Adult and Adolescent Final Exam

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101. According to Holland, the enterprising person is drawn to __________. A) sales and supervisory positions or politics B) engineering, anthropology, or physics C) accounting, banking, or quality control D) counseling, social work, or teaching

101. The suicide rate is low in __________, intermediate in __________, and high in __________. A) Spain; the United States; Finland B) Canada; Italy; Singapore C) New Zealand; Australia; the United States D) Japan; Spain; the United States

103. Which teenager is at the highest risk for suicide? A) Lakota, a Native-American boy B) Mercy, an African-American girl C) Aiko, an Asian-American girl D) Emilio, a Hispanic boy

105. Which factor contributes to the sharp rise in suicide from childhood to adolescence? A) belief in the personal fable B) inability to plan ahead C) identity foreclosure D) magical thinking

11. Seventeen-year-old Amberly is likely to place more emphasis on __________ in her self-description than 12-year-old Corey. A) social virtues B) academic ability C) athletic ability D) physical attractiveness

According to Vaillant, __________ is a major preoccupation of midlife. A) redemption B) "passing the torch" C) becoming androgynous D) advancement

B) "passing the torch"

Which group of women is more likely to have a favorable attitude toward menopause? A) European-American women B) African-American women C) women with little or no college education D) women born between 1925 and 1945

B) African-American women

44. Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development, __________. A) few people move beyond Stage 4 B) research only verifies the first three stages C) current research suggests there are at least eight stages D) no clear evidence exists that Stage 2 actually follows Stage 1

45. In the United States today, the average age of leaving home __________. A) resembles the departure age at the beginning of the twentieth century B) is lower than it is in Scandinavian countries C) is lower than the departure age in the 1960s D) is higher than it is in Mediterranean countries

46. Typically, North American parents __________. A) rarely talk about sex in their children's presence B) provide their children with a lot of information about sex C) engage in meaningful discussions with teens about sex D) discuss sexual health with their children's dating partners

Harry lives in a complex that provides a variety of support services, including meals in a common dining room, recreational activities, and transportation assistance, but does not offer nursing care. Harry lives in a(n) __________. A) independent living community B) nursing home C) federally subsidized apartment D) life-care community

A) independent living community

Erikson's widow, Joan Erikson, suggested an additional stage of psychosocial development called __________. A) gerotranscendence B) disengagement C) body differentiation D) reminiscence

A) gerotranscendence

Overwhelmed, Monica abandoned her frail, disabled grandmother in the waiting area of a hospital emergency room. Monica's act is referred to in the media as __________. A) granny dumping B) elder squatting C) senior bumping D) patient leaving

A) granny dumping

1. According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________. A) trust B) identity C) autonomy D) intimacy

10. Erikson believed that successful resolution of intimacy versus isolation prepares the individual for the middle adulthood stage, which focuses on __________. A) initiative B) autonomy C) generativity D) industry

100. Deon likes well-structured tasks and values material possessions. Alecia prefers working with people. According to Holland's six personality types, Deon is __________ and Alecia is __________. A) social; realistic B) investigative; conventional C) conventional; social D) enterprising; artistic

106. Which statement about teen suicide is true? A) It is nearly impossible to prevent adolescent suicide, as teenagers rarely exhibit warning signs around adults. B) Gun-control legislation would have little to no impact on the number of adolescent suicides in the United States. C) Teenage suicides often occur in clusters, with one death increasing the likelihood of others among depressed peers. D) Parents should not be concerned when a teen says, "I wish I were dead," because adolescents are overly dramatic.

72. Victims of rape and other sexual crimes report __________. A) less alcohol and substance use, but more social anxiety B) less fatigue and depression, but more substance abuse C) more symptoms of illness across almost all body systems D) fewer negative health behaviors, like smoking and drinking

74. More people seek family therapy while parenting __________ than during any other phase of the family life cycle. A) newborns B) preschoolers C) adolescents D) young adults

Which statement is true about middle-aged children and their aging parents? A) The number of middle-aged Americans with at least one living parent has dropped dramatically. B) Adults of past generations were more devoted than today's middle-aged adults to their aging parents. C) A longer life expectancy means that adult children and their parents are increasingly likely to grow old together. D) Proximity decreases with age: Middle-aged children who move tend to go farther away from their aging parents.

C) A longer life expectancy means that adult children and their parents are increasingly likely to grow old together.

Approximately 5.2 million Americans have __________. A) vascular dementia B) Parkinson's disease C) Alzheimer's disease D) subcortical dementia

C) Alzheimer's disease

More prevalent among women than men, __________ is the leading cause of dementia. A) cancer B) cardiovascular disease C) Alzheimer's disease D) stroke

C) Alzheimer's disease

Which adult child is likely to feel an especially strong obligation to care for an aging parent? A) Hugo, who is of French descent B) Chloe, who is of Irish descent C) Anna, who is of Polish descent D) George, who is of English descent

C) Anna, who is of Polish descent

Which statement is true about widowhood? A) In the United States, 34 percent of men age 65 and older are widowed, compared with just 12 percent of women. B) Widowhood rates have risen over the past several decades as divorce among aging adults have also risen. C) Ethnic minorities with high rates of poverty and chronic disease are more likely to be widowed. D) Aging adults have more lasting problems than younger individuals who are widowed.

C) Ethnic minorities with high rates of poverty and chronic disease are more likely to be widowed.

The average age of retirement declined over the twentieth century in the United States because of __________. A) the steady increase in lifespan B) steady improvements in health care C) government-sponsored retirement benefits D) the negative impact of economic recessions

C) government-sponsored retirement benefits

For most of late adulthood, cognitive declines are __________. A) swift B) extensive C) gradual D) rare

C) gradual

Women who __________ tend to reach menopause earlier. A) have had two or more children B) do not smoke C) have not borne children D) have borne twins

C) have not borne children

Van sometimes has trouble finding the right words to convey his thoughts. He often says, "It is right on the tip of my tongue." Like many older adults, Van is most likely __________. A) having a harder time comprehending language B) attending more closely to features of conversational speech C) having trouble retrieving words from long-term memory D) quickly losing interest in conversational topics

C) having trouble retrieving words from long-term memory

Which of the following is an example of secondary aging? A) a decrease in the maximum heart rate B) farsightedness from a stiffening lens C) heart disease from smoking cigarettes D) lack of menstruation after menopause

C) heart disease from smoking cigarettes

etired adults who are __________ are more engaged in leisure activities and volunteer service. A) wealthy B) well-educated C) high in self-efficacy D) physically strong

C) high in self-efficacy

Age differences in __________ memory are much smaller than in __________ memory. A) explicit; implicit B) episodic; semantic C) implicit; explicit D) associative; implicit

C) implicit; explicit

74. Many cross-sectional studies show that crystallized intelligence __________. A) declines steadily after age 20 B) declines swiftly after age 40 C) increases steadily through middle adulthood D) rises swiftly through early adulthood, and then falls slowly

C) increases steadily through middle adulthood

To confirm Alzheimer's disease, doctors __________. A) administer a blood test B) conduct a physical examination C) inspect the brain after death D) conduct a psychological examination

C) inspect the brain after death

107. When asked directly and confidentially about lawbreaking, __________ teenagers admit to having committed some sort of offense—usually a minor crime, such as petty stealing or disorderly conduct. A) about 10 percent of B) nearly 25 percent of C) around half of all D) almost all

11. According to Levinson, of the many components of the __________, usually only a few, relating to family, close friendships, and occupation, are central. A) ego B) internal working model C) social clock D) life structure

13. According to Levinson, which statement about gender differences in dreams is true? A) Men's dreams tend to define the self in terms of relationships. B) Both men's and women's dreams emphasize achievement in a career. C) Women's dreams are usually more individualistic than men's dreams. D) Most career-oriented women have "split dreams" involving both marriage and career

13. Female puberty usually concludes with __________. A) the peak height spurt B) menarche C) the peak weight spurt D) the completion of breast growth

15. Laurent plans to major in engineering in college. When asked if he might change his career path, he responds, "I might, but I doubt it. I've spent a lot of time studying my options. I'm pretty sure engineering is right for me." Laurent is demonstrating identity __________. A) foreclosure B) diffusion C) moratorium D) achievement

16. Girls and (less consistently) boys with a history of family conflict tend to reach puberty __________, whereas those with warm, stable family ties tend to reach puberty __________. A) relatively late; early B) on target; late C) around the same age as their mothers; earlier than their mothers D) early; relatively late

18. Identity-diffused individuals __________. A) feel a sense of psychological well-being B) often reject their parents' values and goals C) have committed themselves to values without exploring alternatives D) are not actively trying to reach values and goals

20. Following a social clock of some kind seems to foster __________. A) feelings of distress B) occupational flexibility C) generativity D) social stability

22. Both identity __________ and __________ are psychologically healthy routes to mature self-definition. A) moratorium; foreclosure B) achievement; diffusion C) foreclosure; diffusion D) moratorium; achievement

24. Adrian developed a secure attachment to his parents when he was a child. Adrian probably characterizes his most important adult love relationship in terms of __________. A) shared interests, emotional distance, and status B) dependency, security, and sacrifice C) desperation, anxiety, and fear D) trust, happiness, and friendship

26. Eighteen-year-old Hershel assumes that absolute truth is always attainable. Hershel is probably __________. A) identity-achieved B) identity-diffused C) in identity moratorium D) identity-foreclosed

3. Barry, a 21-year-old college student, has spent a lot of time exploring the breadth of his career options and has not yet made a commitment to a major. Johanna, age 20, committed to an engineering major and has been exploring her decision in depth. Which statement is most likely true? A) Barry is less often anxious and depressed than Johanna. B) Barry is higher than Johanna in emotional and social adjustment. C) Johanna is more likely than Barry to engage in health-compromising behaviors. D) Johanna scores higher than Barry in emotional and social adjustment.

30. The immune response is the combined work of specialized cells that neutralize or destroy __________ in the body. A) T cells B) B cells C) telomeres D) antigens

35. __________ is strongly associated with healthy eating in teenagers. A) Vitamin supplementation B) Number of hours of sleep C) Dieting in adolescence D) Frequency of family meals

36. At Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development, children __________. A) want to maintain the affection and approval of friends and relatives by being a "good person" B) typically mention such principles as respect for the worth and dignity of each person C) take societal laws into account when making moral choices D) view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors

38. Clarence's 14-year-old daughter, Annie, has been diagnosed with anorexia. Clarence can expect that Annie __________. A) will lose 5 to 15 percent of her body weight B) sees herself as severely underweight C) will avoid most forms of exercise D) has an extremely distorted body image

42. In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Ruby explains, "It doesn't make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself. Respect for human life is absolute." Ruby is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 3, the "good boy-good girl" orientation B) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation C) Stage 5, the social contract orientation D) Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

43. Within the family life cycle, stress tends to be greatest __________. A) in early adulthood B) in middle age C) in late adulthood D) during transitions between phases

44. Which statement is true about the family life cycle? A) The family life cycle represents a fixed progression of stages. B) The family life cycle is only applicable to families in industrialized nations. C) Few variations exist in the sequence and timing of phases in the family life cycle. D) Some people do not experience all family life-cycle phases.

