Adult Development Test 2

Even though aging is associated with an overall decrease in the number of new neurons, this differs across regions of the brain. True False

True

In older adulthood, the ability to monitor multiple aspects of memory functioning is relatively spared. True False

True

One way to distinguish normal from abnormal memory changes is to ask whether the changes disrupt a person's ability to perform daily living tasks. True False

True

When examining bilateral prefrontal engagement of older adults, which of the following is true? a. High-performing older adults show bilateral prefrontal engagement. b. High-performing older adults show no bilateral prefrontal engagement. c. Low-performing older adults show left-lateralized activation during a long-term memory task. d. Older adults show less prefrontal bilateral activity during working memory tasks than younger adults.

a. High-performing older adults show bilateral prefrontal engagement.

The fact that some aspects of intelligence seem to decline while other aspects show increases with age is reflected in which component of the life-span perspective? a. Multidirectionality b. Interindividual variability c. Plasticity d. Intraindividual consistency

a. Multidirectionality

Collin is frustrated because his dad will not tell him which way is the "correct" way to mow the lawn. Collin is demonstrating which aspect of formal operations? a. Single solution b. Hypothetico-deductive thought c. Reality constraints d. Multiple frameworks

a. Single solution

_________ is the gradual decline in cognitive function that occurs relatively near death. a. Terminal decline b. Vascular decline c. ACTIVE decline d. Primary decline

a. Terminal decline

According to which hypotheses do intelligent people process information more efficiently than less intelligent people? a. The neural efficiency hypothesis b. Shaie's hypothesis c. The primary-secondary mental abilities hypothesis d. The cohort difference hypothesis

a. The neural efficiency hypothesis

According to your textbook which of the following is true of older adults' decision making? a. Their tendencies in decision making can result in the financial exploitation of older adults. b. Older adults have difficulty in familiar situations. c. Older adults have less difficulty when under time pressure. d. Older adults' speed of decision making is faster than younger adults.

a. Their tendencies in decision making can result in the financial exploitation of older adults.

In Denney's model, which of the following terms refers to the ability a normal healthy adult would exhibit without practice or training? a. Unexercised ability b. Interindividual variability c. Pragmatic intelligence d. Optimally exercised ability

a. Unexercised ability

Based on the developmental changes in fluid and crystallized intelligence, on which type of test would you expect an older person to receive a high score? a. Vocabulary b. Perceptual speed c. Spatial relations d. Inductive reasoning

a. Vocabulary

In a large cross-sectional study of source memory, adults between the ages of 21 and 80 years showed a. a linear decrease over time. b. a gradual increase until age 60, a decrease between ages 60 and 65, and then a leveling off. c. an increase over time. d. a precipitous drop after age 75.

a. a linear decrease over time.

A TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) experience is a. a simple momentary retrieval failure for information that is otherwise accessible. b. more common in younger than in older adults. c. evidence of a failing long-term memory. d. a sign of decline in episodic memory.

a. a simple momentary retrieval failure for information that is otherwise accessible.

The default network of the brain refers to the regions of the brain that are most_________ when an individual is at rest and not involved in a cognitive task. a. active b. observed c. inactive d. intense

a. active

According to your textbook, which of the following is considered a "powerful" cue for early autobiographical memories? a. an odor b. an image c. a touch on the arm d. the sound of a voice

a. an odor

Research shows that age-related changes in speed of processing a. are dependent upon what adults are being asked to do. b. vary by sex, with women showing greater declines over time than men. c. are uniform across different types of tasks and situations. d. are inevitable.

a. are dependent upon what adults are being asked to do.

Being open to experiences helps a. buffer declines in fluid intelligence. b. to regain abilities lost to vascular disease. c. increase perceptual speed. d. increases declines in crystallized intelligence.

a. buffer declines in fluid intelligence.

Overall, there is considerable shrinkage that occurs in the aging brain. However, the shrinkage is selective. The prefrontal cortex, the______ , and the______ all show profound shrinkage. a. hippocampus; cerebellum b. cerebellum; amygdale c. parietal; occipital d. frontal lobe; left cortex

a. hippocampus; cerebellum

Improvements in your memory as the result of being previously exposed to the information without actively trying to remember it is known as a. implicit memory. b. explicit memory. c. remote memory. d. recognition memory.

a. implicit memory.

