is equally good for all backgrounds.
True or false? Puberty tends to diminish the closeness between parents and children, but that goes away with time.
True. This stems more from less physical contact and increased privacy than diminished love or respect.
Is the rate of divorce better or worse for a second marriage than a first one?
Worse.
Is the "empty nest" stage where parents' mental health declines a myth? Why or why not?
Yes. Parents' mental health is worse when children live at home than when they move out. Fathers, NOT mothers, are likely to feel the greatest sense of loss when children leave home.
. According to Smetana, adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as _____, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as _____. A. personal; conventional B. personal; moral C. conventional; personal D. moral; personal
a
. Hostile attributional bias: A. plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents. B. plays a small role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents. C. helps rejected adolescents gain acceptance. D. is the only factor in determining the behavior of rejected adolescents
a
According to an example provided in the textbook, a crowd member that has less social capital who is a really nice, thoughtful, and funny person may be high in _____ popularity but low in _____ popularity. A. sociometric; perceived B. perceived; sociometric C. status popularity; opposite-sex D. adult-oriented; peer-oriented
a
By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except: A. differential abilities in athletics. B. socioeconomic influences. C. differential levels of academic achievement. D. attitudes toward other races.
a
Chuck is a member of a higher status crowd at his school. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true? A. Chuck likely has high self-esteem. B. Chuck likely feels a lot of pressure to be "cool." C. Chuck likely holds quite a few misconceptions about his peers. D. Chuck likely has a diffused identity status.
a
Eric, a fourth-grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities? A. Little League baseball B. going to the mall with his friends C. hanging out at his friend's house unsupervised D. girl-watching
a
Even though it was clear that another student, Raul, accidentally pushed Noah, he insisted that Raul did it on purpose. What phenomenon is this? A. hostile attributional bias B. status bias C. in-group vs. out-group D. iatrogenic effect
a
Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as: A. a reference group. B. a clique. C. a youth culture.
a
In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way? A. identity development B. dating opportunities C. occupied his free time D. improved relationships with parents
a
Karen, a ninth-grader, was mad at Cheryl for spilling juice on Karen's shirt. Karen spread a rumor that Cheryl had gossiped about her friends. Karen is using _____ to express her aggression toward Cheryl. A. relational aggression B. hostile attributional bias C. aggressive-withdrawal D. bullying
a
Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge. A. disequilibrium B. equilibrium C. disinhibition D. guilt
a
Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents? A. on how to wear his hair B. on the issue of capital punishment C. on the choice of religious preference D. on the value of a college education
a
One study of more than 160,000 adolescents from 35 countries found that: A. the prevalence of bullying is higher in schools characterized by greater income inequality. B. adolescents who come from less affluent families are less likely to be bullied. C. the prevalence of bullying is higher in countries characterized by less income equality. D. adolescents who come from more affluent families are more likely to be bullied.
a
Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(an) _____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents. A. increase B. decrease C. initial increase, but then a strong decrease D. increase, but only for girls
a
Principal McGonagall has been watching his students for several years as they move through adolescence. Which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of achievement over time? A. jocks and brains B. jocks and populars C. brains and populars D. populars and normals
a
Research studying adolescent friendship networks over a 1-year period has found all of the following, except which one? A. More than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques. B. Girls are more likely than boys to be members of cliques. C. Boys are more likely than girls to be considered "isolates." D. Adolescents' positions in their schools' social network are relatively stable over time.
a
The textbook states that _________ is the most critical influence on adolescents' adjustment. A. the quality of the parent-child relationships at home B. attending a good school C. financial security D. living in a safe neighborhood
a
When it comes to basic, core values (e.g., religion, work, education) diversity _________ is much more striking than are differences _________. A. within the adolescent population; between the generations B. between the generations; within the adolescent population C. within families; within the adolescent population D. between families; within individuals
a
Which adolescent is most likely to be rejected as a result of aggressive behavior? A. Darlene, a female who is highly relationally aggressive B. Robert, a male who is highly relationally aggressive C. Donald, a male who is highly physically aggressive D. Ronald, a male who is moderately physically aggressive
a
Why is it so hard to teach adolescents to "just say no" to things adults disapprove, of such as drinking, smoking, and having risky sex? A. Unfortunately, these behaviors are typically associated with being popular. B. Unfortunately, adolescents are unwilling (or unable) to resist peer influence. C. Neither statement is true
a
Don's teacher is concerned about him because he is passive and indifferent to new experiences, and shows little intellectual curiosity. He also shows signs of developing low self-esteem. Based on Baumrind's classification of parenting styles, the best guess is that Don's parents are:
authoritarian.