46. The influence of situational factors on moral judgments indicates that like Piaget's cognitive stages, Kohlberg's moral stages are __________. A) predictable and universal B) highly organized and sequential C) attained in a neat, stepwise fashion D) loosely organized and overlapping

47. __________ is linked to early and frequent teenage sexual activity. A) Late pubertal timing B) Small family size C) Family religious involvement D) Childhood impulsivity

5. According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences __________. A) mistrust B) isolation C) inferiority D) role confusion

50. Leaving home very early is associated with __________. A) later childbearing B) parental financial support C) parental emotional support D) less successful educational lives

51. With age, teenagers __________. A) are less likely to believe that gay and lesbian youths have the right to be free from discrimination in school B) are more likely to say that exclusion of a child from a peer group on the basis of gender is always unfair C) are less mindful of the overlap between moral imperatives and strongly held social conventions D) increasingly defend the government's right to limit individual freedom to engage in risky behaviors, in the interest of the larger public good

56. Mike and Carol are married. Mike is the head of the household. He works outside the home as an architect. Carol devotes herself to caring for Mike and their children and creating a comfortable home. They have a(n) __________ marriage. A) egalitarian B) arranged C) matriarchal D) traditional

Once people pass __________ years, the contribution of heredity to length of life decreases in favor of environmental factors. A) 45 to 50 B) 55 to 60 C) 65 to 70 D) 75 to 80

D) 75 to 80

Marion has just learned that her brain contains an abundance of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Marion's doctors are probably concerned that she has __________. A) suffered a stroke B) Parkinson's disease C) vascular dementia D) Alzheimer's disease

D) Alzheimer's disease

__________ is associated with favorable personality traits and adjustment. A) Masculinity B) Femininity C) Separateness D) Androgyny

D) Androgyny

Which male has the lowest healthy life expectancy? A) Adrian from Sweden B) Kurt from the United States C) Aasif from Afghanistan D) Emmanuel from Haiti

D) Emmanuel from Haiti

Which middle-aged man is likely to be highly sensitive about the physical changes of aging? A) Santos, a dentist B) Dean, a non-college-educated chef C) Freeman, a lawyer D) Jack, a non-college-educated construction worker

D) Jack, a non-college-educated construction worker

Which older adult is more likely to be involved in both organized and informal religious activities? A) Andres, a high-SES European American B) Melanie, a middle-SES European American C) Merlene, a high-SES African American D) Jarrod, a low-SES African American

D) Jarrod, a low-SES African American

Which woman is likely to report fewer menopausal complaints? A) Laura, an American woman B) Esmée, a European woman C) Nia, an African woman D) Noriko, an Asian woman

D) Noriko, an Asian woman

One form of dementia that involves deterioration in subcortical brain regions is __________. A) Alzheimer's disease B) vascular dementia C) reversible dementia D) Parkinson's disease

D) Parkinson's disease

Which older male has the greatest risk of vascular dementia? A) Lance, who is from the United States B) Dedrick, who is from Germany C) Valter, who is from Sweden D) Shinobu, who is from Japan

D) Shinobu, who is from Japan

12. Landon's parents wonder how his self-esteem will differentiate in adolescence. Which dimensions of self-evaluation is he likely to add to those of middle childhood? A) close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence B) athletic and academic ability and physical attractiveness C) physical attractiveness and relationships with family members D) friendship, integrity, and honesty and academic ability

16. According to Vaillant, men focus on __________ in their twenties. A) intimacy concerns B) generativity C) career consolidation D) spiritual concerns

16. Almeda's skin has lost some flexibility and the lens of her left eye is beginning to cloud. She is concerned that the normally separate protein fibers that make up her body's connective tissue are forming bonds with one another. You can tell Almeda that she can reduce cross-linking by __________. A) eating a healthy diet B) decreasing her heart rate C) increasing her body fat

16. Individuals in identity moratorium __________. A) have not yet made definite commitments B) are not actively trying to reach goals or values C) are committed to clearly formulated self-chosen values D) have committed themselves to values without exploring alternatives

19. Age-related declines in hearing __________. A) are more than twice as rapid for men as for women B) begin at low frequencies and gradually extend higher C) are slightly more rapid for women than for men D) begin after age 50 for most men and women

20. The process of identity formation typically involves __________. A) in-depth exploration and reconsideration B) moving from a lower to a higher status C) selecting a status that remains stable D) making solid commitments

22. Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love identifies __________ as three components that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop. A) passion, intimacy, and commitment B) passion, companionship, and caring C) intimacy, emotional maturity, and dependability D) mutual attraction, companionship, and commitment

25. __________ individuals are the least mature in identity development. A) Long-term diffused B) Identity-achieved C) Identity-foreclosed D) Short-term moratorium

27. Young people who __________ tend to have committed to values and goals and are on their way to identity achievement. A) feel attached to their parents but also free to voice their own opinions B) have close bonds with their parents but lack opportunities for healthy separation C) rarely, if ever, experience warm, open communication with their parents D) have permissive or uninvolved parents and report the lowest levels of parental support

29. Ann-Marie is having frequent disagreements with her teenage daughter. You can let her know that by late adolescence, __________. A) only a small minority of families experience continuing friction B) most parent‒daughter conflicts continue and intensify C) adolescents typically display more angry behaviors D) teenagers and parents use fewer positive problem-solving techniques

3. Eighteen-year-old Gisela stopped attending her church youth group and Sunday services, and, contrary to her conservative parents' beliefs, became immersed in a liberal political movement. Two months later, she lost interest in the movement and joined a new church. According to Erikson, Gisela is experiencing __________. A) an identity crisis B) inferiority C) identity foreclosure D) identity diffusion

3. The __________ theory of aging receives some support from kinship studies indicating that longevity is a family trait. A) genetically programmed B) wear-and-tear C) random events D) cross-linkage

30. Xiao is an adolescent immigrant from a culture that values interdependent qualities. The longer his family has been in the United States, the less Xiao feels committed to obeying his parents and fulfilling family obligations. As a result, Xiao may experience __________. A) acculturative stress B) bicultural avoidance C) ethnic identity foreclosure D) ethnic identity moratorium

34. At Kohlberg's preconventional level, individuals __________. A) accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences B) believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures societal order C) define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all societies D) regard conformity to social rules as important, but not for reasons of self-interest

35. Gilles finds it difficult to consider two points of view when presented with the "Heinz dilemma." He tends to overlook people's intentions and, instead, focuses on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for behaving morally. Gilles is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 1, the punishment and obedience orientation B) Stage 2, the instrumental purpose orientation C) Stage 3, the "good boy-good girl" orientation D) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation

39. Which parent-child relationship is the most common among anorexic teenagers? A) overprotective and controlling mothers and either controlling or uninvolved fathers B) permissive and indulgent mothers and highly competitive, controlling fathers C) permissive and indulgent mothers and uninvolved or absent fathers D) divorced parents, where the mother is overwhelmed and the father is largely absent

4. Ryan is a typical emerging adult. Which of the following is he likely to say is the most essential for attaining adult status? A) constructing a worldview B) settling into a career C) finishing his education D) moving out of his parents' house

42. Emma left home to attend college and lived on her own until she got married. As her own children grew up and left home, Emma's parenting responsibilities declined. She eventually retired and her husband died. This series of phases that Emma has experienced is referred to as the __________. A) family life cycle B) dual-loss model C) social clock D) cultural structure

43. Individuals with bulimia nervosa usually __________. A) feel depressed and guilty about their abnormal eating habits B) lose between 25 and 50 percent of their body weight C) deny or minimize the seriousness of the disorder D) have overprotective and controlling parents

98. Teenage girls are twice as likely as boys to __________. A) report persistent depressed mood B) show low rates of depressive symptoms C) have risk factors for suicide D) kill themselves

47. Gilligan argues that Kohlberg's theory of moral understanding __________. A) does not adequately represent the morality of girls and women B) does not adequately represent the morality of boys and men C) shows that there are no sex differences in moral reasoning D) overemphasizes the role of emotion in moral judgment

5. The strongest evidence for __________ comes from research showing that human cells allowed to divide in the laboratory have a lifespan of 50 divisions, plus or minus 10. A) the existence of "aging genes" B) the "random events" theory of aging C) the cross-linkage theory of aging D) behavioral modification of aging

53. At present, 49 percent of U.S. adults __________. A) live together as married couples B) do not want to have children C) have been married at least once D) cohabit rather than marry

59. In a study of low-SES African-American and Hispanic teenagers, those who emphasized __________ in their self-descriptions displayed exceptional levels of community service. A) moral traits and goals B) involvement in sports C) individualism D) justice-based reasoning

60. Sexual partners, whether dating, cohabiting, or married, tend to be similar in __________. A) age, education, and ethnicity B) age and education, but not in ethnicity C) ethnicity and education, but not in age D) age and ethnicity, but not in education

62. In partner abuse studies spanning many countries in which people are asked directly, __________. A) rates of assault experienced by men and women are similar B) men are twice as likely as women to experience psychological abuse C) women are twice as likely as men to experience physical abuse D) partner abuse is much higher in other-sex than in same-sex relationships

62. When adults of any age are asked how many sexual partners they have had in the past year, the usual reply is __________. A) one B) two C) four D) five

68. After the birth of a child, gender roles of husband and wife usually __________. A) become more traditional B) become more egalitarian C) are unaffected D) are reversed

7. Which statement accurately reflects a criticism of the concept of emerging adulthood? A) The term emerging adulthood fails to describe the experience of most of the world's youths. B) In the past, adulthood in complex societies has been attained at a distinct moment. C) Emerging adulthood is likely to become prominent in developing countries with high poverty rates. D) The concept of emerging adulthood is spreading in developing nations that play major roles in the global economy.

70. Male victims of sexual coercion __________. A) often face unsympathetic and blaming social attitudes B) are more likely than female victims to report these crimes C) are more likely to report male than female perpetrators D) often say that perpetrators encouraged them to be sober

73. Which statement about rape prevention and treatment is true? A) Practically no services are available for victimized men, who are often too embarrassed to come forward. B) The trauma induced by rape is typically so personal that group therapy is an ineffective intervention. C) Because sexual coercion is a violent crime, it has little to do with gender inequality or stereotyping. D) Safety planning interventions are not needed if the abuser is no longer present in the victim's life.

75. Which statement is supported by follow-up research on formal operational thought? A) School-age children show the glimmerings of hypothetico-deductive reasoning, although they are less competent at it than adolescents. B) With respect to propositional thought in an entirely verbal mode, school-age children can reason from premises that contradict reality. C) Adolescents find it more difficult than school-age children to grasp the logical necessity of propositional reasoning. D) School-age children can easily explain why a pattern of observations supports a hypothesis, when they recognize the connection between the two.

8. During puberty, __________. A) the cephalocaudal growth trend of infancy and childhood reverses B) the torso accelerates first, followed by the hands, legs, and feet C) the average child gains 20 to 35 pounds D) girls' shoulders broaden relative to the hips

80. __________ rises over the adolescent years. A) Self-disclosure between friends B) Number of best friends C) Peer conflict D) Time spent with siblings

81. In his third year of college, Omar comes to the realization that there are multiple possible truths, rather than one absolute truth, which are each relative to its context. Omar is engaged in __________. A) relativistic thinking B) dualistic thinking C) pragmatic thought D) commitment within relativistic thinking

82. In Western nations, there has been an especially dramatic rise in cohabitation among __________ young people. A) well-educated B) low-SES C) unemployed D) deeply religious

88. The recent decline in childlessness is largely due to __________. A) more educated, career-focused women eventually opting for parenthood B) a resurgence in more traditional gender-role attitudes among young adults C) a strengthened negative stereotype of childlessness as a sign of self-indulgence D) a strengthened negative stereotype of nonparenthood as a sign of irresponsibility

91. Most divorces occur __________ marriage. A) within seven years of B) between 8 and 11 years after C) between 12 and 15 years after D) after 18 to 20 years of

94. __________ contribute(s) to the unusually high U.S. divorce rate. A) American individualism B) American collectivism C) Egalitarian partnerships D) Religious zealotry

96. On average, people __________ within four years of divorce. A) remarry B) divorce again C) bounce back D) find a new job

98. Shanika enjoys working with ideas. Madison is emotional and has a high need for individual expression. According to Holland's six personality types, Shanika is __________ and Madison is __________. A) investigative; artistic B) realistic; conventional C) enterprising; investigative D) conventional; social

. Which type of intelligence begins to decline in the twenties? A) fluid B) crystallized C) naturalistic D) kinesthetic

A) fluid

Which older adult is more likely to show physical and mental health problems following the death of a spouse? A) Albert, whose wife's death was unexpected B) Novella, whose husband's death was unexpected C) Delphia, whose husband died after a long terminal illness D) Bryant, whose wife died after a long terminal illness

A) Albert, whose wife's death was unexpected

Which statement is true about social contact among older adults? A) Among older adults who have trouble performing daily activities, social contact is frequently associated with a less positive everyday existence. B) Among older adults who experience no difficulty with daily activities, social contact is linked to a less positive everyday existence. C) Social interaction involving assistance with physical care and household chores is always meaningful and rewarding for older adults. D) Older adults frequently attribute their independence to underresponsive social partners.

A) Among older adults who have trouble performing daily activities, social contact is frequently associated with a less positive everyday existence.

__________ skills are strongly correlated with older adults' tactile performance. A) Fluid B) Crystallized C) Verbal D) Auditory

A) Fluid

Which statement is true about formal support for older adults? A) Formal support spares older adults from feeling overly dependent in their close relationships. B) Ethnic minority older adults more readily accept formal assistance than members of the majority culture. C) African-American older adults say they rely more on their church than on their families for assistance. D) Formal support results in psychological distress because older adults do not like to accept help from strangers.

A) Formal support spares older adults from feeling overly dependent in their close relationships.

Which statement is true about caregiving of older adults with dementia? A) It is sometimes known as the "36-hour day" because of its constant demands. B) An estimated two-thirds of family caregivers are themselves older adults. C) Few communities offer interventions designed to support family caregivers. D) The number of hours dedicated to caregiving decreases with caregiver age.

A) It is sometimes known as the "36-hour day" because of its constant demands

When researchers estimate average healthy life expectancy, __________ ranks first. A) Japan B) Sweden C) China D) the United States

A) Japan

__________ cancer causes more deaths than any other type of cancer. A) Lung B) Colon C) Prostate D) Breast

A) Lung

Which statement is true about launching children and moving on? A) Most parents adjust well to their children's departure from the home. B) The age at which midlifers experience their children's departure is typically 40 to 45. C) Parents who have a greater difficulty have more positive relationships with their grown children. D) A strong home orientation, especially, predicts gains in life satisfaction after children leave home

A) Most parents adjust well to their children's departure from the home.

