Adolescent psychology Final Exam
Which of the following explanations of friendship would probably be associated with the oldest child?
" He will stick up for me when a bully picks on me"
American high school students spend fewer than ____ hours per week on homework, whereas Japanese, Taiwan and India high school students average closer to ________.
5: 5 hours per day
According to evidence cited in the textbook, the ideal size of a school for adolescents is between:
600 and 900 students
Dave knows that kids who drink and drive sometimes get killed, but he believes that he is somehow immune to having such a terrible thing to happen to him. Dave's belief is an example of:
A personal fable
As used in the study of adolescence, the term intimacy refers to an emotional attachment between two people that is characterized by all of the following except:
A sexual and/or physical relationship
Bickering and squabbling between teenagers and their parents is largely caused by:
Adolescents ability to formulate counterarguments
Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?
Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school.
An adolescent may have an intimate relationship with _________.
All of the above
Not only are schools the chief educational arena for adolescents, but they also play an extremely important role in:
All of the above
What is it about adolescent thinking that makes them better problem solvers than children?
All of the above
What type of behaviors does the term non coital activity refer to?
All of the above behaviors are considered non-coital
Which of the following is not a way that adolescent behavior is affected by their crowd membership?
All of these statements are ways that adolescents behavior is affected by their crowd membership.
Which of the following was not an effect of No Child Left Behind?
All of these were unintended consequences of the NCLB
An infant who is indifferent to his/her caregiver would have what type of attachment?
Anxious- Avoidant
What is the best way to conceptualize adolescent sexual development?
As gradual stages of increasing intimacy
Which of the following statements is true?
As school size increases, academic achievement decreases
The close significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called?
Attachment
Tammy's father me has absolute standards and expects Tammy to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her, and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead his response is, " I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?
Authoritarian
Joshua's parents set rules for him, but he feels that when a rule seems unfair, he can discuss it with his parents and, even if they don't argue to change the rule, they at least listen to his opinions. Joshua's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles?
Authoritative
Marcus feels like his parents don't care about because him he wishes they would pay attention and enforce rules what parenting style is this?
Authoritative Parenting
The sexual _________ of males and females may be similar, but the sexual _________ of males and females is quite different.
Behavior; Socilization
Jane has decided not to go drinking with her friends after school. She realizes this is wrong and decides not to give into peer pressure. What type of autonomy is Jane displaying?
Behavioral
Which of the following aspects of autonomy involves a capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with it?
Behavioral autonomy
Members of which of the following racial groups are most likely to become sexually experienced at earlier ages?
Black adolescents
___________ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas ______________ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interactions.
Cliques; Crowds
The transformation and religious thinking during adolescence can be best understood as part of the overall development of __________ autonomy.
Cognitive
Who is at the greatest risk of developing body dissatisfaction
Early maturing female
Peter is noticing changes in the expression of affection and distribution of power in his relationships with his parents. He is less likely to rush to them with a problem and is spending more time with his friends. What type of autonomy is developing with Peter?
Emotional
Which of the following types of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's close relationships?
Emotional autonomy
Professor Flitwick is studying the _________ system, which produces, circulates, and regulates, levels of hormones in the body.
Endocrine
Henry believes that rise of adolescent peer groups has contributed to the rise of adolescent crime and drug use, which of the following statements refutes his beliefs?
Even though society has continued to become increasingly age segregated, the rates of many adolescent problem behaviors have fluctuated considerably over the past few decades.
According to Piaget the period of cognitive Dev based on theoretical abstract of the logic is called
Formal Operations
Which of the following sex characteristics is the first to develop in boys?
Growth of testes and scrotum
Which term below allows individuals to suspend their beliefs about something in order to argue about something in the abstract?
Hypothetical thinking
John is a junior in high school l. Although he is sociable, he feels very self conscious. He feels as if everyone is evaluating him. David Elkind refers to this loss of perspective in adolescence as:
Imaginary audience
15 year old Hermione is able to write a much more complex answer than 10 year old Ginger to the question, "compare the advantages and disadvantages of using simple spells for self protection. " This is because, as an adolescent, Hermoine is able to think:
In multiple dimensions
According to the textbook, puberty involves all of the following except
Increases in intellectual functioning
As discussed in the textbook, during the 1950's, how did the United States respond when politicians felt the United States had lost its scientific edge to the former Soviet Union?