Reflective judgement a. increases with age. b. decreases with age. c. makes no age-related changes. d. stays the same from adolescence through adulthood and then declines.

a. increases with age.

The ability, termed Theory of Mind, _________ during childhood and ____________ after age 75. a. increases; decreases b. decreases; increases c. increases; remains stable d. remains stable; increases

a. increases; decreases

Secondary mental abilities are measured a. indirectly. b. with verbal comprehension tests. c. through biological structures that have an effect on speed of processing. d. by assessing spatial orientation.

a. indirectly.

One way researchers study how brain activation patterns among key structures operate is to study them in people with a. known neurological disorders. b. no known relatives. c. unknown neurological disorders. d. very high intelligence.

a. known neurological disorders.

Attributional inferences are a. making causal judgements about why social situations occur. b. judgements about how repressed memories are caused. c. conclusions based on the effects of butanol. d. decisions based on data as to whether the results are causal or correlational.

a. making causal judgements about why social situations occur.

What feature of memory reflects an individual's confidence in being able to complete a task? a. memory self-efficacy b. online awareness c. metamemory d. source awareness

a. memory self-efficacy

Advances in ___________________________ allow us to adequately test conditions under which age- related __________ change in the brain is associated with decline, compensation, or even improvement in functioning. a. neuroscientific methods; structural b. neuropsychological methods; functional c. neuroscientific methods; functional d. neuropsychological methods; structural

a. neuroscientific methods; structural

In general, crystallized and fluid intelligence show a. opposite developmental trends. b. identical developmental trends. c. no developmental trends. d. unknown developmental trends.

a. opposite developmental trends.

Research on practical problem solving shows that a. performance increases from early adulthood to middle age. b. performance remains the same across adulthood. c. performance peaks in early adulthood and then declines. d. performance increases most between middle and old age.

a. performance increases from early adulthood to middle age.

The emotional processing areas of the brain are more _________ over time, whereas higher-order executive cognitive processes seem to __________. a. preserved; decline b. preserved; increase c. conserved; decline d. conserved; increase

a. preserved; decline

The areas of the brain related to sensory functions, such as the visual cortex, show relatively little a. shrinkage. b. improvement across the life span. c. white matter. d. intensity.

a. shrinkage.

Which of the following was found to be a protective factor for maintaining one's cognitive state over time? a. speaking multiple languages b. having relatives who lived to very old age c. having parents with high IQs d. having a large number of friends to socialize with

a. speaking multiple languages

Post-formal thought is characterized by all of the following except a. there is only one correct answer. b. the correct answer varies from situation to situation. c. emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking. d. the recognition that the solutions must be realistic.

a. there is only one correct answer.

Flashbulb memories feel very real, and people think they can remember them down to the smallest detail. Research on the accuracy of flashbulb memories indicates that a. this is false. When comparing people's memories with independent records of actual events, people's memories are often wrong. b. this is true. Flashbulb memories are highly accurate and are not likely to be forgotten over time. c. this is true for younger adults but not for older adults. d. this is false. Due to the highly emotional nature of flashbulb memories, they are usually forgotten quickly.

a. this is false. When comparing people's memories with independent records of actual events, people's memories are often wrong.

Under which conditions do older and younger adults show similar patterns of attention allocation? a. when the goal is to have familiarity with the material b. when the information is presented quickly c. when the task requires effortful and deliberate processing d. never

a. when the goal is to have familiarity with the material

Which part of the brain shows less age-related deterioration? a. Occipital b. Amygdala c. Prefrontal d. Parietal

b. Amygdala

Which of the following is accurate regarding creativity? a. Creativity peaks in the late 50s. b. Creativity peaks in the late 40s. c. Creativity peaks in the late 20s. d. Creativity remains stable across the life-span.

b. Creativity peaks in the late 40s.