. A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called: A. a clique. B. a reference group. C. a crowd. D. a youth culture
b
. A more sophisticated understanding of social relationships leads adolescents to gather in crowds. This is an example of which adolescent transition? A. biological B. cognitive C. social D. All of these are correct
b
. The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because: A. the stereotypes are usually based on facts. B. the more parents believe in the stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers become. C. most parents have no idea what to expect when their children reach adolescence. D. the more parents believe that they are going to have a difficult time with their adolescent, the less likely that the parents will create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
b
. The idea that an individual's behavior is influenced by other's expectations for them is a description of A. parent-child rift. B. self-fulfilling. C. empty nest syndrome. D. midlife crisis.
b
. The popular notion of a "generation gap" has only been supported in differences between parents and children with regard to: A. values and attitudes. B. personal taste. C. mother-daughter relationships. D. father-son relationships
b
According to many well-designed studies that have looked at the psychological consequences of growing up with lesbian or gay parents: A. the quality of the parent-child relationships at home is more contentious than in straight families. B. children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are not psychologically different from those with straight parents. C. children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents differ substantially from those with straight parents in the domains of gender identity and sexual orientation. D. children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents suffer from more emotional turmoil than children and
b
Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of: A. relational aggression. B. hostile attributional bias. C. aggressive-withdrawal. D. bullying.
b
During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been referred to as: A. brother-sister avoidance. B. sex segregation. C. youth culture. D. sex grading
b
Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn. Esther is most likely to be at risk for: A. conduct problems. B. diminished social competence. C. aggressive behavior in adulthood. D. drug and alcohol abuse
b
Felicia has a problematic relationship with her parents. All of the following negative effects are likely to occur for Felicia, except: A. development of an antisocial disposition. B. active school involvement. C. school failure. D. rejection by classmates
b
Felicia has a problematic relationship with her parents. All of the following negative effects are likely to occur for Felicia, except: A. development of an antisocial disposition. B. active school involvement. C. school failure. D. rejection by classmates Felicia has a problematic relationship with her parents. All of the following negative effects are likely to occur for Felicia, except: A. development of an antisocial disposition. B. active school involvement. C. school failure. D. rejection by classmates
b
Jamie is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. Based on this information, what has Jamie's social life been influenced by? A. age-grading B. sex segregation C. cliques D. the baby boom
b
Luis's family has lived below the poverty level his entire life. Research suggests that Luis is likely to experience all of the following, except: A. greater exposure than other adolescents to violence. B. greater family cohesiveness than other adolescents his age. C. greater alienation from school than other adolescents his age. D. higher levels of stress than other adolescents his age.
b
One reason for imbalance or disequilibrium in the family during the adolescent years is that parents . are too involved in their own careers to notice their children. B. may be experiencing their own type of "identity crisis." C. may be pushing their child toward financial independence too early. D. are too restrictive of their adolescents' finances.
b
Some researchers have tried to teach adolescents to use nonviolent forms of conflict resolution. Are these programs effective? A. Yes, these programs are typically very successful. B. No, such nonviolent behaviors can make adolescents appear weak. C. The textbook indicates that these programs have produced conflicting findings. D. Yes, but only in urban neighborhoods with a high proportion of Black adolescents.
b
The determinants of sociometric popularity are ______, though the determinants of perceived popularity are _____. A. highly variable; things like social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor B. things like social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor; highly variable C. good looks and wealth; athletic ability and school achievement D. athletic ability and school achievement; unknown
b
The tensions that are often assumed to be inherent in the relations between adolescents and adults are referred to as the: A. parent-child rift. B. generation gap. C. empty nest syndrome. D. midlife crisis.