Indecreased emphasis was placed on math and science education
what generalization can you make about the nature of peer influence in adolescence?
It is unwise to generalize about the nature of peer influence; peers can exert both positive and negative influences.
Which adolescent is least likely to spend leisure time reading?
Jeannette, who lives in the United States
Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been ________ and transition into adulthood ___________.
Lengthened; prolonged
Allison says that Susan is her friend because she can tell her secrets and she won't tell anyone else. Susan's definition of friendship is based on ___________________
Loyalty
Which of the following friendship qualities would be the most important to Sarah, a 14-year-old female adolescent?
Loyalty
The average girl in the United States reaches ___________, the time of her first menstrual period, sometime between the ages of 12 and 13.
Menarche
The ability to think about one own thoughts is called what?
Metacognition
Which of the following statements about classroom environment is true ?
Moderate, rather than strict, control in the classroom promotes positive student behavior
Natalie's mom believe that peers influence each other to use drugs and spend time partying, rather than studying. Given what you know about adolescent peer relationships, is this true?
Natalie's mom is sort of right- adolescents exert both positive and negative influences on each other.
Albert always follows the clothing trends his friends start at school. Carl ignores the trends at school and strictly adheres to his parents' guidelines for dressing. Which adolescent is genuinely autonomous?
Neither Albert or Carl
Which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficult complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends?
Permissive
Which child is probably experiencing for the first time the need to be intimate with a friend?
Randy, who is 11
Which of the following the female characteristics is the last to develop?
Regular ovulation
Which of the following patterns of attachment is positively correlated with high sociability n childhood?
Secure
Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups?
Sex segregation
The term adolescent became widely used at what time?
Since the 19th century
Adolescents develop the ability to think about social issues, a concept more generally referred to as:
Social cognition
Kaji, a 16 year old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by his tribesmen. This change in Kaji's role and status may be referred to as:
Social redefinition
Which of the following can delay the onset of puberty?
Stress, nutritional deficiencies, excessive exercise
In chapter 4 of this textbook you learned that there are _________ differences among ethnic groups within the United States with respect to the parental discipline and ethnic socialization. However, differences between ethnic groups in the expression of intimacy between adolescents and parents are:
Substantial; Modest
Popularized about 50 years ago, this expression refers to young people in a more frivolous and lighthearted manner then the term adolescent.
Teenager
Boys and girls initial interest in sex is influenced primarily by ________________.
Testosterone
Which of the following is not thought to contribute to the onset of puberty?
The development of primary sex characteristics
Kikko strongly dislikes electronic/dub-step but told Keith who is a big Skrillex fan and her latest love interest, that electronic/dub step is her favorite and that she would love to go with him to see Skrillex in concert. This type of behavior is called:
The false self
Approximately how many of today's high-school students will have world in after- school job before graduating?
The majority
The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because:
The more parents believe in the stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers become
According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development?
The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on many factors, including the nature of the job, the number of hours worked each week, and the aspect of development.
Sarah is a junior high student anticipating and preparing for puberty. She wants to know when puberty will start and how long it will take until she looks and is considered an adult. What would you tell her?
The timing of puberty, as well as the rate with which it occurs, is highly variable and is influenced by by both genetic and environmental factors.
How much do peoples personalities differ before and after adolescence?
They remain about the same
Until recently, what aspect of teenage sexuality did social scientists focus on?
Until fairly recently researchers only focused on the problematic aspects of an illicit sexuality
The paradox of adolescent autonomy is that:
Whereas adolescents today are expected to be increasingly autonomous psychologically and socially, they are now less autonomous economically.