Which of the following is not an important indicator of intelligent behavior? a. Motivation b. Introversion c. Reading d. Intellectual effort

b. Introversion

Given what you have learned about the relationship between nutrition and cognitive functioning over time, what is one piece of advice you could give others? a. The nutrients important for women's cognitive functioning are different from those required by men. b. Maintaining good levels of certain nutrients in blood plasma can reduce structural changes in the brain and cognitive declines. c. After age 75, nutrition is not an important factor in cognitive functioning. d. The research on the relationship between nutrition and cognitive functioning is unclear.

b. Maintaining good levels of certain nutrients in blood plasma can reduce structural changes in the brain and cognitive declines.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of Piaget's stages? a. Formal operations, concrete operations, preoperational, sensorimotor b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations c. Preoperational, formal operations, sensorimotor, concrete operations d. Concrete operations, sensorimotor, formal operations, preoperational

b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

What are the age-related changes in neurons? a. There are no age-related changes in neurons, but there are changes in neurotransmitters. b. Tangles develop in the fibers that make up the axon. c. The number of neurons increases. d. The number of connections between neurons, measured as synapses, increases after age 75.

b. Tangles develop in the fibers that make up the axon.

Which of the following biomarker patterns was associated with less favorable cognitive functioning and less total cerebral brain volume? a. The biomarker pattern high in EPA b. The biomarker pattern high in transfat c. High blood plasma levels of omega-3 fatty acids d. High blood plasma levels of B, C, D, and E

b. The biomarker pattern high in transfat

For adult development and aging research, the most important elements of the limbic system are the a. corpus callosum and frontal cortex. b. amygdala and hippocampus. c. prefrontal and frontal cortex. d. corpus callosum and cerebellum.

b. amygdala and hippocampus.

Adults of all ages benefit from the use of reminders, but older adults especially benefit from a. rehearsal strategies. b. clear prioritization of tasks. c. retention of task list strategies. d. non-technology-based strategies.

b. clear prioritization of tasks.

According to the dual-component model, adulthood is predominantly concerned with the growth of a. multidiversity trends. b. crystallized intelligence. c. intercohort similarity. d. fluid intelligence.

b. crystallized intelligence.

The effective functioning of the dopaminergic system______ in normal aging. a. misfires b. declines c. increases d. stays the same

b. declines

Everyday decision-making situations a. are precisely replicated in laboratory research. b. do not necessarily reflect the demands typical in laboratory research. c. requires a lot of capacity. d. do not require working memory.

b. do not necessarily reflect the demands typical in laboratory research.

Neuroscience research clearly demonstrates that __________________ has a wide range of effects on the brain, including increased neural plasticity, and can be an intervention alternative for diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. a. a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids b. exercise c. reading d. working past retirement age

b. exercise

Executive functioning failures in older adults can be seen when older adults a. have problems maintaining their balance and coordination. b. have difficulty factoring out false information in an article they are reading. c. experience visual difficulties such as distinguishing certain colors and reduced night vision. d. have trouble recognizing familiar faces.

b. have difficulty factoring out false information in an article they are reading.

Evidence has shown that the________ in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the_________ efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain. a. function; increased b. increase; decreased c. increase; increased d. decrease; increased

b. increase; decreased

Reasoning about highly emotionally charged dilemmas a. is easier for young adults. b. is easier for middle-aged adults. c. is easier for adolescents. d. is easier for older adults.

b. is easier for middle-aged adults.

Based on the research on fluid and crystallized intelligence, we know that a. you can't teach an old dog new tricks. b. learning continues through adulthood. c. learning gets easier through adulthood. d. learning in adulthood is tedious and should be avoided.

b. learning continues through adulthood.

Research on wisdom shows that it is most associated with a. age. b. life experience. c. fluid intelligence. d. creativity.

b. life experience.

The memories of what you did last summer and the speech you gave last semester in your public speaking class are stored in a. working memory. b. long-term memory. c. sensory memory. d. remote memory.

b. long-term memory.

The awareness of what we are doing with our memory right now is known as a. memory awareness. b. memory monitoring. c. online awareness. d. metamemory.

b. memory monitoring.