__________ is associated with a positive outlook in older adults with disabilities. A) Perceived social support B) The amount of formal support actually received C) The amount of help family and friends provide D) The sheer quantity of social contact

A) Perceived social support

Which statement is true about the risk factors of elder maltreatment? A) Perpetrators of abuse are often dependent, emotionally or financially, on their victims. B) The very old and frail are rarely victims of abuse because they are usually compliant. C) While abusers are likely to have psychological problems, they are unlikely to have substance abuse issues. D) Elder abuse is less likely to occur in nursing homes that have minimal staffing supervision and few visitors.

A) Perpetrators of abuse are often dependent, emotionally or financially, on their victims.

Which statement is true about retirement in the United States? A) Retirees' income typically drops by 50 percent. B) Retirement is the most stress-free transition in the life cycle. C) The government guarantees retirees an adequate standard of living. D) Retirement is less challenging for people who strongly identify with their work role.

A) Retirees' income typically drops by 50 percent.

. Which aging American is most likely to be poverty-stricken? A) Shani, a widowed woman B) Dion, a married man C) Mariana, a married woman D) Frank, a widower

A) Shani, a widowed woman

The more a mental ability depends on __________ intelligence, the earlier it starts to decline. A) fluid B) crystallized C) emotional D) cultural

A) fluid

Which statement is true about people who flexibly modify their identities in response to age-related changes yet maintain a sense of self-continuity? A) They are higher in self-esteem. B) They are lower in life satisfaction. C) Their personalities undergo drastic revision. D) They are less aware of their own thoughts and feelings.

A) They are higher in self-esteem.

Which statement is true about possible selves? A) They may be an especially strong motivator of action in midlife. B) They remain considerably stable throughout an individual's lifespan. C) They are unimportant to researchers because they are merely hopes. D) They focus on hopes about the future rather than fears about what might be.

A) They may be an especially strong motivator of action in midlife.

Which statement is true about sex differences in religious involvement and spirituality in late adulthood? A) Women are more likely than men to engage in religious activities. B) Men are more likely than women to say that religion is very important to them. C) Men and women are equally likely to turn to religion for social support. D) Men are more likely than women to engage in a personal quest for connectedness with a higher power.

A) Women are more likely than men to engage in religious activities.

Contemporary older people view retirement as __________. A) a time of opportunity and personal growth B) a time of high stress and low satisfaction C) the first transition toward the end of life D) a loss of personal control over life events

A) a time of opportunity and personal growth

At a recent family reunion, Philip's uncle recognized him as his brother's son, but he could not recallhis name. Philip's uncle exhibited a(n) __________ memory deficit. A) associative B) implicit C) remote D) semantic

A) associative

Childless middle-aged adults __________. A) become generative as mentors in the workplace, community volunteers, or in family relationships B) become stagnant because the primary means of realizing generativity is through parenting a child C) are likely to become stagnant because they are not making contributions that will survive death D) are likely to become generative because they have time to focus on what they can get from others

A) become generative as mentors in the workplace, community volunteers, or in family relationships

Which of the following is an example of primary aging? A) blurred vision from macular degeneration B) lung cancer from smoking cigarettes C) weight gain from a sedentary lifestyle D) high blood pressure from prolonged stress

A) blurred vision from macular degeneration

Gregor, age 17, is high in conscientiousness. Gregor __________. A) can anticipate that this trait will increase through middle age B) can anticipate that this trait will decline through middle age C) will probably also become more extroverted as he ages D) will probably become more neurotic as he ages

A) can anticipate that this trait will increase through middle age

Shenita, a retired drama teacher, spends a lot of her time volunteering at a local community theater. She also enjoys weekend trips to see plays with her former colleagues. Shenita's activities are consistent with the __________ theory of aging. A) continuity B) activity C) disengagement D) socioemotional selectivity

A) continuity

In some research, religious activity—not religious belief or membership in a congregation—was associated with __________ following negative life events. A) declines in distress B) declines in optimism C) increases in distress D) increases in pessimism

A) declines in distress

According to Robert Peck, __________ involves affirming self-worth through family, friendships, or community life for those who invested heavily in their careers. A) ego differentiation B) body differentiation C) ego transcendence D) body transcendence

A) ego differentiation

While 80-year-old Naomi's contemporaries have died, she faces the reality of death constructively through efforts to make life more secure, meaningful, and gratifying for younger generations. According to Peck, Naomi has attained __________. A) ego transcendence B) body transcendence C) ego differentiation D) body differentiation

A) ego transcendence

Aging well is __________. A) facilitated by societal contexts that promote effective person-environment fit B) easily measurable by examining cognitive performance and cardiovascular functioning C) measured by examining each older adult's specific achievements and physical characteristics D) a concept that only applies to older adults who are financially secure and socially supported

A) facilitated by societal contexts that promote effective person-environment fit

Seventy-year-old Isabel's life goals emphasized money and prestige. She is likely to __________. A) fear the end of life B) continue service to society C) express acceptance of her own death D) feel increased contentment in late life

A) fear the end of life

Wanda, age 77, has difficulty shopping, paying her bills, and preparing food. Wanda needs help with __________. A) instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) B) primary activities of active functioning C) activities of daily living (ADLs) D) secondary activities of active functioning

A) instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

Women's __________ may lead them to feel less need to remarry following the death of a spouse. A) kinkeeper role B) financial independence C) elevated risk of mortality D) gender-role expectations

A) kinkeeper role

With age, older adults report that the friends they feel the closest to __________. A) live in the same community B) are members of the other sex C) live far away D) are much younger in years

A) live in the same community

Older adults who are high in __________ tend to cope poorly with stressful events and are at risk for health problems. A) neuroticism B) agreeableness C) extroversion D) openness to experience

A) neuroticism

Sudie is calm, even-tempered, self-content, comfortable, unemotional, and hardy. She is low in which "big five" personality trait? A) neuroticism B) extroversion C) openness to experience D) agreeableness

A) neuroticism

Carmen, age 82, lives with her son Lance, who regularly fails to fulfill needed caregiving obligations. As a result, Carmen often lacks medication, fails to eat meals, and feels isolated. Carmen is a victim of __________. A) physical neglect B) physical abuse C) emotional abuse D) financial abuse

A) physical neglect

The greatest source of stress for middle-aged adults who share a household with an aging parent is __________. A) problem behavior B) the daily routine C) financial strain D) differences in lifestyle

A) problem behavior

David's wife, Esther, recently died. If David is like most recently widowed older adults, his greatest problem is most likely __________. A) profound loneliness B) financial instability C) anxiousness D) declining health

A) profound loneliness

Mature-age women learners list __________ as the most common reason for not completing their degrees. A) role overload B) the amount of homework C) the fast pace of the classes D) failure to achieve high grades

A) role overload

Cate, age 49, acknowledges that she has both good and bad qualities, yet she feels positively about herself and life. Cate exhibits __________. A) self-acceptance B) autonomy C) stagnation D) expertise

A) self-acceptance

In old age, __________ is/are better preserved than __________. A) semantic memory; episodic memory B) retrieval of everyday experiences; general knowledge retrieval C) memory tasks that require strategic processing; memory without conscious awareness D) implicit memory; explicit memory

A) semantic memory; episodic memory

As Alzheimer's disease progresses, __________. A) skilled and purposeful movements disintegrate B) vision and hearing are adversely affected C) anxiety and depression decrease D) sleep becomes more restful and regular

A) skilled and purposeful movements disintegrate

Deangelo, age 52, has been unemployed for 18 months. Having spent his entire life living below the poverty line, Deangelo often felt like he never found a respected place in society. Deangelo is probably directing his energies toward __________. A) survival B) creation C) generativity D) engagement

A) survival

Which of the following is an example of an event-based memory task? A) taking medicine when an alarm goes off B) taking medicine every 4 to 6 hours C) remembering to set the alarm at night D) remembering a special event from the past, like high school graduation

A) taking medicine when an alarm goes off

The changes involved in women's fertility decline occur gradually over a 10-year period, during which __________. A) the production of estrogen drops and menstrual cycles become irregular B) the production of estrogen increases and menstrual cycles become irregular C) monthly cycles gradually increase in length until menstruation stops altogether D) menstrual cycles become irregular and the reproductive organs increase in size

A) the production of estrogen drops and menstrual cycles become irregular

According to Levinson, middle adulthood begins with a __________. A) transitional period B) stable period C) significant crisis D) dream

A) transitional period

When women were asked their feelings about no longer menstruating, most said they __________. A) were relieved B) were depressed C) felt really old D) felt less feminine

A) were relieved

Among middle-aged __________, cancer __________. A) women; is by far the leading cause of death B) men; deaths are exceeded by cardiovascular disease deaths C) women; deaths are exceeded by cardiovascular disease deaths D) men; is by far the leading cause of death

A) women; is by far the leading cause of death

Betty just celebrated her fiftieth birthday. She marked the occasion by taking hang-gliding lessons and purchasing a more mature wardrobe. According to Levinson, Betty is engaged in which developmental task? A) young-old B) destruction-creation C) masculinity-femininity D) engagement-separateness

A) young-old

7. During adolescence, the young person's vision of self becomes __________. A) more inconsistent B) more well-organized C) less complex D) unbalanced

111. Describe the sleep patterns of teenagers today. Discuss sleep deprivation.

Answer: At puberty, revisions occur in brain regulation of sleep, perhaps because of increased neural sensitivity to evening light. As a result, adolescents go to bed much later than they did as children. Yet they still need about nine hours of sleep. When the school day begins early, their sleep needs are not satisfied. This sleep "phase delay" strengthens with pubertal growth. But today's teenagers—with more evening social activities, part-time jobs, and bedrooms equipped with screen media—get much less sleep than teenagers of previous generations. Sleep-deprived adolescents display declines in executive function and both cognitive and emotional self-regulation. As a result, they are likely to achieve less well in school; suffer from anxiety, irritability, and depressed mood; and engage in high-risk behaviors. Later school start times ease but do not eliminate sleep loss.

What can parents and teachers do to help adolescents adjust to middle and high school transitions?

Answer: Middle and high school transitions often lead to environmental changes that fit poorly with adolescents' developmental needs. They disrupt close relationships with teachers at a time when adolescents need adult support. They emphasize competition during a period of heightened self-focusing. They reduce decision making and choice as the desire for autonomy is increasing. And they interfere with peer networks as young people become more concerned with peer acceptance. Support from parents, teachers, and peers can ease these strains. Parental involvement, monitoring, gradual autonomy granting, and emphasis on mastery rather than merely good grades are associated with better adjustment. Adolescents with close friends are more likely to sustain these friendships across the transition, which increases social integration and academic motivation in the new school. Some school districts reduce the number of school transitions by combining elementary and middle school into K‒8 buildings. Compared with agemates who transition to middle school, K‒8 sixth and seventh graders score higher in achievement. Furthermore, teachers and administrators in K‒8 buildings report more positive social contexts—less chaos, fewer conduct problems, and better overall working conditions. These factors predict students' favorable school attitudes, academically and socially. Other less extensive changes are also effective. Forming smaller units within larger schools promotes closer relationships with both teachers and peers along with greater extracurricular involvement. And a "critical mass" of same-ethnicity peers—according to one suggestion, at least 15 percent of the student body—helps teenagers feel socially accepted and reduces fear of out-group hostility. In the first year after a school transition, homerooms can be provided in which teachers offer academic and personal counseling. Assigning students to classes with several familiar peers or a constant group of new peers strengthens emotional security and social support. In schools that take these steps, students are less likely to decline in academic performance or display other adjustment problems.

With age, possible selves become __________. A) loftier B) greater in number C) more idealistic D) more concrete

D) more concrete

1. G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as a __________. A) time in which sexual impulses reawaken in the genital stage, triggering psychological conflict and volatile behavior B) period so turbulent that it resembled the era in which humans evolved from savages into civilized beings C) generally pleasant time of life in which the social environment is entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences D) time when internal stresses and social expectations prompt moments of uncertainty, self-doubt, and disappointment

10. Which statement exemplifies 15-year-old Noah's awareness that psychological qualities can vary from one situation to the next? A) "I am an honest person." B) "I have a fairly quick temper." C) "I am not smart." D) "I am a happy person."

100. Which statement about gender differences in adolescent depression is true? A) Besides greater stress reactivity, boys' gender-typed coping styles make them more prone to depression. B) Girls with either an androgynous or a "masculine" gender identity show low rates of depressive symptoms. C) Adolescents who identify strongly with "feminine" traits ruminate more and report fewer depressive symptoms. D) Adolescents who identify strongly with "masculine" traits ruminate more and tend to be more depressed.