b
Tommy values education and works hard in school but also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekend. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to? A. "nerds" B. "populars" C. "partyers" D. "toughs"
b
Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups? A. mixed-sex groups B. less adult supervision C. sex segregation D. the emergence of peer "crowds"
b
Which of the following is not one of the three major factors that influence the transformation in family relationships that takes places during early adolescence? A. puberty B. changes in the balance of power C. gender of the adolescent D. violations of expectations
b
Which of the following statements about family conflict is true? A. Family problems are more likely to occur during adolescence than in other developmental periods. B. Among those teenagers and parents who report having problems, the great majority had problematic relationships during childhood. C. Adolescents frequently report declines in the quality of family interactions. D. A large percentage of families who have positive relations during childhood develop serious problems during
b
. Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled: A. a gang. B. a reference group. C. a crowd. D. a clique.
c
. Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of: A. occupational ambitions. B. educational goals. C. patterns of leisure activity. D. values.
c
. Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that most adolescents: A. experience considerable storm and stress in relationships with parents. B. resent their parents and rebel against their restrictions. C. appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents. D. become even closer to parents, and report almost no disruptions in their relationships with them
c
. Similarity in ________ is most likely to serve as a basis for cross-ethnic group friendships. A. attitudes toward school achievement B. musical taste C. patterns of substance use D. sports ability
c
Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of: A. selection. B. socialization. C. both selection and socialization. D. None of these are correct
c
New technologies and social innovations have: A. transformed family life, and as a result, parents don't really make a difference. B. not transformed family life; however, these technologies have caused parental influence to be overshadowed by the peer group. C. not changed the fact that adolescents continue to need the love, support, and guidance of adults who care about them. D. given teens a new way to rebel against their parents' moral preferences.
c
Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is not true of changes that take place in crowds? A. Their structure becomes less hierarchical. B. Their structure becomes more permeable. C. Their descriptions become more concrete (e.g., the "preppy" group becomes "the PlayStation crowd"). D. Their structure becomes more differentiated
c
Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents to learn about their particular mini-cultures. Professor Gates is most likely studying: A. peer collectives. B. cliques. C. crowds. D. subcultures
c
Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school. A. lower B. the same C. higher D. Self-esteem varies from person to person.
c
The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by a combination of: A. aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills. B. bad karma and well-developed social skills. C. delinquent behaviors and extreme shyness in social situations. D. being female and plotting an aggressive response in advance.
c
Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is false? A. Morals and values are shaped over a long period of time and therefore are less likely to be subject to disagreement between parents and their adolescents. B. Personal tastes in music and clothing shift quickly and are likely to be influenced by peers rather than parents. C. Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents. D. The generation gap between parents and adolescents is more likely to be noticed in such domains as music, clothing, and leisure activity than in matters such as ethics and morality.
c
Who is at the greatest risk of developing psychological problems as a result of peer rejection? A. an aggressive child B. a withdrawn child C. an aggressive-withdrawn child D. a reclusive child
c
According to many well-designed studies that have looked at the psychological consequences of growing up with lesbian or gay parents:
children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are not psychologically different from those with straight parents.
. For which of the following scenarios would Amy, an older adolescent, be most likely to accept her parents' rules? A. whether it is permissible to cheat on a school test B. whether it is permissible to drink and drive C. whether she should let her parents know what time she'll be home after going out D. All of these situations are scenarios where Amy will feel that her parents' have a legitimate right to make (and enforce) rules.
d
. Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during all of the following events, except when: A. individual family members are changing, such as during adolescence. B. a family's circumstances are changing, such as with divorce or a change in economic status. C. the family equilibrium changes, such as when a family member develops a chronic illness. D. lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern.
d
. Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept, and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as an example of what? A. reactive aggression B. friendly fire aggression C. relative aggression D. relational aggression
d
. When it comes to matters like religion, adolescents are more likely to be influenced by _____ over _____. A. friends; parents B. media; friends C. media; parents D. parents; friends
d
. Why are children who have spent time in the foster care system more at risk for emotional and behavioral problems? A. The greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems among foster care children could be the product of the abuse or neglect that necessitated their removal from their biological parents' home. B. The greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems among foster care children could be because of the foster care placement itself. C. The greater risk for emotional and behavioral problems among foster care children could be because of the instability in living arrangements. D. All of these are reasons that foster care children and adolescents may have more problems than other children and adolescents.
d
A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called: A. naturalistic observation. B. a longitudinal approach. C. a demographic approach. D. participant observation.
