Adolescent Test 1

Which parenting style is more common among minority families than among White families?

The Authoritarian parenting (Hitler style) kind of cold parents Latino, African American (minorities) because is more likely these families live in dangerous communities

Scarification?

intentional creation of scars on some parts of the body, if we look beneath the surface, we find the meaning and significance of each culture;s practices (ear or body piercing, shaving, tattoos, putting makeup

5. Brother-sister avoidance? Be able to provide examples.

no direct contact between brother and sister:different rooms, different restrooms will start shutting doors, dorms, not taking showers together

Indulgent

which is more accepting, benign, and passive; they let the kids do what they want. Few demands on childs behavior

Authoritarian

which is more punitive, restrictive, and controlling; the belief the child should accept without question the rules and standards established by parents

Authoritative,

which is warm, firm, and fair;Rules, guidelines but they are warm they are more successful, they are more socially acceptive by their peers

iv. Formal Operational-

(12-18 years)-abstract, hypertical thinking, logical thinking

ii. Preoperational-

(2 years-6 years)-children are egocentric this is one of the key aspects they are not able to see other peoples perspective but their own

iii. Concrete Operational-

(6 years- 12 years)-different way of thinking they create, they have to be able to see it it cannot be abstract object

i. Sensorimotor-

(birth to approximate 2 years) cognitive development sensor and motor skills

i)attention

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9. What is social perspective taking and how does it change during adolescence?

...the ability to view events from the perspective of others Adolescent more capable of discerning another persons perspective on some issue or event but they are also better to understand that persons perspective on their own point of view

8. What does implicit personality theory suggest?

...why people re the way they are ex:when someone trips they see it in a different perspective

1. What are the 5 chief ways in which adolescents' thinking differs from that of children? Be able to provide examples.

1. Adolescent are better able than children to think about WHAT IS POSSIBLE INSTEAD OF LIMITING THEIR SELVES OUT 2. Adolescent are better than children to think of ABSTRACT CONCEPTS, metaphors 3. Adolescents think more often than children about THE PROCESS OF THINKING ITSELF, i think that she thinks 4. Adolescents thinking compared to children's is more ofter MULTIDIMENSIONALLY rather than limited to a single issue they can't think in relative terms as sarcasim 5. Adolescents are more likely than children to SEE THINGS IN RELATIVE, AS OPPOSE TO ABSOLUTE TERMS

3.What are the 5 main physical manifestations of puberty?

1.Rapid growth in height and weight 2. The development of primary sex characteristics the development of gonads or (sex glands) (Example)Testes in males & Ovaries in Females 3. Development second characteristics changes in genital, breast growth, pubic, facial and body hair 4. Body composition (distribution of fat and muscle) 5. Changes in respiratory and circulation system (Boys tolerate more have bigger hearts)

Is puberty a gradual process?

2. Puberty is a gradual process that begins at conception but it might seem it comes suddenly because external sign

3. Both sexes produce androgens and estrogens. However, the average male typically produces more _____ than _____ while the average female produces more _____ than _____.

3. Both sexes produce androgens and estrogens. However, the average male typically produces more ANDROGENS than Testorone while the average female produces more ESTROGENS than ANDROGENS.

4. How do sibling relationships change over the course of adolescence? What are the effects of positive sibling relationships

Adolescent relationships with siblings become more distant and less emotionally intense Positive Sibling Relationship contribute to adolescent academic competence (report doing good in school), sociability(they are more social ), autonomy(that independence) and self-worth (have higher self-esteem)more self worth school confidence

Why have certain ethnic groups had more trouble negotiating the transition into adulthood?

African-American, Hispanic-American, and American Indian youth have more trouble negotiating the transition into adulthood than do their white and Asian-American counterparts due to many factors including, poverty, discrimination, and segregation.

2.Is Poverty a universal feature of adolescence?

