Adult Psych chp 5

the national institutes of mental health reported four major groupings that case depression in older adults

-physical factors -psychological factors -personality factors -medications

alzheimers facts pg 148

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study figure 5.1 page 129

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table 5.1 page 133

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how many older people are clinically depressed?

1-2%

personality disorders are believed to occur at approx:

10% of the adult population, yet seldom diagnosed

more recent studies reveal that roughly how many older people suffer from mild depression?

15-20%

clinical depression among older adults is lower than that among younger adults which is

4%

_________ shows little change with age. a. Primary memory b. Working memory c. Secondary memory d. All of these choices

Primary memory

Examination of psychiatric services for the elderly in U.S. and Canada reveal all of the following EXCEPT a. Psychiatric services for elders are more accessible in the United States because of universal health insurance. b. In both countries, the small number of professionals trained and interested in mental health of the elderly limits psychiatric services. c. In both countries, long-term care is generally inadequate for those with serious behavioral disorders. d. Mentally ill elderly in the U.S. are more likely to be cared for in nursing homes with little or no psychiatric than in mental hospitals.

Psychiatric services for elders are more accessible in the United States because of universal health insurance.

Which of the following is more likely to be a problem with a cross-sectional, than a longitudinal study? a. Sample sizes are small. b. Repeated presentation of material creates learning. c. Younger generations do not do as well on standardized tests. d. The final measures are obtained from survivors—those who are most robust and healthy.

Younger generations do not do as well on standardized tests.

having a senior moment is a common lighthearted comment that reflects:

a deeper belief in the inevitability of memory loss with age

crystalized intelligence

a measure of knowledge you have acquired through the experience and education

The theory of terminal decline or terminal drop proposes a. a situation of panic can cause sudden decrease in cognitive functioning. b. a precipitous decrease in cognitive functioning occurs one to two years before death. c. memory loss for older people is irreversible. d. loss of intelligence is inevitable and irreversible when people reach 80 years of age

a precipitous decrease in cognitive functioning occurs one to two years before death.

catastrophic reaction

a reaction occurring when the organism is unable to cope with a serious defect in physical and cognitive functions

the race between the bit and the bite:

a trade off of losing some details for gaining the broader outlook

Metamory is a. a self appraisal or self monitoring of memory. b. having an enormous memory. c. a decline in short-term memory. d. a decline in long-term memory.

a. a self appraisal or self monitoring of memory.

Selective attention involves a. focusing attention on certain stimuli and inhibiting responses to irrelevant information. b. selecting whether to store information in the right or left side of the brain. c. evaluating the sensory information carried to the brain. d. discarding information that does not get coded in working memory by sending it to primary memory and sifting through it in our minds when we have more time to deal with it.

a. focusing attention on certain stimuli and inhibiting responses to irrelevant information.

The five senses (vision, touch, hearing, smell, and taste) generally a. lose their sharpness with age. b. remain stable with age. c. are cyclical over time. d. increase their sharpness with age.

a. lose their sharpness with age.

Multi-infarct dementia (MID) a. rises from problems with blood flow to the brain. b. is progressive and irreversible. c. is believed to be caused by a virus. d. causes the cerebral cortex to degenerate more rapidly than Alzheimer's.

a. rises from problems with blood flow to the brain.

one major study found that those who complain about memory loss:

actually have a better memory than those who do not complain

PMAT is used to examine

adult intellectual development

Which of the following activities is most likely to increase reaction time? a. reading b. aerobic exercise c. watching action movies d. visiting with strangers

aerobic exercise

If a person is lethargic, has low self esteem, and finds life confusing they may have which type of disorder? a. organic disorder b. anxiety disorder c. affective disorder d. depressive disorder

affective disorder

There is a positive correlation between

age and depression

Dementia from __________ may result from lack of vitamin B12. a. Huntington's disease b. Creutzfeld-Jacob disease c. Parkinson's disease d. alcoholism

alcoholism

when perceptual speed was controlled in one major memory study:

all age related differences in working memory span were eliminated between young adults and older older adults -speed of retrieval not memory itself is the difference

What factors cause depression in older adults? a. fear of death and constant pain b. lost of self esteem and confidence c. medications d. all of these choices

all of these choices

what is the most common form of chronic organic brain disease; accounting for 70% of all such diseases?

alzheimer's -estimated to affect more than 4 million middle aged and older people in the US

about 11% of older adults are believed to have:

an organic mental disorder

Measures of intelligence have been criticized as being ageist because they a. include manipulation of spatial figures and numbers. b. do not take into account declining mental speed with age. c. are inadequate to measure applied knowledge. d. are concerned with the ability to solve problems.

are inadequate to measure applied knowledge.