According to Piaget's theory, placing thoughts into a coordinated whole is called a. assimilation. b. organization. c. adaptation. d. accommodation.

b. organization.

Which type of thought is characterized by the recognition that the correct answer varies from situation to situation, solutions must be realistic, ambiguity is the rule rather than the exception, and emotion and subjective factors usually play a role in thinking? a. formal operational thought b. post-formal thought c. concrete operational thought d. reflective thought

b. post-formal thought

Across the research, the typical finding is that older adults have reduced brain activity in the_______areas when compared with younger adults. a. cerebellum and cortex b. prefrontal and temporal c. limbic system d. corpus callosum

b. prefrontal and temporal

The amount of attention one has to apply to a particular situation is known as a. a decrease in sensory memory. b. processing resources. c. sensory memory. d. a decrease in overall memory space.

b. processing resources.

Remembering to call your friend on her birthday requires you to use a. correlative memory. b. prospective memory. c. anterograde memory. d. retrospective memory.

b. prospective memory.

Research suggests that all of the following external memory cues are most effective except those that a. are given close to the time action is required. b. require a pen or pencil. c. are specific to a particular action. d. are active rather than passive.

b. require a pen or pencil.

The brief and almost identical representation of the stimuli that exists in the observable environment is known as a. working memory. b. sensory memory. c. experiential memory. d. primary memory.

b. sensory memory.

Research on developmental trends in formal operations shows that a. older adults outperform younger adults. b. some adults never attain this level. c. all adults operate at this level. d. college-educated adults typically skip this stage.

b. some adults never attain this level.

The use of __________________ makes tasks easier and increases the efficiency of encoding and retrieval. a. memory monitoring b. strategies c. metamemory d. the information processing model

b. strategies

The optimal level of development is a. a product of concrete operational thinking replacing formal operational thinking. b. the highest level of information-processing capacity of which a person is capable. c. the result of post-reflective thinking. d. reached by puberty.

b. the highest level of information-processing capacity of which a person is capable.

Which approach attempts to directly link functional brain activity with cognitive behavioral data? a. Neurobiological b. Psychological c. Activation imaging d. Correlational

c. Activation imaging

Why are the results from neurocorrelational studies considered speculative? a. Because the measures used in these types of studies lack validity b. Because random sampling is not used c. Because we cannot be certain that the behavioral tests accurately assess the actual anatomical and functional activity of the brain region under investigation d. Because correlational findings are more speculative than those acquired from experimental designs

c. Because we cannot be certain that the behavioral tests accurately assess the actual anatomical and functional activity of the brain region under investigation

According to Piaget, what is responsible for cognitive development? a. Changes in function b. Changes in assimilation processes c. Changes in cognitive structures d. Changes in behavior

c. Changes in cognitive structures

Which of the following is not a moderator of intellectual change? a. Cohort b. Occupation c. Gender d. Educational level

c. Gender

Cultural research on wisdom shows that a. None of these are correct. b. American adults use more wisdom-related reasoning strategies than Japanese adults. c. Japanese adults use more wisdom-related reasoning strategies than American adults. d. Japanese and American adults use relatively the same amount of wisdom-related strategies.

c. Japanese adults use more wisdom-related reasoning strategies than American adults.

Which area of neuroscience has revolutionized our understanding of the relationships between the brain and behavior? a. Molecular anatomy b. Psychoanalytic theory c. Neuroimaging d. Social cognitive theory

c. Neuroimaging

__________ is a multifaceted concept that involves the changes in structure and function of the brain over time as the result of the interaction of the brain with the environment. a. Neurality b. Neurofibrillation c. Plasticity d. Neuroscience

c. Plasticity

In the dual-component model, pragmatic intelligence dominates during a. throughout the life span. b. childhood. c. adulthood. d. adolescence.

c. adulthood.

According to Piaget's theory, interpreting the world in terms of existing cognitive structures is called a. accommodation. b. organization. c. assimilation. d. operations.

c. assimilation.