All adolescents in every society go through this

9. What are some examples of eating disorders?

BULIMIA- an eating disorder people go on binge eating and self induce vomiting. ANOREXIA NERVOSA- they starve themselves in order to keep weight down

7. Why have adolescents been referred to as the "marginal man"?

Because of the lack of clarity, the adolescent has been referred to as the MARGINAL MAN caught in the transitional space between childhood and adulthood.

6. Who developed the first intelligence test and for what reason? According to many critics, what does this test measure?

Bienet develop the intelligent test ...Standardized intelligence tests, or IQ tests, are often used to study individual differences in cognitive abilities In order to predict the kids that needed the intervention They test school smarts

WHich gender is most affected by divorce?

Boys in custody of mothers have a more difficult time with the divorce of parents

8. How do boys and girls react to early maturation? Late maturation?

Boys in early maturating are more successful and don't get in trouble GIRLS-have more emotional difficulties than their peers including lowered self-image and higher rates of depression,anxiety,eating disorders and panic attacks negative effects of puberty stay and don't leave LATE MATUREERS- can retain an ideal shape longer

9. Know the difference between continuous and discontinuous transitions. How can the discontinuity of a school-to-work transition be reduced?

CONTINUOUS TRANSITION: gradual transition in which the adolescent assumes the roles and status of adulthood Example: children who work on family farm and continue to work as adults have a continuous transition into adult work roles truing them to be mothers DISCONTINUOUS TRANSITION: transitions that are not to smooth in which the entrance to adulthood is to sudden Example: Children who have no work experience while growing up who enter the labor force for the first time when they graduate college

2. What is metacognition?

Cognitive ability during adolescence involves thinking about why they are thinking have shown reading, writing, test, taking, and performance on homework THINKING ABOUT THINKING is a kind of EGOCENTRISM characterized by an intense preoccupation with the self.

8. Which gender is the most affected by remarriage?

Girls are having more hard time with remarriage of their parents who may have become accustom to single mother

5. How early can the onset of puberty occur for boys and girls? How late?

Girls- start early as 7 and late 13 years (duration 1 1/2 to 6) Boys- 9 1/2 years TO 13 1/2 years (duration 2 to 5)

Extrusion:

During late childhood, children are expected to begin sleeping in households other than their own this is part of the process of social redefinition ex: going to summer camp, moving out going to college, sleeping in houses as with friends of the family, with relatives for one night,

9. Which gender is the most positively affected by .maternal employment? Negatively? Why?

Girls are affected more positively because their needs are meet. It affects the boys more in a negative way: Thee son is very close to mom they are likely lacking that attention, they require more of their mom, boys argue more with mom when they are working. Boys are mad because they have to do more chores at home

Is intelligence stable? Do adolescents' mental abilities increase?

Individuals IQ scores remain stable during adolescent years,but during the same period mental abilities improve dramatically Adolescent mental abilities increase dramatically through childhood and adolescence reaching a plateau mid to late adolescent

6. What does an initiation ceremony provide? Be able to provide examples of initiation ceremonies.

Initiation Ceremony serves to ritualize the passing of the young person from childhood if not directly to adulthood a period of training. It embarks the beginning of long period of training preparation for adulthoodExamples: sweet 16, Quincenera, For Boys : Puberty or when community beeves is time for status change For Girls: Puberty and menstruation

7. Know the difference between longitudinal and cross-sectional studies.

Longitudinal is a study that follows the same group of individuals across time Cross-sectional - study different age groups and compares them at the same time

6. Be able to provide examples of secular trends.

One example is the average decline of age at menarche in the us girls go through puberty 12 1/2 and in Africa between 13-17 because of nutritional conditions

1.1. What is puberty?

Physical changes, biological changes that accompany their sexually maturing it is a universal feature

What changes do information-processing theorists observe in adolescents?

Piaget attemp to describe adolescent thinking as a whole, he used formal operations while the information processing perspective moved from childhood into adolescence and beyond the ways they think about things that make them problem solvers

How were children treated prior to the 19th century?

Prior to 19th century in the agricultural time of the 16th or 17th century children were treated primarily as miniature adults, and people did not make distinction among children of different ages.