Affective disorders a. include all anxiety disorders. b. are organic disorders. c. are mood disorders. d. are a type of personality disorder.

are mood disorders.

most people over 65 who suffer from depression:

are not receiving any psychiatric treatment

Functional disorders a. are similar to organic disorders. b. are less troublesome than emotional problems. c. are of psychological, not physical, origin. d. include deteriorating mental conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.

are of psychological, not physical, origin.

reaction time increases with age;

at about 26 for some tasks and and not until one's 70s for other tasks

Research suggests decline in intelligence begins to take on significance in the a. 50s. b. 60s. c. 70s. d. 80s.

c. 70s.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence test a. emphasizes skills of everyday problem solving. b. compensates for increasing age. c. consists of open-ended questions to which respondents write essay answers. d. has seldom been used in clinical settings.

compensates for increasing age.

longitudinal studies are better than:

cross sectional studies when measuring IQ

Differences in perception among age groups a. are frequently reported. b. may be due to differences in social isolation. c. may be caused by biological changes. d. All of these choices

d. All of these choices

________ is the process of evaluating the sensory information carried to the brain. a. Sensation b. Sensory memory c. Working memory d. Perception

d. Perception

When comparing older and young adults in task performance, studies have found a. age differences in divided attention tasks are typically absence regardless of difficulty of the task. b. older people are less distractible and better able to disregard irrelevant information in divided-attention tasks. c. younger adults have lower physiological arousal. d. older individuals are more distracted and unable to disregard clutter of irrelevant information.

d. older individuals are more distracted and unable to disregard clutter of irrelevant information.

Recent studies reveal that a. 65 percent of older people suffer from depression. b. the incidence of depression among older people is twice as high as that among younger adults. c. inability to sleep is a strong indicator of depression for older people. d. one to two percent of older adults are clinically (severely) depressed.

d. one to two percent of older adults are clinically (severely) depressed.

Sensory memory a. on the average lasts several hours. b. takes in very small amounts of information. c. is stored in the brain and retrieved later when needed. d. takes in information so rapidly that most of it gets lost.

d. takes in information so rapidly that most of it gets lost.

it was reported that it is not until people reach their 70s that:

declines in intelligence take on significance. -speed of response=major decline

A lack of awareness of oneself or one's surroundings is called a. bipolar disorder. b. delirium. c. dementia. d. affective disorder.

delirium.

65% of older people suffer from:

depression

what is the most common form of late life psychopathology ?

depression -8-20% of older adults have minor depression and 1% has major depression

Reaction time a. declines with age. b. begins to increase at age 50 for every kind of task. c. differs depending on the task and not the age. d. increases as psychomotor speed increases.

differs depending on the task and not the age.

one study found high cognitive performance to be associated with:

education, strenuous activity in the home, peak pulmonary flow rate, and a strong sense of self efficiency

what type of tests do older adults do particularly well on but not necessarily better than middle aged adults:

everyday problem solving inventory

those over age 75 are more likely to

experience noticeable declines than those between 65-75 years old (young-old)

If used, memory will be maintained or even improve as an individual grows older.

false

Memory starts out as a thought of recall.

false

Parkinson's Disease is more common among women than men.

false

Senility is an inevitable consequence of growing old.

false

The incidence of Alzheimer's disease is increasing.

false

The most common form of chronic organic brain disease is Parkinson's disease.

false

T.O.T. stands for Top of the Tongue Syndrome

fasle

neurofibrillary tangles:

fibers that become twisted in the neurons and senile plaques develop

the farmington study estimated the lifetime risk of developing Alzheimers and dementia based on their longitudinal ovulation studies:

for a 65 year old woman, the lifetime risk was 12% for a 65 year old man, the lifetime risk of 6.3%

When a person who fears being robbed or mugged will not leave home, gets dozens of locks, and constantly checks them, he or she is most likely to suffer from a. obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. a social phobia. c. a depressive disorder. d. generalized anxiety disorder.

generalized anxiety disorder.

successful aging is largely the outcome of lifestyle rather than:

genetic privilege

diagnoses in medicare published in 2008 reported that depression rates:

have been thought to be unrecognized in older adults -rates of diagnosis increased dramatically in the 1900s along with increases in treatment

onset of alzheimer's:

increases with age

Fluid intelligence measures a. the flow of thought associated with psychomotor response. b. ability to move from one task to another. c. innate ability to process information. d. the motivational force propelling learning.

innate ability to process information.

The ___________ personality tends to be a solitary person who lacks the capacity for warm, close social relationships. a. paranoid b. introverted c. antisocial d. bipolar

introverted

All of the following characterize dementia EXCEPT a. being disoriented. b. having poor judgement. c. having problems with language. d. it is a normal part of the aging process.

it is a normal part of the aging process.

Cognitive pragmatics refers to a. logical as opposed to illogical thinking. b. the neurophysiological architecture of the brain. c. the genetic hardwiring of the brain. d. knowledge and life experience.

knowledge and life experience.

50-60% of those with chronic brain disorders are:

living at home rather than in an institution

mnemonics:

memory techniques to improve memory

6% of americans over 65 have severe

mental impairment based on physical causes (20% for 80.)

Constantly washing one's hands is a symptom of a. social phobia. b. obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. a depressive disorder.