The hippocampus is intimately involved in various aspects of memory, such as a. hypnotic memory. b. muscle memory. c. autobiographical memory. d. repressed memory.

c. autobiographical memory.

Neuroscience research on the benefits of __________ shows that it plays a large role in protecting older adults from cognitive decline. a. a long-term partnership b. musical training c. bilingualism d. emotional engagement

c. bilingualism

Formal operational thinking is not a. thinking done in one framework at a time. b. thinking emphasizing hypothetico-deductive reasoning. c. bound by the limits of reality. d. a way of conceiving abstract concepts.

c. bound by the limits of reality.

Age differences on divided attention tasks a. cannot be reduced. b. can be reduced by decreasing younger adults' practice with the tasks. c. can be reduced by increasing older adults' practice with the tasks. d. can be reduced by increasing task complexity.

c. can be reduced by increasing older adults' practice with the tasks.

The specific factors that help preserve memory performance are collectively termed a. working memory. b. memory self-efficacy. c. cognitive reserve. d. source memory.

c. cognitive reserve.

Wisdom is viewed as involving the following cognitive processes except a. insight into the deeper meanings underlying a given situation. b. practical and social intelligence. c. constrained thinking. d. awareness of the relative, uncertain, and paradoxical nature of problems.

c. constrained thinking.

Older adults sometimes show reduced activation of appropriate prefrontal regions. At other times, they show the same or greater recruitment of these areas, when compared with younger adults, depending on the task they are doing. This indicates that prefrontal recruitment is a. predictable in younger adults but unpredictable in older adults. b. unpredictable. c. context dependent. d. impossible to measure.

c. context dependent.

Taking notes while listening to a lecture requires a. memory self-efficacy. b. external aids. c. divided attention. d. effortful processing.

c. divided attention.

Research on the long-term effects of cognitive training on fluid abilities shows that a. effects are strong in the beginning and then diminish. b. effects do not last longer than one year. c. effects can last as long as seven years. d. effects are present only in women.

c. effects can last as long as seven years.

When first learning to drive a manual transmission car, we are often aware of our processing and it seems to take all of our attention to coordinate our actions. This is an example of a. attentional capacity. b. automatic processing. c. effortful processing. d. divided attention.

c. effortful processing.

Pragmatic intelligence includes a. information processing speed. b. perceptual speed. c. everyday cognitive performance. d. spatial orientation.

c. everyday cognitive performance.

Neuroscientific methods have shown that brain activity involved in_________ occurs in areas of the brain that are among the first affected by Alzheimer's disease. a. emotion regulation b. remembering items on a list c. identification of faces d. executive functioning activities such as planning

c. identification of faces

Implicit social beliefs are affected by the ways in which different cohorts or generations are socialized. For example, one study found that the belief that "marriage is more important than career" tended to __________ in importance with age. a. remain stable b. decrease c. increase d. show an inverted U-shape

c. increase

In Schaie's (2008) sequential research, the finding that, within a given cohort, some people show longitudinal decline in certain abilities, some people show stability, and yet others show increases in these same abilities speaks to the concept of a. plasticity. b. acquisition of symbolic knowledge. c. interindividual variability. d. modification of underlying fluid intelligence abilities.

c. interindividual variability.

It is now widely accepted that bilateral activation in the aging brain a. may be the result of chronic illnesses in the individual. b. is no different than what is observed in younger brains. c. may serve a functional and supportive role in cognitive functioning. d. is evidence that older brains are more efficient.

c. may serve a functional and supportive role in cognitive functioning.

An example of an internal memory strategy is a. an address book. b. a list. c. rehearsal. d. a calendar.

c. rehearsal.

Which type of memory is concerned with learning and remembering the meanings of words and concepts that are not tied to specific occurrences of events in time? a. working memory b. episodic memory c. semantic memory d. sensory memory

c. semantic memory

One implicit internal memory aide has proven quite powerful, and those with Alzheimer's can learn new things using it. What is it? a. memory monitoring b. EIEIO method c. spaced retrieval d. memory drugs

c. spaced retrieval

X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are examples of a. genetic imaging. b. functional neuroimaging. c. structural neuroimaging. d. nonnormative brain development.

c. structural neuroimaging.