4. Social redefinition at adolescence typically ??involves a dual-sided change in social status in both _____ and _____. Status changes of this sort occur in the interpersonal, political, economic, and legal domains. Be able to provide examples.

Priveleges &rights increase expectation and obligations first permitted to drive, to work, and leave school Interpersonal: had to sit with adults, Miss, Mr Polital Voting is considered to age 18, Economic: work Legal: court

4. Be able to provide examples of secondary sex characteristics.

Secondary sex characteristics example: pubic hair by the adrenal gland may stimulate sex drive, growth of penis, change in voice, facial and underarm hair

3. What does the word "teenagers" connote? Today?

Teenagers new term this word was created to have a light hearted image, which individuals confer themselves with cars and cosmetics TEENAGER concept an economic freedom occurred in 1940

10. What are the new contributors to the new morbidity and mortality rates found among adolescence?

Theirs approximate 45% teenage death are car accidents 27% homicide and suicide and unproductive sex

8. Compared with contemporary youth, when did adolescents living in the late 19th century undergo family-related transitions?

The average marriage was 20 for women and 22 for men In 1960 a high proportion of adolescent went directly from high school into military or full time employment Were finishing school, MOving out of the parents' home, and getting married

When does Puberty begin?

The endocrine system produces hormones, Hormones play an important role at puberty, carry their instructions by activating very specific types of neurons in the brain

2. Be able to describe the feedback loop known as the HPG axis.

The endocrine system receives its instructions to increase or decrease circulating levels of particular hormones from the central nervous system through the firing of GnRH (release gland depends who we are talking about boys or girls) neurons in the brain the particular hormone can be adjusted up or down depending on environmental or internal bodily conditions if they are low it starts all over again this is the feedback Hupothalum to pituitary to the don ads

Does the quality of the relationship between adolescents and parents matter?Quantity of visits?

The quality of the relationships the young person has with the important adults in her or his life matter more than the number of parents present in the home NOT THE QUANTITY BUT THE QUALITY OF PARENTS

1. What is social redefinition? Can it vary from one society to another?

The time of change the individual role change in status adolescent is viewed by society as adult and no longer a child their social status and role changes (they could get driver license, smoke,full-time employees. In certain societies, young people may even be required to marry when they reach adulthood,

Are there sex differences in mental abilities? If so, in what area are the sex differences found? What is the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) designed to predict?

There are a few sex differences in intelligence MEN performed better on tests of mathematical ability FEMALE on test of VERBAL ability these test disappeared 20 years ago Today we see it slightly in special SAT is to predit how they would do in college

2. Why may the adolescent years constitute a difficult period of adjustment for parents?

They are passing through midlife crisis their parents are beginning to feel increased concerned about their own bodies about their sexual appeal, concerns about the future, they are dealing with the choices they made when they were younger

What changes took place with industrialization in jobs, crime, and education?

They encourage adolescent to spend time in school to prepare for adulthood A shortage of job opportunities because machines were replacing workers. They were competiting with adults for a limited number of jobs.They will remove them from full time jobs into full-time students

Do the genes and environment influence the timing of puberty?

Timing and Tempo of an individual pubertal maturation are the product of interaction between nature & nurture and between one genetic make up and the environmental conditions which one has develop. Environmental influences are health and nutrition

10. Why do adolescents engage in risky behaviors? If so, is it due to faulty decision making?

Young people sometimes behave in risky ways not because of faulty decision making but because they evaluate the possible consequences of their actions differently than adults do.

