Adv Exs Phys Exam 2
What are the normal hemoglobin levels for healthy men _______________ and women_____________________.
15 men and 14 women
Partial Pressure Formula
% concentration of gas * total pressure of gas
Anaerobic fatigue
% decline in power output during test
What 2 reasons cause the difference in VO2max - in relation to gender?
1. Body composition 2. Hemoglobin concentrations
Two factors impair gas transfer capacity at the alveolar-capillary membrane:
1. Buildup of a pollutant layer that "thickens" the alveolar membrane 2. Reduction in alveolar surface area
Resistance to blood flow is governed by three things:
1.blood thickness / viscocity 2. length of conducting tube 3. blood vessel radius
The inherent rate of the heart without neural or hormonal stimulation is ____________. Stimulus from the ___________________ will decrease heart rate and stimulus from the ________________ nervous system will increase heart rate.
100 bpm, parasympathetic, sympathetic
5 lifestyle changes were listed to help hypertension. List each and an average potential decline in systolic blood pressure.
1. lose excess weight 5-20 mmHg drop 2. follow dash diet 8-14 mmHg drop 3. daily physical activity 4-9 mmHg drop 4. limit sodium 2-8 mmHg drop 5. limit alcohol 2-4 mmHg drop
There were three important components of venous return discussed in the video. List and explain these.
1. muscle pump: contraction of muscles by squeezing veins to allow blood back to heart 2. respiratory pump: slight pressure increase and thoracic cavity pressure is low in body and tries to bring blood back to heart 3. active muscle pump and arterial vasoconstruction
Describe 2 tables of the pulmonary Review sheet.
Ambient air at sea level - pressure 760 -oxygen 20.93 -co2 0.03 -nitrogen 79.04 Pulmonary partial pressure at sea level -PCO2: ambient air 0.2, arterial 40, venous rest 46, venous exercise >46 -PO2: ambient air 159, arterial 100, venous rest 40, venous exercise <40
Define oxygen extraction
Amount of O2 extracted by peripheral tissues divided by amount of O2 delivered to peripheral cells
How do the neurogenic factors affect ventilation? What is a significant advantage of this?
By allowing body to send messages to brain about joint and muscles contracting with no blood chemistry changes. Which allows us to fix blood chemistry before it turns bad so we perform anticipatory breathing
Does pulmonary training help those with pulmonary diseases? If so, how?
By enhancing exercise capacity and reduces physiologic strain
Explain chronotropic and Inotropic and the sympathetic nervous systems effects on each.
Chronotropic: neurohormones accelerate VA node depolarization causing (heart) ❤️ to beat faster Inotropic: catecholamines increase myocardial contractivity
Explain what doesn't fully explain the gender differences in anaerobic performance. Why?
Gender differences in body comp, physique, muscular strength or neuromuscular factors because there's a 20% difference between genders. Also males contain more mass than women.
10.1 Top right:
Genetically gifted O2 consumption but not gifted in terms of efficiency
Explain Cardiovascular Drift. What situations cause drift. What are the effects of drift on stroke volume, heart rate, and exercise performance?
Gradual time dependent downward drift in cardiovascular responses. Stroke volume increases heart rate during prolonged steady rate exercise.
What happens in the study displayed in figure 13.3?
In the study anemic many women identify due to Aaron deficiency they perform exercises were some individuals received a placebo and some didn't. those without the placebo were able to exercise better but the heart rate decrease significantly but those with placebo weren't as bad
Explain the relationship between end-diastolic volume, preload, the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart, and stroke volume.
Increasing venous return, increases end diastolic volume, which promotes larger preload through frank starling law of heart and enhances the contractile strength of heart
Does the pulmonary system limit exercise capacity in elite endurance athletes? Explain how we know.
It lags with cardiovascular and aerobic muscular adaptations to training so elite endurance athletes cannot achieve complete aeration of blood in pulmonary capillaries with intense exercise so arterial desaturation becomes apparent as effort progresses
Where is it better to have weight? The ankles or the torso? Please explain.
It's better to have weight in torso because it's your center of gravity so more weight in ankles weighs you down. More torso weight balances you out
Breathing ain't free. Give some numbers to explain this. Also, include evidence that this is significant for those with respiratory disease.
Low exercise: 3-5% of total O2 Mod exercise: 8-11% of VO2 travels to ventilatory muscle Max exercise: 15% goes to pulmonary system People with COPD cost 40% of energy expenditure to help breathe
Map equation with resting numbers
MAP = 89 + [0.333(127-89)
Explain the differences seen between MVV (maximum voluntary ventilation) seen in a laboratory testing and those seen during maximal exercise. Give examples
MVV seen in maximal exercise is never full max ventilation but it's evaluating ventilatory capacity with rapid deep breathing
Relative power
Peak power divided by body mass
Do trained athletes demonstrate better pulmonary values than healthy, untrained people? Provide several examples.
No differences emerges when comparing the average FVC of pre pubescent and Olympic wrestlers, middle distance athletes and untrained healthy individuals
Explain the advantage women, on average, have over men, in swimming.
Older woman have higher body fat % than men. Fat floats while muscle and bone sinks allowing the average woman to gain hydrodynamic lift which expends less amounts of energy to stay afloat than average man.
What is the value of precapillary sphincters and what two factors govern these during exercise?
Pre-capillary sphincter controls capillary diameter sphincter constriction and relaxation provides important means of blood flow 1. driving force of increased local BP plus intrinsic neural control 2. local metabolites produced in exercise
Surfactant is important for development of premature babies. How many weeks along is there usually enough surfactant?