An analysis of "virginity pledges" that encourage adolescents to promise to abstain from premarital sex has found that:
about 82% of adolescents who take a virginity pledge will deny having done so in 5 years
Mya can understand the metaphor "my heart is an open book" because she is able to focus on
abstract and conceptual relations
In addition to the school year being longer than it was in the past
adolescents remain in school for more years
The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called
age grading
Which substance is most commonly used and abused by adolescents?
alcohol
Changes in social defintion also bring changes in _________?
all of the above
Teenagers may become self-conscious because they believe people are talking about them which characteristic are they exhibiting?
an imaginary audience
The term puberty also refers to the period during which
an individual becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
Maria is the mother of a 6 month-old baby girl, Antonia. Antonia does not seem to have a close, trusting bond with Maria. Instead their relationship sis characterized by ambivalence. What type of attachment best describes Antonia's relationship with Maria?
anxious- resistant attachment
Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescence?
authoritative
When Ken is alone, he fantasizes about supermodels and masturbates. This type of behavior is called:
autoerotic
The psycho-social domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called:
autonomy
Which of the following is not associated with risky sex behavior?
being exposed to pornography
One study described in the textbook indicated that, among Black and Latino students, transitioning to a school where the proportion of students from the same ethnic background is lower than it had been at their previous school is associated with all of the following except:
better engagement in school
10 year old George's budding attractions are Most likely explained by?
by maturation of the adrenal glands through the process called adrenarche.
Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike everyday. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called a :
clique
A group of individuals who were born during a particular time period are known as a
cohort
Children's friendships are based on _________, whereas adolescents' friendships are typically based on ________.
companionship, intimacy
Which of the following is not one of the areas of fundamental changes in adolescents?
conceptual
Druggies, jocks, and nerds are examples of:
crowds
Adolescents are most likely to exhibit false-self behavior with their _____________.
dates
All of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society except:
decrease in family values
Over the course of adolescence, conflict between siblings __________, and this may be due to the fact that they spend __________ time together in adolescence than they did in childhood.
decreases; less
___________ Is an ex of internalizing disorder _______ is an example of an externalizing disorder?
depression, and anxiety; delinquency. antisocial aggression, & truancy
In classical psychoanalytic theories, the process of separation that occurs during early adolescence is referred to as:
detachment
Recent research has indicated that _________ has negative effects on adolescent mental health, whereas _________ has positive effects.
detachment; individuation
When asked to describe himself, Aaron stated, " Most of my friends think I don't care about school, but i really study a lot at night because school is important for me." This is an example of how adolescent self- conceptions become more:
differentiated
The neurotransmitters associated with the area of pleasure that is implicated in substance abuse probably is known as ?
dopamine
Which developmental period appears to be when warmth and closeness for siblings is at its lowest point?
early adolescence
The most common reasons that 14-15 year old's give for abstaining from sex are:
fear of disease and fear of pregnancy
Which of the following Terms applies more to adolescent thought than to childhood thoughts?
flexible, speculative, abstract
Adolescents improve their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, which is one aspect of _____________.
future orientation
The adolescent growth spurt:
generally begins two years earlier for girls than for boys
The tensions that are often assumed to be adherent between adolescents and adults are referred to as
generation gap
Which of the following is not associated with adolescents who work?
greater absences from school
Bill is a very feminine male. Based on this sex role behavior, one would predict that Bill is probably __________.
homosexual
An important aspect of having a healthy self concept and more socially appropriate behavior is to be able to balance one's ________ self with one's ______ self.
ideal; feared
In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way?
identity development
Which of the following is not one of the five chief changes in cognition during adolescence?
increased imagination
Whereas ______________ refers to an individual's capacity to behave on their own, ___________ has emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components.
independence; autonomy
In contrast to the psychoanalytic perspective, many researchers today assert that a late adolescent who is generally and progressively sharpening his/her sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one's parents is developing a sense of:
individuation
According, to the textbook, all of the following contributed to the rise of the adolescent in the workplace in the US except:
industrilization
Dr Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the
inventionist perspective
Which of the following statements about adolescents who have been adopted or spent time in foster care is true?
is it hard to generalize about the impact of adoption on adolescent development; however, research with youth in the foster care system consistently indicates that these individuals have more problems than other youth.