Imaginary Audience?

an extreme self consciousness and belief that others are constantly watching an evaluating ones actions like if they have a pimple they think they would look at that pimple

Shared environmental influences

are factors in their environment that siblings have in common with each other (their living situation how many parents are in the family share sports, share similar videogames, going to same church, piano lesson)

What did the word "youth" refer to prior to ??industrialization?

as young as 12 or as old as 24 individuals who were between adolescent and young adulthood Today: they are considered between 2. 18-22 years (today)

Restrictive Strategies:

attempt to minimize the childs exposure to dangers in the neighborhoods (Giving them a curfew, certain areas to go to, YMCA, not letting them be alone while you are at work, restricting who they are hanging around with)

Personal fables

beliefs that they are so unique that what happens to others will not happen to them this sense of vulnerability they take more risk like drinking and driving they believe nothing will happen to them

What sort of higher-order cognitive processes occur in the prefrontal cortex?

changes in brain function lead to greater efficiency in information processing 1st activation within the prefrontal cortex they become more focused. 2nd individuals become more likely to use multiple parts of the brain and coordinate activity between prefrontal regions and other areas including the limbic system (the area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience.

What is the sleeper effect?

effects of divorce are not apart until much later in the childs development behavioral problems: drugs, pregnancy

School and work-related transitions?

entering labo,r school, were earlier

Nonshared environmental influences.

factors in the environment that are not similar don't have in common and make siblings different from one another (gender, age, friends, teachers, if parents treat them differently)

10. To what has the vague and discontinuous nature of the transition through adolescence in contemporary society contributed?

has contributed to numerous psychological and behavioral problems -High rates of Divorce-(due to the lack of clarity high rates of divorce being blamed on disconiuty they are not ready is more likely to end in divorce Pregnancy Rates Teenage Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Juvinelle Dilenquency High rates of College Dropout- we are not training them for that critical thinking that is going to be needed Family Violence

What do inventionists argue?

have argued that adolescence is more a social invention than a biological or cognitive phenomenon its more based as we as a society think about them are views and our thinking has changed

3.Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development-.

he believes cognitive development proceeds through fixed sequence of qualitative stages adolescent have very different thinking Piaget believes the transition into higher stages of reasoning happen when a childs biological readiness and environment demands interaction to stimulate more advanced thinking Differences

4. What is selective attention? Be able to provide examples.

iii) Selective Attention-whatever you want to put attention you do ( reading assignment), they re able to ignore what is not important (TV)

What is divided attention? Be able to provide examples.

iv) Divided Attention—the ability to focus on two or more stimuli at the same time teenager who is doing HW and listening to music

6. What are demographers? Be able to discuss some of there findings.

social scientists who study changes in the composition of the population)all the changes we are going through as a population Example:2. There has also been a substantial increase in the proportion of families living below the poverty line. since the house industry went down

1. What is a generational gap? Be able to provide examples.

tensions that are often assume between young people and their parents over different values and attitudes Example: they argue over personal taste struggling how they dress,music,hairstyle

7. What did Vygotsky believe?

that we understand the nature of the environment in which an adolescent develops in terms of its demands for intelligent behavior and its opportunity for learning Vygotsky argue that children and adolescent learn best in everyday situations when they encounter task that are to simple or to advanced but more challenging than their abilities permit them to solve on their own zone proximal development

Parental Responsiveness-

the degree to which the parent responds to the childs needs in an accepting supportive matter

Parental Demandigness-

the extent to which the parent expects and demands mature and responsible behavior from the child what sort of expectations or responsibilities expect a great deal of their child

5. When does the prefrontal cortex completely mature?

the full structure maturation of the prefrontal cortex is not complete until the mid-20s too late 20s

iii) processing speed

they are able to solve the problem faster than early adolescent

ii) working memory

they are able to store more information because they have more room

Promotive Strategies:

they attempt to strengthen the adolescents confidence through effective child rearing within the home environment or outside the home (trying to get them into sports, afterschool activities, ballet, soccer, music, babysitting, helping dinner, extra responsibilities, household chores

iv.organization

they have the ability to use different strategies in different situations

Indifferent

they try to do whatever is necessary to minimize the time and energy they must integrate to interact with child Which they might be neglectful or disengaged.they don't know where their kids are

v) metacognition

thinking about thinking adolescent are able to think about their thoughts this helps to explain their greater self-consciousness

Information- Processing Perspective-

this approach divides cognitive processing into its basic components that shows improvement that occurs during adolescence: (attention, working memory, processing speed, organization, metacognition) The analogy of the computer they input information, process PIAGETS perspective