Produced at 24 to 28 weeks. By 35 weeks there should be a good amount developed
Explain Figure 11.12 (step test)
Shows people doing a test where they had to take step at the same place for 3-5 minutes. Those with low heart rates are fittest because they have a higher stroke volume. Also, those with high heart rates means they are not as fit. The comparison of high heart rate and being fit compared to low heart rate abs less fit is only accurate if they have the same age
Contrast using the stair-sprint test vs the jump power tests
Stair sprint test: evaluates high-energy phosphate power output by recording time required to run up staircase using 3 steps at a time as fast as you can Jump power test: measures immediate energy power output by finding difference between standing reach and max vertical jump and touch height
Explain the difference between static lung volumes and dynamic lung volumes? Give an example of each.
Static lung volume doesn't deal with movement velocity. (How much you have or whether it exists) Dynamic how fast you can move air in and out
Explain the relationship between venous return, cerebral blood flow and what happens on a tilt table. Why doesn't this happen to most people when they stand up.
Stopping activation of muscle pump for long periods with gravity interaction so there isn't a good flow of blood back to heart not enough back to brain
List the equation for Total peripheral resistance:
TPR = MAP / CARDIAC OUTPUT
Why do elite sprint swimmers hyperventilate prior to competition. Explain the physiology behind this.
They use hyperventilation to improve performance. Sprint swimmers start hyperventilating on starting blocks to pro-long breath holding during first part of swim to avoid taking a breath. This helps extend breath holding time and decrease in alveolar PCO2 to normal value of 40 to 15mmHg
Explain the physiology that supports the extrapolation procedure. Explain the extrapolation procedure.
This procedure helps predict undetermined data based on historical data that is known
What is Vasomotor tone. How does it affect blood pressure? How and why does vasodilation occur during intense physical activity.
Vasomotor tone: certain blood vessels always exhibit state of constriction It factors changes in O2 levels, hydrogen etc. override vasomotor tone, causing vasodilation which allows blood flow to specific area
What is learned from figure 10.2—speed and energy expenditure
We learn about how much energy you expend from walking a certain speed. So when you gradually walk faster and there's a increase in energy expenditure. Overtime there's a point in the graph where it exponentially gets hard to walk faster
Are lighter shoes faster than heavier shoes. How about running barefoot?
Yes, they are faster but running barefoot offers no advantages while running compared to just wearing lightweight shoes
Contrast Lactate Threshold vs OBLA. Why is the exercise intensity in which significant lactate accumulation begins so important to exercise performance? We know it's a great predictor of exercise performance, but why?
allows them to base trained exercise intensity based on ideal exercise performance. So it helps predict whatever intensity your moving at helps increase lacatate threshold or OBLA
Explain Afterload. What happens when it increases and decreases.
amount of pressure that the heart needs to exert to eject the blood during ventricular contraction. Increase = increase in end-systolic volume and decrease in stroke volume Decrease = vice versa
Why do exhausted athletes bend forward at the waist following exhaustive exercise?
because it's promotes blood flow heart and minimizes antagonistic effect of gravity on the upward direction of inspiratory movements
what happens to this value as we progress from rest to maximum exercise?
blood flow decreases during strenuous activity when SBP increases more than DBP and cardiac output increase 6 to 7 times resting value of endurance athlete
rate of fatigue
decline in power relative to the peak value
Explain what we learned from 16.8 B (Heart Transplant patient).
decreased heart rate response in transplant patient. In a regular person hear rate increases quickly because of neural changes. Transport patients body must wait for chemical and hormonal changes to be released by renal system
10.1 Top left:
extremely efficient athlete that isn't fast and runs without using O2 that have a low VO2 max and they have good running economy but aren't fast
Peak power
highest power generated 3 to 5 sets of test
Explain Ventilatory Equivalent
how much you breathe in relation to how much CO2 do you consume
The lecture identifies a couple factors that influences a-vO2 difference. Please list them
increased capillary to fiber ratio, increase size and number of mitochondria
10.1 Bottom right :
insufficient runner with natural high O2 consumption to overcome poor running economy while running races
Why is hyperventilation used by those trying to hold their breath for an extended period?
it allows you to breathe out a lot of CO2 and takes longer for it to accumulate back within your blood
Explain figure 12.7: Spirometry tracings during staring FEV1 tests in normal adults, obstructive, and restrictive patients.m
it shows the FVC for normal healthy individuals ( typically able to 80% of FVC in 1 sec), someone with asthma (can only get about 42% of FVC due to inflammation) and someone with restrictive lung disease (lung is partially damaged causing difficulty breathing)
Why is lactate considered less valid of a measurement of anaerobic capacity?
lactate levels varies for different people and is inconsistent so you're unable to determine how well you perform during anaerobic exercise
Explain the value of pressurized suits, support stockings, and cooling down after exercise.
pressurized suit: exerts pressure on lower body to keep blood flow steady back to the brain Support stockings: for people with varicose veins or those with poor venous return from swollen ankles to reduce hydrostatic shift of blood to veins in upright position Cooling down: rationale for continuing walking/jogging at slow pace after strenuous activity to help blood flow through vascular circuit
Define Hematocrit
the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
Do the authors feel that Valsalva maneuver dangerous for cardiac patients? Explain why the author feels there is confusion regarding this topic.
they believe it is Dangerous the author expressed their confusion regarding this by stating the maneuver does it make your blood pressure I don't rage but it makes much is your muscles contracting in an area and greatly increases your resistance of blood flow to the area drastically increasing blood pressure
anaerobic capacity
total work accomplished over 30 seconds