102. The number of boys who __________ exceeds the number of girls by a ratio of over 4 to 1. A) experience serious depression B) kill themselves C) make unsuccessful suicide attempts D) overdose on sleeping pills

104. __________ attempt suicide three times as often as other adolescents. A) African-American boys B) Sexual minority youths C) Asian Americans D) Heterosexual boys

12. Levinson found that during the transition to early adulthood, most young people __________. A) focused on finding a life partner B) constructed a dream that guided their decision making C) became reflective about the meaning of life D) became "keepers of meaning," or guardians of their culture

12. Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic? A) ovaries B) pubic hair C) scrotum D) testes

13. Fourteen-year-old Wesley's self-esteem is likely to __________ from mid- to late adolescence. A) decline B) rise C) remain stable D) fluctuate a lot

14. Male puberty usually begins with __________. A) growth of facial hair B) the enlargement of the testes C) the peak height spurt D) spermarche

15. Which girl is the most likely to experience puberty first? A) Melissa, who is a European-American competitive gymnast B) Jaeda, who is an overweight, middle-SES African American C) Salma, who lives in a poverty-stricken area of Afghanistan D) Cherish, who is an underweight, low-SES European American

17. Emelia accepts her family's religious beliefs without question. She has never reconsidered them. She is characterized by identity __________. A) diffusion B) foreclosure C) moratorium D) achievement

18. When Yolanda thought about the future, she planned to get her first job at 22, be married by 24, and have her first child at 27, just like her older brother did. Yolanda has a well-defined __________. A) split dream B) social clock C) "feminine" dream D) life structure

2. The physical changes of the adult years are __________. A) universal in all members of our species B) multidimensional and multidirectional C) similar across all parts of the body D) stagelike—occurring in a predictable sequence

20. As the lens of the eye stiffens and thickens with age, __________. A) ability to see objects far away declines B) ability to focus on close objects declines C) color discrimination improves slightly D) more light reaches the retina

21. Sleep-deprived adolescents __________. A) can make up sleep they have missed later B) are more likely to suffer from anxiety and irritability C) are less likely to engage in high-risk behaviors D) display increases in executive function

21. Which statement is true about mate selection? A) Romantic love is rarely an important factor in mate selection. B) Little support exists for the idea that "opposites attract." C) People rarely select partners who resemble themselves. D) Partners who are similar in personality are less likely to stay together.

23. At times, Drucilla is anxious and depressed about finding commitments, but she uses an active, information-gathering cognitive style to make personal decisions and solve problems: She seeks out relevant information, evaluates it carefully, and critically reflects on her views. Drucilla is experiencing identity __________. A) achievement B) moratorium C) foreclosure D) diffusion

28. Which statement about parent‒child relationships in adolescence is true? A) Research shows that puberty is related to a decrease in intensity of parent‒child conflict. B) Psychological distancing is a modern substitute for leaving the family around the time of puberty. C) Adolescents' new powers of reasoning contribute to a decline in family tensions. D) Parent‒son conflict tends to be more intense than conflict with daughters.

29. In a Canadian study asking 12- to 20-year-olds to justify why they regarded themselves as the same continuous person, Native Canadian youths __________. A) described an enduring personal essence, a core self that remained the same despite change B) emphasized a constantly transforming self, resulting from new roles and relationships C) emphasized that change made them doubt that they would ever feel certain about anything D) described a core self that internalized societal values and beliefs without deliberate evaluation

32. Biculturally identified adolescents tend to __________. A) be identity-foreclosed or identity-diffused more often than identity-achieved B) have especially positive relations with members of other ethnic groups C) refuse to adopt values from both their subculture and the dominant culture D) have a less secure ethnic identity than monocultural adolescents

32. __________ secrete antibodies into the bloodstream that multiply, capture foreign substances, and permit the blood system to destroy them. A) T cells B) B cells C) Telomeres D) Antigens

37. Emma believes that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order. She is at Kohlberg's __________ level. A) preconventional B) conventional C) postconventional D) principled

37. Which statement about anorexia nervosa is true? A) About 7 percent of North American and Western European teenage girls are affected by anorexia. B) During the past half-century, cases of anorexia have increased sharply, fueled by cultural admiration of female thinness. C) In the United States, African-American girls are at greater risk than European-American and Hispanic girls. D) Boys account for 1 to 5 percent of anorexia cases, and up to half of these are gay or bisexual young people.

39. In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Dolph states, "Even if his wife is dying, it is still Heinz's duty as a citizen to obey the law. If everyone started breaking the law, there'd be no civilization, just crime and violence." Dolph is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 3, the "good boy-good girl" orientation B) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation C) Stage 5, the social contract orientation D) Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

4. Once formed, identity __________. A) remains stable throughout the lifespan B) continues to be refined in adulthood C) tends to be rigid and ready-made D) prevents people from questioning their choices

40. Which statement about individuals with anorexia nervosa is true? A) Over 80 percent of young people with the disorder recover fully. B) They usually deny or minimize the seriousness of their disorder. C) In school, they tend to be low-achieving students who are irresponsible and poorly behaved. D) Later-maturing girls are at greatest risk for the disorder.

43. Kohlberg's original research and other longitudinal studies confirm that with few exceptions, individuals __________. A) reach Stage 6 by late adolescence or early adulthood B) move through his first four stages in the predicted order C) achieve the postconventional level of moral understanding D) rarely move beyond Stage 3 of moral understanding

44. Binge-eating disorder __________. A) is accompanied by purging, exercise, or fasting B) typically leads to overweight and obesity C) usually leads to restrictive dieting D) leads to delayed menarche or disrupted menstrual cycles

46. Typical young adults living at home in the United States today __________. A) contribute to the family economy B) are financially dependent on their parents C) receive government support D) work full-time

48. Which statement about the sexual behavior of U.S. adolescents is true? A) Few American adolescents are sexually active before age 17. B) In general, U.S. boys' and girls' rates of sexual intercourse are similar. C) About 30 percent of sexually active teenagers report that they first had sex with a steady dating partner. D) Thirty-five percent of high schoolers report having sexual relations with four or more partners.

48. __________ of U.S. 18- to 25-year-olds return to their parents' home for brief periods after first leaving. A) Just over one-quarter B) Slightly over half C) Three-quarters D) Nearly all

49. Early sexual activity is more common among young people from __________. A) mid- to high-SES homes B) economically disadvantaged homes C) only-child families D) dual-earner families

49. Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and females taps both care and justice, __________. A) females more than males tend to emphasize justice B) males more than females tend to focus equally on justice and care C) females more than males tend to focus equally on justice and care D) males more than females tend to emphasize care

5. Today's emerging adults __________. A) are not nearly as likely as contemporary older adults to participate in civic engagement B) have a stronger pluralistic orientation than young people in previous generations C) are less concerned than young people in previous generations about addressing global issues D) have a higher voting rate than older adults in nearly all established democracies

52. Adolescents who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning. A) have parents who permit them to make all their own decisions B) more often participate in conversations with their friends C) have more homogeneous friendships and school communities D) have parents who ask fewer clarifying questions

55. __________ is the most consistent predictor of marital stability. A) Religious similarity B) Age at marriage C) Acceptance of in-laws D) Educational level

57. In egalitarian marriages, __________. A) there is a clear division of roles B) partners share power and authority C) the husband is the head of the household D) the wife is responsible for family economic well-being

6. Which of the following 22-year-olds is the most likely to experience emerging adulthood? A) Pramada, a middle-SES female in India B) Percy, a high-SES male in the United Kingdom C) Huan, a low-SES female in China D) Albert, a high school dropout in the United States

61. Which statement is true about marital satisfaction? A) Women report feeling slightly happier with their marriages than men do. B) When a marriage is distressed, women are more likely than men to express dissatisfaction. C) When a marriage is distressed, men are more likely than women to seek professional help. D) Partners who hold overly positive biases concerning each other's attributes are less happy with their relationships.

61. Young people between 25 and 34 are __________. A) most likely to meet a partner at work B) the most avid users of dating sites and apps C) unlikely to use the Internet to meet a partner D) likely to have had 2-4 partners in the past year

65. Which woman is more likely to delay parenthood or decide against it altogether? A) Coral, who has a traditional gender-role orientation B) Renée, who has a high-status, demanding job C) Hermilia, who works at a low-level, undemanding job D) Amanda, who is unemployed

67. One of the most common disadvantages of parenthood cited by contemporary couples is __________. A) a decline in marital satisfaction B) role overload C) the necessary care and teaching D) inability to travel

68. The majority of victims of rape or other forms of sexual coercion were first victimized __________, and the perpetrators are usually __________. A) older than 25; a similar age B) before age 25; men they know well C) before age 25; acquaintances or strangers D) older than 25; sober at the time of the attack

71. Which statement about sexual coercion is true? A) Men who commit rape and sexual coercion often approve of violence, but rarely accept rape myths. B) When men are taught to be dominant, competitive, and aggressive, the themes of rape are reinforced. C) Despite expectations to the contrary, alcohol abuse appears to have no role in most cases of sexual coercion. D) Rape is more likely to occur in relationships where other forms of aggression are not tolerated.

72. Guadalupe and Julio collaborate in parenting roles, engaging in effective coparenting. Consequently, they are __________ likely to __________. A) less; feel competent as parents B) more; use effective child-rearing practices C) less; have children who are developing well D) more; be committed to traditional gender roles

73. Adolescents presented with Piaget's famous pendulum problem __________. A) test for the effect of string length without holding weight constant B) isolate and test each variable, as well as testing the variables in combination C) typically fail to notice variables that are not immediately suggested by the concrete materials of the task D) eventually deduce that the weight of the object and the string length do not affect the speed of the pendulum swing

74. Southern University is revising its sexual coercion prevention and treatment program. Which action step is the most likely to be effective? A) Make treatment for both male and female student perpetrators optional. B) Combat rape myths that victims "wanted it" and are to blame. C) Increase public awareness that women rarely commit sexually aggressive acts. D) Include safety planning for the survivor only when the perpetrator is still present.

8. Which individual is the most likely to describe herself as "shy," "outgoing," and "a smart airhead?" A) 10-year-old Demarcus B) 13-year-old Evangelina C) 16-year-old Lashawn D) 19-year-old Cris

80. Xavier believes everything his college professor says because she is in a respected position. He thinks that knowledge is certain and that the professor has that knowledge. Xavier is engaged in __________. A) pragmatic thought B) dualistic thinking C) relativistic thinking D) commitment within relativistic thinking

81. Keisha does not ever plan to marry. If she is like most single people, she will probably go through stressful periods in her __________ due to societal pressures. A) early twenties B) early and mid-thirties C) late forties D) mid- to late fifties

83. Donette is extremely self-conscious. She believes that she is the focus of everyone else's attention and concern. Donette is experiencing a cognitive distortion known as __________. A) the personal fable B) the imaginary audience C) metacognition D) personal uniqueness

84. While the majority of cohabiting relationships in the United States dissolve at a high rate, __________ cohabiters are exceptions to the high risk for breakup. A) engaged B) lesbian and gay C) non-college-educated D) non-engaged

84. With the birth of Olga's first child, she felt more fulfilled than ever before. However, she also acknowledged feelings of concern and fear over being able to meet all of her parental responsibilities while maintaining personal happiness and satisfaction. Olga's feelings reflect __________. A) relativistic thinking B) cognitive-affective complexity C) dualistic thinking D) pragmatic thinking

85. Fourteen-year-old Myles is certain he will be a professional baseball player. When his mother makes him stay home from practice because he has strep throat, Myles says, "You are ruining my life! You have no idea how hard it is to miss out on something you love to do!" Myles is experiencing a cognitive distortion known as __________. A) the imaginary audience B) the personal fable C) metacognition D) idealism

86. Amos and Wanda never had children. They married in their thirties, and their efforts at fertility treatments did not succeed. Amos and Wanda are __________. A) probably from low-SES backgrounds B) involuntarily childless C) voluntarily childless D) probably self-indulgent

89. Childlessness seems to interfere with adjustment and life satisfaction __________. A) in low-SES but not high-SES couples B) only when it is beyond a person's control C) among the highly educated D) in women but not men

91. In making decisions, teenagers __________. A) are more likely than adults to avoid potential losses B) take far greater risks than adults in their twenties C) are more effective than adults under unemotional conditions D) are more effective than adults when they must inhibit emotion

95. Mr. Contreras is concerned about his 17-year-old daughter, who has been exchanging text messages with one particular boy. You should tell him that __________. A) this romantic involvement will probably last through college B) close romantic ties among older teenagers promote self-esteem and identity progress C) this relationship is probably interfering with his daughter's sensitivity and self-esteem D) his daughter is too young for dating and is at risk for drug use and early sexual activity

95. Which high school is the most likely to help its students adjust to the school transition? A) North High, which emphasizes good grades over mastery B) East High, which provides homerooms that offer counseling C) West High, which randomly assigns students to all classes D) South High, which has large freshmen classrooms of 40 or more students

95. Which statement is true about the consequences of divorce? A) Immediately after separation, both men and women experience an improvement in psychological well-being. B) Despite loneliness and a drop in income, women tend to bounce back more easily from divorce. C) Finding a new partner is more crucial for women, who adjust less well than men to living on their own. D) Continued education and career advancement tend to prevent women from full psychological recovery after divorce.