d
According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except: A. Gang members tend to have more emotional and behavioral problems than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members. B. Gangs are usually identified by name and common symbols. C. Gang members tend to be more isolated from their families. D. Gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who
d
Adults tend to be ______ when their children are adolescents than the past generation. A. younger B. less busy C. more conservative D. older
d
After midlife, parents are more likely to think about the future in terms of: A. how much time they have been alive. B. how much time their children have been alive. C. how much time until their children die. D. how much time they have left to live themselves
d
All of the following are classifications for unpopular or disliked adolescents, except: A. aggressive. B. withdrawn. C. aggressive-withdrawn. D. offensive-reclusive
d
Justin's parents try extremely hard (almost excessively) to control his choice of friends. What effect is this style of parenting likely to have on Justin? A. Justin is likely to become a rejected and withdrawn student at school. B. Justin will gain more respect for his parents. C. Justin will be less likely to be involved in drug use and delinquent activity. D. Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers.
d
Research has indicated that one source of conflict between teenagers and parents is that they define issues very differently. This finding: A. has not been replicated in non-White groups. B. is not true for middle and lower class adolescents. C. has not been replicated internationally. D. has been replicated across many cultural and ethnic groups
d
The chief determinant of popularity in high school is: A. physical attractiveness. B. academic achievement. C. being good at sports. D. social competence
d
The following is often a trademark of persistent bullies: A. more troubled family relationships. B. more troubled peer relationships. C. greater difficulty controlling aggression. D. All of these are correct.
d
The identity crisis of adolescence may interact with the ________ in increasing family conflict. A. hormonal surges of puberty B. stage theorists' description of cognitive development C. intergenerational conflict with parents D. midlife crisis of adults
d
Tony belongs to a peer culture called "the toughs." We would expect that Tony is: A. involved with sports. B. well liked by most of his peers. C. respected as someone who looks out for others. D. possibly a gang member.
d
Which of the following statements about cliques is false? A. Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior. B. Cliques are typically composed of adolescents from the same socioeconomic background. C. Cliques are typically composed of friends with similar interests and attitudes. D. Cliques rarely have members who differ in age
d
Which of the following statements about friendship stability is true? A. Opposite-sex friendships tend to be more stable than same-sex friendships. B. Girls' friendships tend to be more stable than boys' friendships. C. Well-adjusted adolescents tend to have friendships that don't last very long. D. Only half of all reciprocated best friendships that exist at the beginning of the school year exist at the end
d
Which of the following statements regarding Internet harassment is false? A. Perpetrators of Internet harassment are likely to show problems in social skills. B. Perpetrators of Internet harassment also engage in typical bullying. C. Many of the same adolescents who report having been victimized also report bullying others and these adolescents have the greatest adjustment problems. D. Most cyberbullying is conducted anonymously.
d
The divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families consisting of immigrant parents and U.S.-acculturated adolescents is called generational ________.
dissonance
Denise's parents have both been laid off from work and are unable to pay the bills. Denise's parents are likely to do all of the following, except
engage in drug and alcohol abuse
Ethnic differences in parenting practices suggest that:
even though authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, its effects on adolescent development are beneficial in all ethnic groups.
When siblings are treated differently by parents, research shows that they are likely to:
get along better because they feel unique
When siblings are treated differently by parents, research shows that they are likely to:
get along better because they feel unique.
According to the text, ______ do bettter in math during elementary school and ______ are more likely to be enrolled in advanced math classes in high school
girls; boys
Luis's family has lived below the poverty level his entire life. Research suggests that Luis is likely to experience all of the following, except:
greater family cohesiveness than other adolescents his age
A reason stated in the text to explain why today's youth do not place the same value on education as their parents is that American adolescents:
have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults
Max tells his friends that his mother is a "real marshmellow" who does whatever he wants and who never enforces the rules she tries to set. If Max's statement is true, his mother is best characterized as :
indulgent
Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as _______, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as _______
instrumental aggression; reactive aggression
Changes in the structure of secondary schools have been linked to broader societal revolutions. All of the following factors have contributed to these changes, EXCEPT
intellectualization
The belief that being on welfare has a negative impact on adolescents:
is incorrect because there are few differences in the behavior, values, and family relationships between adolescents whose families are or are not on welfare.
Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in:
restaurants and retail establishments
Which has a greater effect on students' scholastic achievement: school size or class size?
school size