A computer analogy is used to explain a. age-related declines in speed of processing. b. the origins of source memories. c. the information processing approach. d. how prospective memory works.

c. the information processing approach.

From the research on intelligence, we know that, with increasing age, a. there are declines in experience-based processes. b. information-processing abilities and experience-based processes remain stable. c. there are losses in information-processing abilities. d. there are gains in information-processing abilities.

c. there are losses in information-processing abilities.

Research on age differences in wisdom shows that a. young adults cannot be wise. b. there are few individual differences. c. there is little association between age and wisdom. d. wisdom increases dramatically during old age.

c. there is little association between age and wisdom.

A small capacity store that deals with the items currently "in use" is a. secondary memory. b. remote memory. c. working memory. d. sensory memory.

c. working memory.

Michael is trying to remember his friend's new cell phone number. He repeats it in his mind until he gets the new number entered into his phone's contact list. Michael is using his a. remote memory. b. secondary memory. c. working memory. d. sensory memory.

c. working memory.

The compelling research regarding the effects of aerobic exercise and diet on the aging brain and how well it functions suggests which of the following old saying appears to be true? a. "Let sleeping dogs lie." b. "All roads lead to Rome." c. "You can't teach an old dog new tricks." d. "Use it or lose it."

d. "Use it or lose it."

When asked to remember life events, vivid memories from which age range are most likely to be reported? a. 30-50 years of age b. vivid memories are recalled from all time periods of life in equal numbers c. 0-10 years of age d. 10-30 years of age

d. 10-30 years of age

Older adults from 75 to 95 years of age who spoke __________________ languages or more showed the best cognitive state. a. number of languages was not related to cognitive functioning b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

d. 4

_______ is the neurotransmitter associated with higher-level cognitive functioning like inhibiting thoughts, attention, and planning. a. Estrogen b. Insulin c. Cytosine d. Dopamine

d. Dopamine

_______ functioning includes processes such as the ability to control what one is thinking about at any one moment in time and the ability to focus on relevant information and eliminate irrelevant information. a. Psychological b. Cognitive c. Conscious d. Executive

d. Executive

Which of the following biomarker patterns was associated with better cognitive functioning and greater brain volume? a. Low blood plasma levels of vitamins C, D, and E b. The biomarker pattern high in transfat c. Low blood plasma levels of vitamins B1, Be, B6, folate, and B12 d. High blood plasma levels of omega-3 fatty acids

d. High blood plasma levels of omega-3 fatty acids

The Dalai Lama wisdom story at the beginning of the chapter highlighted all of the following characteristics of wisdom except which of the following? a. It involved psychological insights. b. It was based on life experience. c. It involved practical knowledge. d. It was given at a price.

d. It was given at a price.

Which approach compares the brain functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological disorders of the brain? a. Psychological b. Bioneurosocial c. Neurobiological d. Neuropsychological

d. Neuropsychological

Which of the following is not true of older adults' decision making? a. Older adults have difficulty in unfamiliar situations. b. Older adults have difficulty when under time pressure. c. Older adults have difficulty when decision making requires a lot of capacity. d. Older adults' quality of decisions is not as good as younger adults.

d. Older adults' quality of decisions is not as good as younger adults.

Which of the following statements best describes expertise? a. Someone who is an expert in one area is probably an expert in all areas of their life. b. Expertise is due to a biological predisposition to excel in one area or another. c. Expertise is negatively correlated with age. d. People tend to become selective experts.

d. People tend to become selective experts.

_________ are the intellectual abilities most likely to decline with age. a. Metamemory and memory monitoring b. The ability to classify objects into groups and to mentally reverse actions c. The primary mental abilities that compose crystallized intelligence d. The primary mental abilities that compose fluid intelligence

d. The primary mental abilities that compose fluid intelligence

According to Piaget's theory, changing one's thoughts to make a better approximation of the world is called a. organization. b. assimilation. c. operations. d. accommodation.

d. accommodation.