97. Adolescents are __________ likely than younger children to __________. A) less; experience serious depression B) more; remain depressed when reassessed at older ages C) far less; remain depressed when reassessed in adulthood D) more; bounce back quickly from major depressive episodes

97. High-achieving students typically have parents who __________. A) are very involved in elementary school but are less involved in middle and high school B) remain invested in their teenagers' education and keep tabs on academic progress C) are somewhat involved in elementary school but are very involved in middle and high school D) rely on them to communicate with teachers and give them complete scheduling authority

97. Which individual is the most likely to establish positive bonds quickly with stepchildren? A) Eula, a stepmother with no other children B) Wade, a stepfather with children of his own C) Felipe, a stepfather with no other children D) Deidre, a stepmother with children of her own

99. According to Holland, people who choose construction, plumbing, or surveying prefer __________. A) working with ideas B) real-world problems C) well-structured tasks D) individual expression

Which statement about generativity and stagnation is true? A) Childless men score higher in generativity and lower in stagnation than men with children. B) Among well-educated women, those with children express greater generative concerns. C) Generativity is rare among low-SES fathers with troubled pasts as sons, students, and intimate partners. D) Stagnation is associated with more involvement in political activities, including voting and campaigning.

B) Among well-educated women, those with children express greater generative concerns.

Which statement is true about caring for aging parents? A) Nearly half of American working women are caregivers for aging parents who are in poor health. B) As adults move from early to later middle age, the sex difference in parental caregiving declines. C) Adults who share a household with ill parents experience less stress than those whose parents live elsewhere. D) Most middle-aged adults say that caring for an ill or disabled parent is less stressful than parenting a young child.

B) As adults move from early to later middle age, the sex difference in parental caregiving declines.

Which statement is true about Alzheimer's disease? A) By 2030, the number of Americans with Alzheimer's is expected to be cut in half. B) At first, recent memory is most impaired, but as serious disorientation sets in, recall of distant events evaporates. C) Among the early symptoms of the disease are tremors, shuffling gait, loss of facial expression, and stooped posture. D) Alzheimer's accounts for about one-quarter of all dementia cases, though at older ages, the percentage declines.

B) At first, recent memory is most impaired, but as serious disorientation sets in, recall of distant events evaporates.

__________ promotes longevity. A) Providing financial support to others B) Availability of social support C) Acceptance of physical dependency

B) Availability of social support

Lela, age 81, has lived in her own apartment since her husband died six years ago. Lately, she has been having difficulty with tasks of daily living. Lela's family and friends want to help. For social support to foster her well-being, __________. A) it should be informal rather than formal B) Lela must take personal control of it C) it should follow the dependency-support script D) it should follow the independence-ignore script

B) Lela must take personal control of it

Which statement is true about becoming a student in midlife? A) Most adult learners are middle-aged men. B) Life transitions often trigger a return to college in midlife. C) The sharpest rise in adult college enrollment is among 25- to 30-year-olds. D) In U.S. colleges, students over age 25 make up about 15 percent of total enrollment.

B) Life transitions often trigger a return to college in midlife.

Which statement is true about illness and disability in middle adulthood? A) Unintentional injuries more than double from early to middle adulthood. B) Men are more vulnerable than women to most health problems in midlife. C) Falls resulting in bone fractures and death occur at a lower rate than in early adulthood. D) Economic disadvantage is a weak predictor of poor health and premature death in midlife.

B) Men are more vulnerable than women to most health problems in midlife.

Which statement is true about sexuality in late adulthood? A) A majority of older adults attribute little to no importance to sex. B) Most married older adults report continued, regular sexual enjoyment. C) Older adults report that the female partner is usually the one who ceases to interact sexually. D) Nearly 75 percent of U.S. adults age 75 to 85 say they are no longer sexually active.

B) Most married older adults report continued, regular sexual enjoyment.

Which statement is true about the volunteer activities of aging adults? A) Men volunteer more often than women. B) Of those older adults who volunteer, over half give 200 or more hours per year. C) About 10 percent of older adults in industrialized nations report volunteering. D) Time spent volunteering usually begins to decline by age 60.

B) Of those older adults who volunteer, over half give 200 or more hours per year.

Which statement is true about cognitive intervention in late adulthood? A) Interventions that train older people in cognitive strategies cannot reverse age-related declines. B) Older adults' relatively well-preserved metacognition is a powerful asset in cognitive training efforts. C) Researchers have concluded that cognitive training enhances emotional well-being but not cognitive skills. D) Cognitive intervention rarely results in improved day-to-day problem solving or working memory tasks.

B) Older adults' relatively well-preserved metacognition is a powerful asset in cognitive training efforts.

Which statement is true about reminiscence? A) The life review form of reminiscence is maladaptive for both younger and older adults. B) Research reveals no age differences in total quantity of reminiscing. C) Older adults who participate in counselor-led life review report increased depression. D) The life review form of reminiscence occurs more often among younger than older adults.

B) Research reveals no age differences in total quantity of reminiscing.

Cancer death rates increase sharply as __________ decreases. A) age B) SES C) stress D) toxin exposure

B) SES

__________ reminiscence is linked to adjustment problems. A) Life review B) Self-focused C) Other-focused D) Knowledge-based

B) Self-focused

. An accelerating falloff in cognitive performance or in emotional investment in life is __________. A) unusual in healthy older adults B) a sign of loss of vitality and impending death C) expected in adults soon after age 100 D) due to disuse of skills rather than biological aging

B) a sign of loss of vitality and impending death

As people discover that they are no longer as good as they once were at certain tasks, they accommodate, shifting to activities that depend more on __________. A) emotional intelligence B) accumulated knowledge C) cognitive efficiency D) perceptual speed

B) accumulated knowledge

Crystallized intelligence depends on __________. A) the ability to detect relationships among visual stimuli B) accumulated knowledge and experience C) the speed of analyzing information D) the capacity of working memory

B) accumulated knowledge and experience

Middle-aged men are __________ with aging parents. A) usually more involved than middle-aged women B) becoming more involved in family responsibilities C) emotionally closer than middle-age women D) more likely than middle-aged women to move in

B) becoming more involved in family responsibilities

Evidence indicates that among religious older people, __________ contributes substantially to higher self-esteem, optimism, and life satisfaction. A) belief in fate B) belief in God's powers C) religious activity, not belief, D) decreased social engagement

B) belief in God's powers

Orlando, age 82, is asked to describe important life events, noting the age at which each occurred. Among remote events recalled, Orlando is most likely to focus on events that occurred __________. A) before the age of 10 B) between ages 10 and 30 C) between ages 30 and 40 D) between ages 40 and 60

B) between ages 10 and 30

From early to middle adulthood, the death rate due to __________ multiplies tenfold. A) falls B) cancer C) motor vehicle accidents D) cardiovascular disease

B) cancer

Throughout adulthood, the personality traits people assign to their current selves show __________. A) lofty idealism B) considerable stability C) great variability D) an ideal self

B) considerable stability

Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are both types of __________. A) cardiovascular dementia B) cortical dementia C) subcortical dementia D) macular degeneration

B) cortical dementia

Neuroticism __________ from adolescence through middle age. A) rises steadily B) declines C) increases slightly D) does not change

B) declines

According to Erikson, __________ occurs when aging adults feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity. A) mistrust B) despair C) stagnation D) isolation

B) despair

As Angelo approaches age 50, he feels increasingly disheartened about his poor relationship with his two sons. At work, he volunteers to mentor a young new hire who is about the age of his oldest boy. According to Levinson, Angelo is confronting which developmental task? A) young-old B) destruction-creation C) masculinity-femininity D) engagement-separateness

B) destruction-creation

Older adults emphasize the __________ function of interaction. A) information-seeking B) emotion-regulating C) self-affirmation D) networking

B) emotion-regulating

Compared with European Americans, Korean-American caregivers of parents with mental disabilities __________. A) reported lower levels of care burden B) experienced more anxiety and depression C) fared better in mental health two years later D) reported lower levels of family obligation

B) experienced more anxiety and depression

Guy is reserved, quiet, passive, sober, and emotionally unreactive. He is low in which "big five" personality trait? A) conscientiousness B) extroversion C) agreeableness D) openness to experience

B) extroversion

In setting personal goals, older adults __________. A) often deny their physical and cognitive limitations B) focus on maintaining abilities and preventing losses C) focus on gains in physical goals and losses in cognitive goals D) focus on gains in cognitive goals and losses in physical goals

B) focus on maintaining abilities and preventing losses

The term "empty nest" is no longer used to refer to the middle adulthood phase of the family life cycle because __________. A) so many middle-aged adults in the United States are raising at least one grandchild B) it implies a negative transition C) the baby boomers are less financially secure and as a result often return home D) the majority of middle-aged people in the United States live alone

B) it implies a negative transition

Low-SES older adults are __________ likely than higher-SES older adults to benefit from medical care because __________. A) less; they are more likely to rely on holistic medicine B) less; they are less optimistic that treatment will work C) more; their medical care is paid for by the government D) more; they are more trusting of the medical profession in general

B) less; they are less optimistic that treatment will work

Improved nutrition, medical treatment, sanitation, and safety have contributed to the dramatic gains in average __________ in the United States in the last 100 years. A) brain age B) life expectancy C) functional age D) chronological age

B) life expectancy

Mrs. Nguyen agrees with the following statement: "As I get older, things are better than I thought they'd be." Mrs. Nguyen's self-perception __________. A) is an example of a stereotype threat B) may help her live a longer life C) suggests that she is in denial D) is consistent with the prevailing Western stereotype

B) may help her live a longer life

In a study that followed a sample of women diverse in SES throughout adulthood, __________ predicted ego integrity in late adulthood. A) college graduation B) midlife generativity C) early retirement D) adolescent identity foreclosure

B) midlife generativity

Irrespective of financial need, the age of retirement is rising in the United States and Western nations because __________. A) the population of preretirees is declining steadily B) most baby boomers say they want to work longer C) older adults have fewer choices about when to retire D) the mandatory retirement age has increased for most workers

B) most baby boomers say they want to work longer

Individuals who are low in conscientiousness are __________. A) worrying, temperamental, self-pitying, self-conscious, emotional, and vulnerable B) negligent, lazy, disorganized, late, aimless, and nonpersistent C) ruthless, suspicious, stingy, antagonistic, critical, and irritable D) reserved, quiet, passive, sober, and emotionally unreactive

B) negligent, lazy, disorganized, late, aimless, and nonpersistent

. Hector, age 85, is likely to show greater decrements in __________. A) verbal memory B) numeric ability C) verbal ability D) inductive reasoning

B) numeric ability

Life-care communities __________. A) are federally subsidized apartment units for low-income aging adults B) offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent living to full nursing home care C) are limited to 10 or fewer residents, who live in private bedroom-bathroom suites D) provide a hospital-like setting with extreme restrictions on autonomy and social integration

B) offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent living to full nursing home care

Marlon, an extraverted 75-year-old, reminisces about his wife, who passed away when Marlon was 56. He enjoys reliving his relationship with his wife. Marlon engages in __________ reminiscence. A) self-focused B) other-focused C) knowledge-based D) negative-based

B) other-focused

Linnea has angina pectoris. Her crushing chest pain reveals a(n) __________. A) irregular heartbeat B) oxygen-deprived heart C) blood clot within the heart's chambers D) blood clot in the coronary arteries

B) oxygen-deprived heart

The __________, along with women's reduced risk taking and physical aggression, are believed to be responsible for the female advantage in average life expectancy. A) gender difference in alcohol consumption B) protective value of the extra X chromosome C) protective value of the extra Y chromosome D) gender difference in preventive health care

B) protective value of the extra X chromosome

In Levinson's engagement-separateness task, men and women with successful careers may __________. A) focus on ways they have acted destructively B) reduce their concern with achievement C) give up certain youthful qualities D) sustain a youthful subjective age

B) reduce their concern with achievement

In the United States, about 4 percent of aging adults __________. A) age in place B) relocate to other communities C) relocate within the same town or city D) stay in the neighborhoods where they spent their adult lives

B) relocate to other communities

Forrest lives in a Green House-style nursing home. Compared with a traditional nursing home resident, Forrest will probably __________. A) experience a quicker physical decline B) report a substantially better quality of life C) interact less often with other residents D) have less control over his daily schedule

B) report a substantially better quality of life

Adults with a sense of stagnation may express their self-absorption through __________. A) a focus on what they can give to others B) taking little interest in being productive at work C) a focus on their own children and grandchildren D) taking interest in young people in their community

B) taking little interest in being productive at work

he more negative a caregiver-recipient relationship, __________. A) the smaller the risk of financial abuse B) the greater the risk of elder abuse of all kinds C) the less vulnerable the older adult is to abuse D) the smaller the risk of physical neglect

B) the greater the risk of elder abuse of all kinds

The late-life increase in religiosity is __________. A) universal B) usually modest C) a Western phenomenon D) inevitable

B) usually modest

The rate of Alzheimer's disease is reduced by more than half in older adults __________. A) who take ginkgo biloba B) with higher education C) who participate in leisure activities D) with low levels of serotonin

B) with higher education

14. When Paul started his job, he developed a close relationship with Richard, a senior colleague. Richard helped Paul succeed in his job, and with Richard's help, Paul was quickly promoted. According to Levinson, Richard __________. A) was acting out Paul's dream B) was probably going through the age-30 transition C) acted as a mentor to Paul D) probably jeopardized his own dream

14. Which parenting style is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence? A) uninvolved B) authoritarian C) authoritative D) permissive

15. According to Levinson, a second transition occurs around age __________. A) 20 B) 25 C) 30 D) 35

17. According to Vaillant, men become "keepers of meaning," or guardians of their culture, in their __________. A) teens and twenties B) thirties and forties C) fifties and sixties D) seventies and eighties

19. Among economically better-off young people, __________ occurs much __________ in the lifespan than it did a generation or two ago. A) finishing one's education; earlier B) having children; earlier C) marrying; later D) attending college; later

19. When asked about his political beliefs, Paolo responds, "Oh, I don't know. It doesn't make much difference to me." Paolo is demonstrating identity __________. A) moratorium B) foreclosure C) diffusion D) achievement

2. Although the seeds of identity formation are planted early, not until __________ do people become absorbed in this task. A) middle to late childhood B) early adolescence C) late adolescence and early adulthood D) middle adulthood

2. More college students than in past generations __________. A) pursue their education in a linear fashion B) obtain their degree in three to four years C) change majors as they explore career options D) narrow their interests, attitudes, and values

20. Sixteen-year-old Manuel is going to bed later and later, perhaps because of increased neural sensitivity to evening light. Manuel's parents should know that he needs about __________ hours of sleep per night. A) five B) seven C) nine D) eleven

21. College students usually __________. A) make progress on genuine intimacy in relationships before experiencing identity concerns B) settle on a self-definition earlier than those who go to work immediately after high school C) make more identity progress than they did in high school because college offers opportunities for exploration D) are at risk for identity foreclosure or diffusion because they rarely encounter obstacles before realizing their goals

24. Identity-foreclosed individuals __________. A) seek out and carefully evaluate information B) doubt that anything can ever be known with certainty C) display a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style D) display an active, information-gathering style

25. Gloria's marriage was riddled with jealousy, emotional highs and lows, and desperation about whether her husband returned her affection. Though she offered support to her husband, Gloria did so in ways that poorly fit his needs. Based on this information, it is likely that Gloria has a(n) __________ attachment history.

