Advanced community week 2 (chapters 05-07)

Lows levels of literacy are associated with: a. Low self-esteem b. Obesity c. Violence d. Cultural assimilation

A. Low self-esteem Low literacy has indirect effects on health related to difficulty obtaining and retaining employment, low income, low self-esteem, social isolation, and the abuse of alcohol and tobacco.

Public Engagement in Health

An increasing phenomenon and stimulated by the democratization of knowledge Encompasses a wide range of activities Central component of community development and collaboration

The local political climate has been identified as a factor that may complicate a community health worker's efforts to build partnerships. This factor is an example of what aspect of the partnership framework? a. Communication b. Extra-local factors c. Domain d. Partnership characteristics

B. Extra-local factors Extra-local factors are described as the external influences on the partnership, including the social context and the political and economic systems within which the partnership is based.

Relative deprivation

By virtue of having "less,'' some sectors of the population are excluded socially and materially from the life of society. e.g. Aboriginal and immigrant people Rural communities Youth Low-income groups LGBTQ (lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgendered/questioning) people People with disabilities Elders

When a community member is allowed to make an informed choice about his or her participation in a health screening program, this is an example of which level of public participation? a. Macro b. Meso c. Micro d. None of these

C. Micro Engagement of individuals, for example, patient (and family) involvement in decisions about their own health and health care, is public participation at the micro level.

Steps in Community Development Process

Define the issue Initiate the process Plan community conversations Talking, discovering, and connecting Create an asset map Mobilize the community Take action Plan and implement cycles

Macro Level of Public Participation

Deliberative dialogue at provincial and federal jurisdictions. Involves info exchange, exploring an issue, and arriving at an agreement that informs decision making.

Is the following statement True or False? The community development process is best implemented as a linear, sequential process.

False While all the steps are important in the community development process, one can enter the process at any stage. Often it may start from conversations among a few community members where they discover a mutual interest or concern; other times citizens start with action remeeting with local government. No matter the beginning point, eventually community members begin to require more information, or support, or clarity of the issue, and eventually move through the various steps to achieve their vision.

Power-Culture

Higher socioeconomic position is associated with better health.

Material deprivation

Lack of access to environmental capacities conducive to health

Micro Level of Public Participation

Needs at the individual level (individual service and care needs)

Meso Level of Public Participation

Operational level design; e.g. participation in design of service delivery

A Critical Postmodern Approach to Empowerment

Reality is socially and culturally constructed, and pluralism is a fact of life. Power, oppression, and inequality are important considerations when developing health promotion initiatives.

Building Community Capacity

Requires a capacity-building approach rather than deficiency-orientation approach

The external empowerment terrain

The more outwardly orientated, material elements and relational aspects of empowerment

The internal empowerment terrain

The more subjective or psychologic elements of empowerment

Bonding

The value assigned to social networks that are dense and members have close connections.

Bridging

The value generated from social networks that cut across groups, creating connections.

Is the following statement True or False? The community development process is often prompted by the presence of a pervasive and well-known problem in a community.

True In the community development process, there is often a catalyst that brings people together such as an unmet need or an unpopular policy decision.

Community Empowerment

a social action process by which individuals, communities, and organizations gain mastery over their lives in the context of changing their social and political environment to improve equity and quality of life collective political and social action -> degree of success in gaining control over resources -> improved health

Communities

collectives of people who share common values and concerns.

Types of literacy

conversation, reading and writing, linguistic, cultural, spiritual, and technologic

Collaboration

denotes a range of strategies for building relationships to address health and social issues. Flexible and iterative.

Community Development as a process

includes building engagement mechanisms, working together equitably to identify needs, developing and implementing strategies to address the needs related to improving the health of the community

Community Development as a product

includes improved health outcomes, improved capacity and empowerment of individuals and community, and ultimately strengthened community infrastructures (networks and partnerships)

Spectrum of Public Engagement (steps to increasing public engagement)

inform, input, engage, collaborate, empower

Partnerships

occur when the purpose of collaboration is to advance a shared vision of a need and the expected outcome is to develop and implement a joint agreement to address the problem and bring the vision into reality.

Collective impact

occurs when organizations achieve their goal to remedy an identified social problem and develop a backbone organization to coordinate efforts.

Individual empowerment

often taken to mean the development of individual skills via activities aimed at health education, life-skills enhancement, and individual and social development. HOWEVER: This is a frequently ineffective approach. Individual empowerment is not enough to achieve healthier communities

Psychological empowerment

personal development -> mutual support groups -> issue identification and campaigns/community organization -> participation in organizations/coalition advocacy

A Process Model of Partnership Development

starts with an awareness of a need, which leads to exploration with potential partners, and the formulation of a vision. This results in commitment from potential partners, agreement, and eventual implementation of the strategies.

Backbone organizations

the "lead agency" in a collaborative group of agencies. Guide vision and strategy Support aligned activities Establish shared measurement practices Build public will Advance policy Mobilize funding

Literacy

the ability to read and write Central to the development of individual capacities and empowerment and is an important determinant of health

Social capital

the networks of social relations that may provide individuals and groups with access to resources and supports.