The amount of information that can be processed at any given time is called the a. vigilance. b. cognitive reserve. c. divided attention. d. attentional capacity.

d. attentional capacity.

The one episodic memory process relatively spared with age is a. semantic memory. b. implicit memory. c. working memory. d. autobiographical memory.

d. autobiographical memory.

Research methods that focus on understanding age-related changes in the brain can help explain why certain __________ functions are preserved into old age. a. physical health b. muscle c. sensory d. cognitive

d. cognitive

Processing speed________ as people age. a. increases b. remains the same c. becomes distorted d. decreases

d. decreases

Trying to complete two tasks at one time requires which type of attention? a. selective attention b. sustained attention c. attentional capacity d. divided attention

d. divided attention

High levels of __________ has/have been associated with lower rates of dementia. a. egocentrism in one's personality b. white matter hyperintensities c. B vitamins in one's diet d. education

d. education

Autobiographical memory is primarily a form of a. semantic memory. b. recognition memory. c. sensory memory. d. episodic memory.

d. episodic memory.

Research has found that declines in the dopaminergic system are related to declines in __________ memory and ________ tasks. a. long-term; speed b. semantic; attention c. episodic; thought d. episodic; speed

d. episodic; speed

To explore brain-related factors that might explain age differences in cognitive functioning, a researcher may use a(n) ______________ to examine how changes in brain activity occur in correspondence with changes in task demands. a. MRI b. EEG c. eMRI d. fMRI

d. fMRI

An individual's innate abilities independent of acquired knowledge and experience constitute a. crystallized intelligence. b. primary intelligence. c. tertiary intelligence. d. fluid intelligence.

d. fluid intelligence.

According to your textbook, older adults define problems more in terms of a. intrapersonal concerns. b. intrapersonal goals. c. interpersonal goals. d. interpersonal concerns.

d. interpersonal concerns.

The ability to remember extensive amounts of information from a few seconds to a few hours to decades is known as a. working memory. b. sensory memory. c. remote memory. d. long-term memory.

d. long-term memory.

Executive functions include all of the following EXCEPT a. switching between tasks. b. making plans. c. carrying out plans. d. monitoring internal temperature.

d. monitoring internal temperature.

Neuroscience research shows that during encoding, the prefrontal cortex in older adults shows a. pathological functioning. b. lower activity. c. no activity. d. overactivity.

d. overactivity.

Implicit memory is also referred to as a. intentional memory. b. declarative memory. c. subjective memory. d. procedural memory.

d. procedural memory.

The statements "Each person is entitled to his or her own viewpoint" and "I cannot force my opinions on anyone else" are characteristic of a. None of these. b. post-formal thought. c. absolutist thinking. d. quasi-reflective thinking.

d. quasi-reflective thinking.

Evidence suggests there are no age-related deficits in memory processes such as language comprehension, the structure of language, and the activation of general knowledge. This is because __________________ is relatively spared in normal aging. a. long-term memory b. episodic memory c. working memory d. semantic memory

d. semantic memory

What part of the information processing system has an unlimited capacity, takes in information rapidly, and is almost an identical representation of the stimuli as it exists in the observable environment? a. attention b. working memory c. tertiary memory d. sensory memory

d. sensory memory

The earliest step in information processing is a. primary memory. b. attention. c. working memory. d. sensory memory.

d. sensory memory.

Older adults are likely to have difficulties with __________________, which involves remembering where a piece of information was acquired. a. false memory b. flashbulb memory c. implicit memory d. source memory

d. source memory

Because it is difficult to study all the primary mental abilities, researchers have focused on five representative ones. These are number, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and a. reflective judgment. b. crystallized intelligence. c. deductive reasoning. d. spatial orientation.

d. spatial orientation.

Physical fitness training improves cognitive performance in older adults regardless of a. the intensity of the training. b. the initial fitness level of the adult. c. the length of the training. d. the training method.

d. the training method.

Reductions in the_____ of the hippocampus are related to memory decline. a. dendritic tangles b. neurotransmitters c. density d. volume

d. volume