28. Teenagers with __________ are more involved in exploring relationship issues, such as what they value in close friends and in a life partner. A) foreclosed identities B) permissive parents C) warm, trusting peer ties D) diffused identities

31. T cells __________. A) secrete antibodies that multiply and capture antigens B) are neutralized or destroyed during the immune response C) directly attack foreign substances in the body D) release more antibodies when B cells are present

31. Which strategy helps minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts constructively? A) Foster ethnic pride and encourage separation from other ethnic groups. B) Promote parenting that discourages exploration of minority values. C) Ensure that schools respect minority youths' native languages. D) Discourage adoption of values from the dominant culture.

33. Which statement about Lawrence Kohlberg's well-known "Heinz dilemma" is true? A) It is the content of the response that determines moral maturity. B) The most advanced moral thinkers focus on avoidance of punishment as a reason for behaving morally. C) It is the way an individual reasons about the dilemma that determines moral maturity. D) The most advanced moral thinkers focus on obeying the law as a reason for behaving morally.

36. Disturbed eating is highest in __________. A) Asia B) the Middle East C) Western nations D) Africa

38. In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Marlee says, "No one will think you're bad if you steal the drug, but your family will think you're an inhumane husband if you don't. If you let your wife die, you'll never be able to look anyone in the face again." Marlee is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 1, the punishment and obedience orientation B) Stage 2, the instrumental purpose orientation C) Stage 3, the "good boy-good girl" orientation D) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation

4. Nora's grandfather lived to be 87, and her father is still alive at the age of 98. Nora concludes that longevity is inherited and anticipates a very long life. Nora should know that __________. A) there is no reliable data on the heritability of longevity, so the cumulative effects of random events probably contributed to the long lives of her relatives B) the lifespans of fraternal twins are just as similar as the lifespans of identical twins, indicating that longevity is probably not a heritable trait C) rather than inheriting longevity directly, people probably inherit risk and protective factors that influence their chances of dying earlier or later D) the heritability of longevity is high, ranging from .75 to .95 for age at death, indicating that longevity is directly related to genetic factors

40. Individuals at Kohlberg's postconventional level __________. A) accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences B) believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures societal order C) define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all societies D) view behaviors that result in punishment as bad and those that lead to rewards as good

41. At Kohlberg's Stage __________, individuals can imagine alternatives to their own social order, and they emphasize fair procedures for interpreting and changing the law. A) 3, the "good boy‒good girl" orientation B) 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation C) 5, the social contract orientation D) 6, the universal ethical principle orientation

41. Rose suffers from anorexia nervosa. You can tell her parents that the most successful treatment for Rose is probably __________. A) individual therapy and nutrition education B) appetite-control medication and hypnosis C) family therapy and medication to reduce anxiety and neurotransmitter imbalances D) attendance at a support group and nutrition education

42. Carlie engages in binge eating, followed by deliberate vomiting, purging with laxatives, excessive exercise, and strict dieting or even fasting. Carlie suffers from __________. A) marasmus B) food insecurity C) bulimia nervosa D) anorexia nervosa

45. According to one reexamination of Kohlberg's stages, __________. A) "postconventional" morality is based on social conformity B) people must reach Stages 5 and 6 to be considered truly morally mature C) moral maturity can be found in a revised understanding of Stages 3 and 4 D) "postconventional" morality is attainable if you rely on your intuition

47. Which individual is the most likely to establish early residential independence? A) Peyton, who attends a local community college B) Zahara, who works part-time and does not go to college C) Makayla, whose parents are divorced and combative D) Garland, whose parents just celebrated their 25th anniversary

48. On hypothetical dilemmas as well as everyday moral problems, adolescent and adult females __________. A) are more likely than males to focus on themes of justice B) display reasoning at a lower stage than their male agemates C) display reasoning at the same stage as their male agemates, and often at a higher stage D) focus on themes of both justice and caring, while males focus only on themes of caring

49. Which young adult is more likely to live on her own? A) Mae Ling, a first-generation Asian American B) Aaliyah, an African-American college student C) Julia, a well-off European American D) Marisa, an unmarried Latina

50. In diverse Western and non-Western cultures, parent‒child disputes over __________ increase during the teenage years. A) social conventions B) moral situations C) personal affairs D) cultural values

51. Just 16 percent of contemporary U.S. 18- to 29-year-olds __________. A) leave home B) are employed C) are married D) return home after leaving

52. Which statement is true about attitudes regarding marriage in the United States today? A) A majority of American adults agree that marriage is becoming obsolete. B) More than half of high-SES emerging adults say they never want to get married. C) Most U.S. unmarried young adults say they want to marry and have children. D) Marriage is not a central life goal for more than two-thirds of low-SES emerging adults.

53. Moral reasoning typically progresses to Kohlberg's higher stages the longer a person __________. A) is alive B) attends church C) remains in school D) is employed

54. __________ young adults are more likely than their counterparts to marry partners of another race or ethnicity. A) Middle-SES B) Religious C) Highly educated D) Homosexual

58. Most well-educated, career-oriented women expect a(n) __________ marriage. A) matriarchal B) traditional C) egalitarian D) patriarchal

6. For most young people, identity development __________. A) is traumatic and disturbing B) is complete by the end of high school C) is a process of exploration followed by commitment D) leaves them unprepared for the challenges of adulthood

60. Which couple is the most likely to equally share authority and household responsibilities? A) Emilio and Katrina, a Hispanic heterosexual couple B) Ty and Sharone, an African-American heterosexual couple C) Courtney and Eleanor, a European-American same-sex couple D) Han and Anna, an Asian-American heterosexual couple

64. Among U.S. adults age 40 and older, 85 percent of women and 76 percent of men __________. A) are married B) have been married at least once C) are parents D) have two or more children

65. The sexual problems most often reported by men are anxiety about performance and __________. A) lack of interest in sex B) inability to achieve orgasm C) climaxing too early D) a partner's lack of technique

67. In the United States, __________. A) men are substantially more likely than women to report a bisexual orientation B) approximately 2 million adults identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender C) acceptance of sexual minorities is greatest among highly educated people who are low in religiosity D) heterosexual women judge sexual minorities more negatively than do heterosexual men

69. For most new parents, the arrival of a baby __________. A) causes a serious decline in marital satisfaction B) leads to a short-term rise in relationship satisfaction C) does not cause significant marital strain D) leads to a sharp increase in overall life satisfaction

69. Which statement about sexual coercion is true? A) Perpetrators are typically from low-SES backgrounds. B) Approximately 9 percent of U.S. women have endured rape. C) People of all SES and ethnic groups are offenders and victims. D) Men who commit rape tend to pursue emotionally intimate relationships.

70. A second birth typically requires that fathers __________. A) revert to a more traditional gender role around the home B) spend more time outside the home as a wage earner C) take an even more active role in parenting D) tend to the older child less often

71. In today's complex world, men and women are __________ than in previous generations. A) more skilled at raising children B) less likely to care about parenting practices C) less certain about how to rear children D) more likely to place a high priority on parenting

76. With respect to propositional thought in an entirely verbal mode, young children have great difficulty reasoning from premises that contradict reality or their own beliefs because they __________. A) automatically inhibit activation of well-learned, real-world knowledge B) believe that the accuracy of conclusions rests on the rules of logic C) fail to grasp the logical necessity of propositional reasoning D) show no ability to engage in hypothetico-deductive reasoning

77. The rate of never-married Americans age 25 and older has __________ since 1960. A) decreased slightly B) increased slightly C) more than doubled D) stayed the same

78. Men with a high school diploma or less and highly educated women in prestigious careers are overrepresented among singles after age 30 because __________. A) they are the most likely to have married and divorced young B) women tend to "marry down" and men tend to "marry up" C) women tend to "marry up" and men tend to "marry down" D) they are the most likely to be closed to a long-term relationship

79. In adolescence, __________. A) attention becomes less selective B) strategies become less effective C) inhibition improves D) metacognition narrows

8. __________ parenting in particular is linked to emerging adults' psychological well-being. A) Overprotective B) Permissive C) Autonomy-supportive D) Helicopter

80. Overall, people over age 35 who have always been single __________. A) report feeling slightly less happy than people recently divorced B) report feeling slightly happier than people recently widowed C) are content with their lives D) are happier than married people

87. The voluntarily childless are usually __________. A) uneducated B) low-SES C) highly educated D) unemployed

90. Divorce rates have declined over the past two decades, partly because __________. A) premarital cohabitation rates have decreased in the same time period B) there has been a steady resurgence in religious objection to divorce C) of rising age at marriage, which is linked to greater marital satisfaction D) poverty and unemployment rates have improved

93. Early dating __________. A) leads to greater psychological intimacy B) promotes identity development and self-esteem C) is related to delinquency and poor academic achievement D) is related to academic achievement and social success

93. Which statement about school transitions is true? A) Grade point averages increase and feelings of anonymity decline after each school change. B) Multiple-problem youths often show a decline in truancy after a school transition. C) Adolescents facing added strains at school transitions are at greatest risk for academic difficulties. D) For well-adjusted youths, grade point averages tend to increase with the high school transition.

93. Which statement is true about divorce in the United States? A) Husbands usually report more serious marital problems than wives. B) Men are twice as likely as women to initiate divorce proceedings. C) Infidelity and substance abuse are among the strongest predictors of divorce. D) Economically advantaged couples are especially likely to divorce.

98. More than half of births to African-American mothers in their twenties are to __________. A) divorced, single women B) women in first marriages C) women without a partner D) women in second marriages

99. Twin studies indicate that depression is __________ heritable. A) not B) slightly C) moderately D) highly

__________ are the most frequently reported types of elder abuse. A) Physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect B) Sexual abuse, financial abuse, and physical abuse C) Financial abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect D) Physical neglect, sexual abuse, and financial abuse

C) Financial abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect

Which statement is true about menopause? A) During menopause, complaints about sexual functioning decrease. B) Hot flashes and night sweats affect only about 1 in 12 women. C) Frequent hot flashes are associated with repeated night wakings and poor sleep. D) With the final menstrual period, as hormone levels stabilize, the incidence of depression increases.

C) Frequent hot flashes are associated with repeated night wakings and poor sleep.

Martin, age 47, is single and has no children. Which of Martin's activities reflects generativity? A) He works out at the gym three evenings a week and runs every night. B) He attends worship services two times per week and participates in a bible study group. C) He volunteers at the YMCA as a coach and as a "big brother" to preadolescent boys. D) He participates in community theater and starred in a local production of Guys and Dolls.

C) He volunteers at the YMCA as a coach and as a "big brother" to preadolescent boys.

Which statement is true about the "big five" personality traits? A) Agreeableness decreases slightly from adolescence through middle age. B) They take into account motivations, preferred tasks, and coping styles. C) Individual differences in the "big five" traits are large and highly stable. D) They consider how certain aspects of personality are integrated.

C) Individual differences in the "big five" traits are large and highly stable.