Current research suggests that sexual intercourse during high-school years:
is part of the normative experience of adolescence in America
Which of the following is the best explanation of serious problem behavior in adolescence?
it is likely a sign that something is wrong
Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part time job. She is most likely to spend the money on:
leisure activities
Peers usually have more influence than parents of matters of
leisure activities
Adolescent's close friendships are distinguished from their casual friendships in the types of conflicts between adolescents they have. Although conflicts between adolescents and their close friends are ___________ frequent than they are between adolescents and other peers, arguments between close friends are ___________ emotional.
less; more
Although conflict between adolescents and parents over mundane matters (ex: curfew, clothing) is generally _________ frequent in the ethnic minority than in white families, the topics of disagreement are _________ across ethnic groups.
less; similar
Researchers have found that with respect to reporting their sexual activity, ____________________.
males tend to overstate their level of activity
During late adolescence and the college years, students who lives away from home report all but which of the following?
more strained family relationships
Jim and Stacy are parents of two preteen girls, throughout the girl's childhood they have experienced harmonious relationships what is the likely hood that they will experience extreme problems when the girls go through adolescence is _______________?
not likely
Which aspect of parent- adolescent communication about sex is likely to have a meaningful effect on the adolescent's behavior?
parent child communication specifically focused on the topic of contraception lowers the rate of risky sex
Judy and Jessica hang around people their same age; these people are most accurately described as
peers
Max tell his friends his mom is a real marshmallow he gets to do whatever he wants what kind of parenting style is this?
permissive parenting
The beliefs that one's thoughts feelings and experiences are their own is called what?
personal fable
What does the 5 factor model describe?
personality dimensions
Having more income than one can manage during early adolescence has been called _____________.
premature affluence
A double shift in social status that takes place in adolescence takes place in _______ and ________.
privileges; expectations
Adolescents spend the least amount of time on ______________ activities and the most amount of time on __________activities.
productive; leisure
Which of the following parent behaviors entourages healthy adolescent development and behavior?
providing a family environment that is characterized by close family relationships
Some critics of the No Child Left Behind Act argued that it was having the unintended consequences of:
providing incentives for schools to push low-achieving students out of school
The physical transformation from child to adult is called:
puberty
Which of the following is not considered an aspect of positive sexual development that the majority of adolescents face?
reconciling feelings of sexual arousal with one's religious beliefs
Issues of autonomy:
recur throughout the life span
In early adolescence, ____________ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence.
same sex; opposite sex
Secondary education refers to:
second grade
The extreme skepticism observed in many adolescents is most likely a result of
seeing knowledge as relative rather than as absolute
Janelle is told that no matter how hard she tries she will never pass the exam. As a result, she believes that failing is inevitable
self fulfilling prophecy
Maria describes as on only child as a person who likes art and music, is shy, and likes to read. Maria's description fits best with the idea of _____________.
self-conception
How positively or negatively people feel about themselves defines _____________.
self-esteem
Identity formation is best seen as _____________.
series of interrelated developments
A practice of moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance is known as what ?
social promotion
Compared to their counterparts from previous decades, today's American adolescents:
spend more days per year in school
Mitch attends high-school were 95% of the students are involved in extracurricular activities. This probably will also mean that at Mitch's school:
student enrollment is low
Studies that compare adolescents' working models of their relationships:
suggest than an individual's beliefs and expectations about relationships are similar across different interpersonal domains
The status of adolescents as full time students arose as a result as?
the Industrial Revolution
The hormonally induced increase in the rate of growth in height and weight is referred to as:
the adolescent growth spurt
Which of the following statements about the production of hormones at puberty is false?
the body begins to produce several hormones that have not been present in the body up until this time
Sexual socialization refers to ___________.
the way in which an individual is exposed to and educated about sexuality.
According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called:
the youth culture
Before the industrial revolution the term child referred
to anyone under the age of 18 or even 21.
The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called:
tracking
In America today, what percentages of teens between the ages of 14 and 17 are in school ?
virtually all individuals