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

anxiety disorder is quite low for:

older people

TOT, "Tip of the tongue" Syndrome refers to a. having a thought on your mind. b. on the verge of recalling a name, date, or event and unable to do it. c. having a sore on your tongue. d. losing your sense of taste.

on the verge of recalling a name, date, or event and unable to do it.

sensory decline affects:

perception significantly

Studies of long-term memory have found age differences in a. recall of historic events. b. autobiographical data. c. perceptual speed of memory retrieval d. recall of popular movies or television shows.

perceptual speed of memory retrieval

Evidence suggests the most age sensitive mental ability is a. perceptual speed. b. logical deduction. c. application of knowledge. d. logical induction.

perceptual speed.

older adults tend to have a lower:

physiological arousal which lowers their alertness

Which of the following illustrates motor performance? a. smelling the odor of coffee b. hearing your neighbor calling his dog c. pressing a button to turn on a television d. seeing car lights on a dark night

pressing a button to turn on a television

Once information is transferred to ________________, people of all ages are able to recall it. a. sensory memory b. primary memory c. secondary memory d. tertiary memory

primary memory

Working memory refers to a. registering sensory information. b. remembering the details of everyday life. c. processing of sensory stimuli to give meaning and transfer to long term storage. d. stored facts and words learned in the past.

processing of sensory stimuli to give meaning and transfer to long term storage.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be affected by psychomotor speed? a. recalling a happy event b. playing tennis c. dancing d. turning off a light switch

recalling a happy event

fluide intelligence

refers to innate ability-- the information processing skills described in the previous section.

studies have found that some IQ components such as verbal skills:

remain stable with time and some can even increase with age -it was reported that virtually no individuals show deterioration of all mental abilities even in their 80s

Speaking a language that seems to be a self expression or disturbance in behavior is most likely to be a symptom of a. schizophrenia. b. social anxiety. c. bipolar disorder. d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

schizophrenia.

what is a major source of age-related decline:

secondary memory -major memory function in everyday life

Which of the following is LEAST likely to hinder the learning of older adults? a. self-pacing b. use of abstract concepts c. distraction d. formal testing situations

self-pacing

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of intelligence conceptualized by Guilford? a. content, including figures, symbols, and words b. sensory memory, psychomotor speed, and reaction time c. operations of memorizing, evaluating, finding solutions d. cognitive products, such as relationships, systems, implications

sensory memory, psychomotor speed, and reaction time

flashbulb memories:

serve as benchmarks in our lives that connect histories to cultural history

studies suggest that eliminating distractions can optimize:

short term memory for older people

there is often no way to validate:

teritary memories

self fulfilling prophecy leads to strong:

tertiary memory if positive

In which kind of memory test are older people likely to do as well as if not better than younger people? a. free recall b. tests of recognition c. recalling facts out of context d. long-term memory tests

tests of recognition

a study regarding attitudes of older people towards mental health concluded:

that attitudes are linked and meditated by personal experience

Symptoms of senility are LEAST likely to be due to a. electrolyte imbalance. b. malnutrition. c. dehydration. d. the biological aging process.

the biological aging process.

schizophrenia may affect up to 1% of

the general population

cognitive mechanics

the hardware of the mind; reflects the neurophysicologcal architecture of the brain. it involves the speed of accuracy of elementary processing of sensory information

Crystallized intelligence is a. genetically inherited. b. the measure of knowledge acquired through experience and education. c. the secondary mental abilities formed by combining a number of primary mental abilities. d. a measure of intuition that enables us to predict what is going to happen in the near future.

the measure of knowledge acquired through experience and education.

cognitive pragmatics

the software of the mind; reflects the knowledge and information of one's culture. it involves reading writing education professional skills and life experiences that help us master and cope with life

the most widely used psychometric test of intelligence for older adults is:

the wechsler adult intelligence scale developed in the 1950s

at age 60, about 75% of subjects maintained:

their level of functioning on at least 80% of mental abilities tested. -less than 50% of those aged 80 had maintained 80% of their mental abilities over the 7 year period

. Huntington's Disease symptoms are very similar to Alzheimer Disease symptoms.

true

. Older adults are likely to have incorporated ageist beliefs about memory.

true

Alcoholism can lead to dementia.

true

Hypochondria is an indicator of emotional problems.

true

If someone can not remember something, it means learning has not adequately occurred.

true

Most people over 65 who suffer from depression are not receiving any formal psychiatric treatment.

true

Sensory threshold is the minimum intensity of a stimuli required for a person to perceive it.

true

The classic aging pattern is high verbal scores and declining performance scores of older adults.

true

Longitudinal studies of IQ have found that __________remain stable with time. a. inference from past experiences b. verbal skills c. crystallized intelligence d. knowledge

verbal skills

cognitive appraisal

ways people cope differently with various events

Being unable to remembering a phone number given to you orally long enough to dial the number illustrates a failure of a. primary memory b. working memory c. secondary memory d. tertiary memory

working memory

Which of the following is most likely to illustrate tertiary memory? a. your sister's birth b. a friend's telephone message c. what you studied for the exam d. the movie you saw last week

your sister's birth