__________ and __________ are basic to meaningful friendships in late adulthood. A) Proximity; shared vocation B) Mutual dependency; proximity C) Intimacy; companionship D) Mutual dependency; shared ethnicity

C) Intimacy; companionship

Which older worker is likely to retire first? A) Marilyn, who is in good health B) Dion, who is self-employed C) Joseph, who works in a blue-collar job D) Pearl, who is a high-earning professional

C) Joseph, who works in a blue-collar job

Which statement is true about the incidence of lung cancer in the United States? A) It is the most common cause of cancer deaths for men, while breast cancer tops the list for women. B) Over the past 25 years, the incidence of lung cancer has steadily increased in men. C) Lung cancer has recently begun to decrease in women after a long period of increase. D) Although the effects of smoking are not insignificant, most lung cancer deaths are a result of other factors.

C) Lung cancer has recently begun to decrease in women after a long period of increase.

Which statement is true about cognitive functioning in late adulthood? A) Mental abilities that rely on biologically based information-processing skills are sustained longer. B) Research reveals less individual variation in cognitive functioning in late adulthood than at any other time of life. C) Older adults who sustain high levels of cognitive functioning engage in selective optimization with compensation. D) Generally, cognitive improvement and maintenance outweigh cognitive loss as people approach the end of life.

C) Older adults who sustain high levels of cognitive functioning engage in selective optimization with compensation.

Which parent is most likely to be generative? A) Harlan, who is authoritarian B) Liberty, who is uninvolved C) Princess, who is authoritative D) Seth, who is permissive

C) Princess, who is authoritative

Which statement is true about retirement satisfaction? A) Well-educated people with complex jobs adjust less favorably to retirement. B) Retirees fare best in situations where the decision to retire is made by others or by circumstances beyond their control. C) Retirement can enhance marital satisfaction by granting husband and wife more time for companionship. D) Both social network size and relationship quality tend to shrink with retirement.

C) Retirement can enhance marital satisfaction by granting husband and wife more time for companionship.

Which individual likely provides the most direct care and financial support to aging parents? A) Beth, a wealthy European-American woman B) Luther, a low-income African-American man C) Veronica, a middle-income African-American woman D) Rex, a low-income European-American man

C) Veronica, a middle-income African-American woman

Which statement is true about memory in late adulthood? A) Older adults perform well when they are asked to depend on associations between unrelated items. B) Research shows that older people's remote memory is clearer than their memory for recent events. C) When older adults are directed to use elaboration, the young-old difference in memory is greatly reduced. D) Research shows that older adults recall intermediate events more often than remote or recent events.

C) When older adults are directed to use elaboration, the young-old difference in memory is greatly reduced.

More than __________, __________ predict(s) depressive symptoms. A) mental health problems; physical disabilities B) perceived mental health problems; actual dependency C) actual physical limitations; perceived negative physical health D) perceived physical limitations; actual negative physical health

C) actual physical limitations; perceived negative physical health

Abusers who are paid caregivers or professionals rendering other services are usually __________. A) openly hostile B) well-supervised C) amiable but manipulative D) prosecuted when caught

C) amiable but manipulative

. Trends in both crystallized and fluid mental abilities reported from the Seattle Longitudinal Study indicate that middle-aged adults __________. A) show steady increases in nonverbal IQ B) often overestimate their intellectual abilities C) are intellectually "in their prime," not "over the hill" D) show sharp decrements in ability, starting around age 40

C) are intellectually "in their prime," not "over the hill"

Especially in individualistic societies, __________ may help preserve generative commitments. A) gang membership B) focusing on career development C) belonging to a religious community D) moving away from extended family

C) belonging to a religious community

Neil, age 73, has learned to focus on his psychological strengths. He overcomes his physical limitations by emphasizing the compensating rewards of cognitive, emotional, and social powers. According to Peck, Neil has attained __________. A) body differentiation B) ego differentiation C) body transcendence D) ego transcendence

C) body transcendence

Research suggests that as people grow older, __________. A) ego differentiation increases and body transcendence decreases B) both body transcendence and ego differentiation decrease C) both body transcendence and ego transcendence increase D) ego transcendence decreases and ego differentiation increases

C) both body transcendence and ego transcendence increase

The leading causes of death in middle age are __________ and __________. A) motor vehicle collisions; cancer B) falls; motor vehicle collisions C) cancer; cardiovascular disease D) falls; cardiovascular disease

C) cancer; cardiovascular disease

Mia returned to college at age 45. She will probably need help in __________. A) settling on career goals B) selecting a major or minor C) choosing the most appropriate courses D) integrating knowledge and experiences

C) choosing the most appropriate courses

As __________, length of life increases. A) education decreases B) income decreases C) education and income increase D) incidence of diseases increases

C) education and income increase

Courtney, a baby boomer, is likely to score higher than her father at the same age on verbal memory, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation. Courtney's performance compared to her father's is likely due in part to generational advances in __________. A) emotional intelligence B) perceptual speed C) education and technology D) naturalistic intelligence

C) education and technology

According to George Vaillant, which factor outweighs the others with regard to predicting a happy, active old age? A) parental SES B) family warmth in childhood C) effective coping strategies D) early physical health

C) effective coping strategies

Striving for continuity is essential for attaining Erikson's sense of __________, which depends on preserving a sense of personal history. A) intimacy B) ego identity C) ego integrity D) initiative

C) ego integrity

According to Erikson, the final psychological conflict, __________, involves coming to terms with one's life. A) intimacy versus isolation B) generativity versus stagnation C) ego integrity versus despair D) ego identity versus role confusion

C) ego integrity versus despair

When they cannot avoid negative experiences, older adults are especially effective at __________. A) problem-focused evaluation B) fault finding and blaming others C) emotion-centered coping D) ruminating about past disappointments

C) emotion-centered coping

Nina travels from the living room to the kitchen intending to get something, but then she does not recall what she intended to get. Nina's experience provides an example of __________ memory. A) temporal B) semantic C) episodic D) implicit

C) episodic

With age, ships in the social convoy __________. A) increase in number B) increase in size C) exchange places D) decrease in importance

C) exchange places

Women who quit work in order to take care of an ill aging parent __________. A) report feeling somewhat guilty but more positive in mood B) report feeling less stressed and more upbeat than employed caregivers C) fare especially poorly in adjustment, probably due to social isolation D) tend to fare better physically than those who try to juggle both tasks

C) fare especially poorly in adjustment, probably due to social isolation

bony, age 88, appears younger than her 77-year-old sister, Desiree. However, Desiree remains active mentally, whereas Ebony finds it difficult to complete familiar tasks. The sisters' actual competence and performance in dealing with life's challenges indicate their __________ age. A) social B) biological C) functional D) chronological

C) functional

As he approached his ninetieth year, Franco spent more time in quiet reflection. He had a heightened inner calm and contentment. According to Joan Erikson, Franco had reached __________. A) the Third Age B) affect optimization C) gerotranscendence D) body differentiation

C) gerotranscendence

Today, retirement __________. A) is usually highly streamlined and similar for workers in all occupations B) means moving from full-time work to full-time leisure in a single event C) is a dynamic process with multiple transitions serving different purposes D) is more affordable than ever for workers in all occupations

C) is a dynamic process with multiple transitions serving different purposes

The reminiscence bump __________. A) usually involves events that occurred in midlife or after B) characterizes emotionally negative, but not positive, memories C) is evident in the autobiographical recall of older adults from diverse cultures D) allows recall of intermediate events more readily than remote or recent events

C) is evident in the autobiographical recall of older adults from diverse cultures

Familial Alzheimer's __________. A) typically appears after age 65 B) progresses more slowly than sporadic Alzheimer's C) is responsible for 1 percent or fewer cases D) is caused by an abnormal gene on chromosome 19

C) is responsible for 1 percent or fewer cases

Mr. Dugan belongs to an older adult lunch club. The other members of the club, while not intimates, are Mr. Dugan's __________ friends. A) primary B) intergenerational C) joint D) secondary

C) joint

Older adults who score high in openness to experience engage, at times, in __________ reminiscence, drawing on their past for effective problem-solving strategies. A) self-focused B) other-focused C) knowledge-based D) negative-based

C) knowledge-based

Less well-educated people with lower lifetime earnings are the __________ likely to __________. A) least; benefit from retirement preparation programs B) most; begin planning for retirement in early adulthood C) least; attend retirement preparation programs D) most; look closely at their financial well-being

C) least; attend retirement preparation programs

Charise, age 74, is involved in organized religion. Longitudinal research suggests that Charise will __________ than her agemates who do not participate in organized or informal religion. A) be less generative B) reminisce less C) live longer D) experience greater death anxiety

C) live longer

Marcus, age 53, is spending a lot of time caring for his young grandson. His subordinates at work have noticed that he has become a kinder, more compassionate boss. According to Levinson, Marcus is engaged in which developmental task? A) young-old B) destruction-creation C) masculinity-femininity D) engagement-separateness

C) masculinity-femininity

Adults in their early twenties __________. A) have one or two possible selves B) have modest, realistic visions C) mention many possible selves D) are largely concerned with current roles

C) mention many possible selves

Older adults who feel socially integrated into a residential community setting are __________. A) at high risk for loneliness B) more likely to experience declining health C) more likely to consider it their home D) at high risk for anxiety and depression

C) more likely to consider it their home

During the phase of "launching children and moving on," __________. A) adults have the smallest number of close relationships than during any other period B) families experience the smallest number of exits and entries of family members C) most people experience a sense of completion and liberation D) few people have opportunities to strengthen social ties or rekindle interests

C) most people experience a sense of completion and liberation

For young and old alike, reminiscence __________. A) is ruminative B) reinforces negative stereotypes C) often occurs during times of life transition D) is maladaptive and leads to depression

C) often occurs during times of life transition

In college, __________ tend to take fewer credits and progress at a slower pace. A) younger women B) younger men C) older women D) older men

C) older women

Nora is imaginative, creative, original, curious, and liberal. She is high in which "big five" personality trait? A) neuroticism B) extroversion C) openness to experience D) agreeableness

C) openness to experience

Longitudinal research shows that from the twenties on, __________ decreases steadily. A) verbal ability B) inductive reasoning C) perceptual speed D) numeric ability

C) perceptual speed

Gilles, age 50, tells his brother, "I'd like to maintain my physical health and work on getting emotionally stronger. I want to be a good friend and a role model to my kids. I don't want to be that guy who never comes to family get-togethers because he is too busy working. I want to be successful in my career, but not at the expense of my family." Gilles is discussing his __________. A) future model B) internal map C) possible selves D) generalized goals

C) possible selves

Contemporary older people in industrialized nations are largely __________. A) focused on living in the past B) biased toward negative emotions C) present- and future-oriented D) focused on the nearness of death

C) present- and future-oriented

Darlene, who spent her early adulthood devoted to child rearing, is engaged in Levinson's engagement-separation task. Consequently, Darlene will probably focus on __________. A) being more generative B) controlling the physical changes of aging C) pursuing a long-desired ambition D) greater openness to autonomy and assertiveness

C) pursuing a long-desired ambition

Overwhelmingly, aging adults in Western nations __________. A) relocate to live closer to children B) move to more temperate climates C) remain living in or near their old home D) relocate to pursue leisure interests

C) remain living in or near their old home

Tessa tells stories about people and events from her past and shares associated thoughts and feelings. Tessa engages in __________. A) rumination B) the positivity effect C) reminiscence D) gerotranscendence

C) reminiscence

The negative outcome of Erikson's midlife stage, stagnation, focuses on __________. A) role confusion B) selflessness C) self-indulgence D) guilt and shame

C) self-indulgence

Walt, age 75, says that he feels about 60 years old. Sixty is Walt's __________ age. A) skeletal B) functional C) subjective D) desired

C) subjective

After age 80, a life expectancy crossover occurs, in that __________. A) men outnumber women by a ratio of about 3 to 1 B) surviving European Americans live longer than African Americans C) surviving African Americans live longer than members of the white majority D) men's advantage in life expectancy shrinks to around 1 year

C) surviving African Americans live longer than members of the white majority

Possible selves are the __________ dimension of self-concept. A) positive B) negative C) temporal D) social

C) temporal

In the year before Trudy died, her friends and family noticed that she had become less active and more withdrawn, even in their company. Trudy experienced __________. A) cognitive maintenance B) a memory deficit C) terminal decline D) the reminiscence bump

C) terminal decline

Which caregiving grandparents are especially likely to be living in extreme poverty while caring for several grandchildren? A) the Montagues, who are European American B) the Bucks, who are African American C) the Wynns, who are Native American D) the Herreras, who are Hispanic

C) the Wynns, who are Native American

Older adults volunteering with Experience Corps acquire skills in __________. A) job training and career counseling of adolescents B) building design and construction of homes C) tutoring and behavior management of children D) child care and child development

C) tutoring and behavior

Mr. Torres had a series of strokes that left areas of dead brain cells, causing step-by-step degeneration of his mental ability. Mr. Torres is experiencing __________. A) familial Alzheimer's disease B) sporadic Alzheimer's disease C) vascular dementia D) Parkinson's disease

C) vascular dementia

59. Americans Faye and Max met in graduate school and married after they both graduated. They both work full-time. Which of the following is most likely true? A) Faye and Max share housework equally. B) Faye and Max share child-care responsibilities equally. C) Max spends nearly twice as much time as Faye on housework. D) Max puts in about 60 percent of weekly child-care hours that Faye does.

63. Many perpetrators treated for partner abuse __________. A) have no difficulty managing their anger B) grew up in homes with authoritative parents in egalitarian relationships C) attribute greater blame to themselves than to their partners D) repeat their violent behavior with the same or a new partner

63. Sex education __________. A) encourages early sex by providing specific information about contraceptives B) need only last a few sessions to reduce teenage pregnancy rates C) delays the initiation of sexual activity by cataloguing facts about anatomy and reproduction D) must help teenagers build a bridge between what they know and what they do

63. Which statement about sexual attitudes over the past four decades is true? A) Approval of extramarital sex has remained consistently high. B) Approval of extramarital sex increased after the mid-2000s. C) Acceptance of premarital sex has remained consistently low. D) Acceptance of premarital sex rose sharply after the mid-2000s.

64. In Canada and Western Europe, where community- and school-based clinics offer adolescents contraceptives and where universal health insurance helps pay for them, __________ than in the United States. A) teenage sexual activity is much higher B) teenage sexual activity is much lower C) pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates are much higher D) pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rates are much lower

64. Which statement about the sex lives of American adults is true? A) More men than women report persistent sexual problems. B) Single people have more sex than people who are married or cohabiting. C) Most married adults say they are only somewhat happy with their sex lives. D) As number of sex partners increases, sexual satisfaction declines sharply.

66. The warm, affectionate relationship and affirmation of one's adult status are two of the reasons that many adults cite for choosing to __________. A) cohabit B) get married C) remarry D) have children

66. __________ of Millennials approve of legalized same-sex marriage. A) Almost one-third B) Just over half C) Just under two-thirds D) Nearly three-fourths

7. The first outward sign of puberty is __________. A) steady improvement in gross-motor performance B) extreme moodiness, particularly toward adults C) changes in physical features related to sexual functioning D) the rapid gain in height and weight known as the growth spurt

73. Which statement is true about parenting young children? A) The younger the child, the lower the parents' sense of risk in finding child care. B) Parents report that raising young children negatively affects psychological well-being. C) Involved parents say that parenthood requires them to tune out others' feelings and needs. D) Rearing young children is a powerful source of adult development.

74. Which child is the most likely to evaluate the logic of statements only by considering them against concrete evidence in the real world? A) Chandra, age 15 B) Tyrell, age 13 C) Daniela, age 11 D) Wiley, age 9

75. Fathers frequently turn to __________ to figure out how to relate to their child. A) experts B) friends C) their own fathers D) their partners

75. Which statement is true about stress in early adulthood? A) Young adults are better than middle-aged and older adults at coping with stress. B) Early adulthood is marked as one of the least stressful times of life. C) Psychological stress has little impact on physical health in early adulthood. D) Young adults more often report depressive symptoms than middle-aged people.

76. Improved family communication, improved parent-child interaction, and social support are all benefits of __________. A) being a stay-at-home parent B) adopting traditional gender roles C) having children early in a marriage D) parent education courses

77. When faced with a propositional reasoning problem, 17-year-old Iris is likely to __________. A) justify her answer using a fictional or egocentric response B) need concrete objects or situations to explain her answer C) have great difficulty reasoning from premises that contradict reality or her own beliefs D) justify her reasoning by explaining the logical rules on which it is based

78. In an Israeli study of seventh to ninth graders, after controlling for participants' age, researchers found that __________ fully accounted for early adolescent gains in propositional thought. A) pubertal timing B) real-world knowledge C) their own beliefs D) years of schooling

79. Raymond is a single, African-American, 30-year-old man. Statistically, what is the most likely reason for his singlehood? A) religion B) education C) divorce D) unemployment

82. When Imelda considers which of five movies most deserves an Oscar, she moves beyond the stance that everything is a matter of opinion and generates rational criteria against which the movies can be evaluated. Imelda is engaged in __________. A) dualistic thinking B) relativistic thinking C) pragmatic thought D) commitment within relativistic thinking

83. Among U.S. young people, cohabitation is __________. A) less common than it was a generation ago B) more popular than it is in Western Europe C) preparation for, rather than an alternative to, marriage D) now the preferred mode of entry into a committed intimate partnership

85. Which statement about cohabitation is true? A) Engagement at the start of cohabitation is on the rise, while cohabitation is declining. B) Couples who marry without cohabiting are at slightly greater risk of divorce than cohabiters. C) Trends suggest that contemporary cohabitation is more often serving as preparation for marriage. D) Premarital cohabitation before age 25 is associated with reduced readiness to forge a committed bond.

87. Ms. Diehl notices that her son has difficulty making everyday decisions and is sensitive to public criticism. She can help her son by __________. A) making decisions for him when necessary to avoid poor choices B) refraining from making any decisions of her own C) speaking to him honestly both alone and in front of others D) offering information about the likelihood of various outcomes

9. According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of early adulthood is __________. A) initiative versus guilt B) industry versus inferiority C) identity versus role confusion D) intimacy versus isolation

9. By late adolescence, cognitive changes enable teenagers describing themselves to __________. A) focus mostly on their positive personality traits B) avoid the use of qualifiers and social virtues C) place less emphasis on personal and moral values D) combine their traits into an organized system

90. Compared with adults, in decision making, adolescents __________. A) more often carefully evaluate alternatives B) are more likely to avoid potential losses C) less often fall back on well-learned intuitive judgments D) are more enticed by the possibility of immediate reward

92. During the first few years of second marriages, __________. A) the divorce rate is less than that for first marriages B) the divorce rate is similar to that for first marriages C) nearly 75 percent end in a second divorce D) marital failure is 10 percent above that for first marriages

94. Leigh is a depressed teenager who shows a persisting pattern of poor self-esteem, motivation, and academic achievement. For students like Leigh, the transition to high school __________. A) often means more personal attention and less whole-class instruction B) tends to give them more chances to participate in classroom decision making C) usually means an increase in grade point average D) often marks a rise in out-of-school problem behaviors

96. __________ parenting is linked to higher grades in school among adolescents varying widely in SES. A) Permissive B) Authoritarian C) Uninvolved D) Authoritative

Which statement is true about mature-age college students? A) Most older students express low motivation to work through role overload difficulties. B) Many nontraditional students require assistance in settling on career goals. C) Older men tend to experience more interruptions in their academic programs than older women. D) Social support can make the difference between continuing in school and dropping out.

D) Social support can make the difference between continuing in school and dropping out.

Which statement is true about grandparents who take full responsibility for raising their grandchildren? A) They are usually financially well-off. B) Because of the generation gap, they lack effective child-rearing skills. C) The family arrangement is unique to certain minority groups. D) They often experience considerable emotional and financial strain.

D) They often experience considerable emotional and financial strain.

Which statement is true about research regarding the midlife crisis? A) Vaillant saw many examples of substantial inner turmoil in midlife. B) Levinson's work showed little evidence of a midlife crisis. C) Current evidence supports the view of middle age as a turbulent time. D) Vaillant saw examples of a slow and steady change, rather than a crisis.

D) Vaillant saw examples of a slow and steady change, rather than a crisis.

Merrill has a buildup of plaque in his coronary arteries, which encircle his heart and provide its muscles with oxygen and nutrients. Merrill has __________. A) arrhythmia B) angina pectoris C) arterial thrombosis D) atherosclerosis

D) atherosclerosis

Lester is approaching age 50. He can anticipate an accumulation of fat in which areas of his body? A) face and legs B) lower abdomen and face C) waist and upper arms D) back and upper abdomen

D) back and upper abdomen

As we age, __________. A) fibers in the dermis thicken B) fat in the hypodermis increases C) the epidermis becomes more firmly attached to the dermis D) cells in both the epidermis and dermis decline in water content

D) cells in both the epidermis and dermis decline in water content

Some theorists believe that a general slowing of __________ underlies nearly all age-related declines in cognitive performance. A) processing speed B) synaptic connections C) verbal and emotional IQ D) central nervous system functioning

D) central nervous system functioning

Normal age-related cell death in the brain __________. A) leads to serious deterioration of motor functions B) leads to serious deterioration of mental functions C) causes older people to lose the ability to perform everyday activities D) does not lead to loss of ability to engage in everyday activities

D) does not lead to loss of ability to engage in everyday activities

75. In one study involving 2,500 mentally and physically healthy 16- to 85-year-olds, verbal IQ began to decline in the __________. A) twenties B) forties C) sixties D) eighties

D) eighties

Many U.S. baby boomers say they __________. A) will retire by age 57 B) will retire by age 60 C) plan to retire early D) expect to delay retirement

D) expect to delay retirement

Jennifer, age 45, is a Girl Scout leader. She really enjoys giving to and guiding the next generation. According to Erikson, Jennifer has developed a sense of __________. A) autonomy B) intimacy C) stagnation D) generativity

D) generativity

Which of the following is an indicator of survival over the next two years in a very old person? A) decreased lung capacity B) low T cell activity C) high cortisol activity D) high T cell activity

D) high T cell activity

The primary reason more older adults in Western countries live on their own today than ever before is __________. A) the high cost of nursing homes B) lack of assistance from their children C) decreasing governmental support D) improved health and economic well-being

D) improved health and economic well-being

David, a European-American male born in 1950, is likely to live 2 to 3 years __________ born the same year. A) less than Samuel, an African-American male B) less than Shondra, an African-American female C) longer than Betsy, a European-American female D) longer than Isaac, an African-American male

D) longer than Isaac, an African-American male

Those adult learners reporting high psychological stress typically include __________. A) single men with no children B) high-SES men and women C) single women with no children D) married women with nonsupportive partners

D) married women with nonsupportive partners

Figures underestimate the actual incidence of elder abuse because __________. A) most acts take place in public settings such as nursing homes, so they are not reported B) many social workers do not believe older adults' claims of abuse or neglect C) normal accidents and injuries that result from physical aging are mistaken for signs of abuse D) most abusive acts take place in private, and victims are often unable or unwilling to complain

D) most abusive acts take place in private, and victims are often unable or unwilling to complain

Middle-aged college students __________. A) simply reinforce negative stereotypes of aging B) are outperformed by younger students academically C) require more assistance than their younger classmates D) provide valuable intergenerational contact

D) provide valuable intergenerational contact

Caregivers of older adults with dementia usually say that __________ is the assistance they most desire. A) knowledge about the disease B) knowledge about community resources C) learning techniques for dealing with stress D) respite—time away from providing care—

D) respite—time away from providing care—

Cindy, age 48, cares for her two teenage sons and her ailing mother-in-law. Along with her mother, she is also one of a handful of caregivers for her elderly grandmother. Cindy belongs to the __________ generation. A) me B) squeezed C) kinkeeper D) sandwich

D) sandwich

Mr. Suko is 80 years old. He is argumentative, bitter, and regretful. He has a tendency to blame others for his personal failures. According to Erikson, Mr. Suko's behavior disguises __________. A) fear B) mistrust C) isolation D) self-contempt

D) self-contempt

As Salvatore grows older, he feels closer to his siblings and more connected with his spouse. At 85, his contact with acquaintances has diminished and he is left with a few very close relationships. He is not terribly interested in forming any new social ties. Salvatore's behavior is consistent with __________ theory. A) continuity B) activity C) disengagement D) socioemotional selectivity

D) socioemotional selectivity

Individuals who are high in agreeableness are __________. A) affectionate, talkative, active, fun-loving, and passionate B) calm, even-tempered, self-content, comfortable, unemotional, and hardy C) imaginative, creative, original, curious, and liberal D) soft-hearted, trusting, generous, acquiescent, lenient, and good-natured

D) soft-hearted, trusting, generous, acquiescent, lenient, and good-natured

Intelligence test items reflecting fluid abilities include __________. A) vocabulary B) general information C) verbal comprehension D) spatial visualization

D) spatial visualization

The abnormal APOE ε4 gene is the most widely known risk factor for __________. A) familial Alzheimer's disease B) vascular dementia C) Parkinson's disease D) sporadic Alzheimer's disease

D) sporadic Alzheimer's disease

Mercedes and Sean work hard to maintain their vitality and are able to limit their age-related declines in physical, cognitive, and social functioning. Mercedes and Sean fit contemporary experts' view of __________. A) gerotranscendence B) generativity C) ego integrity D) successful aging

D) successful aging

Emme selectively attends to and better recalls emotionally positive over negative information. Emme has the ability to maximize positive emotion and dampen negative emotion. This ability is known as __________. A) gerotranscendence B) reminiscence C) ego transcendence D) the positivity effect

D) the positivity effect

Arthur is looking forward to having more time for leisure pursuits after retirement. He is excited about trying out new options. Arthur should know that leisure activities pursued during retirement typically focus on __________. A) more vigorous physical activities B) never-before-pursued activities C) activities that earn extra money D) things that have been lifelong interests

D) things that have been lifelong interests

Highly generative people appear especially __________. A) high in anxiety B) low in autonomy C) low in self-acceptance D) well-adjusted

D) well-adjusted

Older __________ more often say that __________. A) men; their social relations are a source of stress B) women; they depend on others for caregiving C) men; their social relations are a cause of depression D) women; others depend on them for emotional support

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