ADW Spring Final Concepts

Liberation Movements

* Women's Activism and Liberation Movements* Refer to readings for specific movements

Nonviolence vs. Violence

*Liberation Movements and Anti-Colonial Struggles* MLK tactics vs. Black Panther Party tactics "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" by MLK "Not Just an American Problem, But a World Problem" by Malcolm X

Gendered division of labor

*Marxism in Africa and the Diaspora* - Claudia Jones "An En to the Neglect of the Problem of the Negro woman" Jones analyzes the gendered division of labor in which women are given the short hand. While men receive higher paying jobs and are seen as the provider/protector/leader, women are bound to domesticity. There are some jobs that both men and women work, but ultimately women are given lower wages due to gender stereotypes.

Capitalism

*Marxism in Africa and the Diaspora* Capitalism is a market system used, especially in the United States, to maintain the economy. According to Nkrumah in "Class Struggle for Africa," capitalism is based strictly off exploitation. In order for production and trade to thrive, the working class must continue to add profit, but the peasant class must remain in order to keep a balance in the hierarchy of social classes.

Neocolonialism

*Marxism in Africa and the Diaspora* This new from of colonialism consists of both power and geopolitics. Power is taken from colonies and geopolitics is used to take their resources. According to Nkrumah, it is more insidious and more defficult to detect and resist, because "we're working together" under covert racism. Nonetheless it keeps countries from independence.

Garveyism/ UNIA Harlem Renaissance/New Negro Movement

*Pan Africanism: Garvey, Africa, and the Americas* Garveyism - Marcus Garvey's take on pan-africanism was embedded in his belief that all black people should take pride in their race as a whole and create wealth through businesses and commercialized projects that solely benefitted the black race. • "Negro peoples of the world should concentrate upon the object of building up for themselves a great nation in Africa" (96). • "Africa shall develop an aristocracy of its own, but it shall be based upon service and loyalty to race" (99). **"Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey" by Amy Jacques-Garvey** UNIA Harlem Renaissance - • Carlos Cook's application of Garveyism advance the UNIA objectives by bringing ideals of Black nationalism and pride directly to the Black community. He did this through public rallies, lectures, protests, and parades right in the middle of Harlem, where a heavy amount of the Black diversity resided. By bringing in more support of the movement, more Black people were encouraged to buy from Black businesses and participate in the journey to Black unity. **"Carlos A. Cooks: Dominican Garveyite in Harlem" by Pedro R. Rivera** The New Negro Mvmt - This solidarity should be focused on taking back "Africa for the Africans" by reclaiming all the ideals, customs, culture, intelligence, history, etc. that was robbed from Africa by western civilization. The goal was not to create a "pure race" in America, but instead to embrace the black race that existed already in hopes of returning to the homeland with a stronger sense of nationality. **"Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey" by Amy Jacques-Garvey**

Decolonization

*Perspectives from the Diaspora: On Colonialism in Africa and the Americas* Decolonization is the reversal of colonization. A nation, instead of being dominated, in turn takes charge of its own land and resources. According to Aime Cesaire, the only group that "still has a universal mission....from all the wrongs of history" is the proletariat. It is the proletariat that has the power to overthrow colonialism, because they contribute the most to the economic standing of the nation.

Colonialism

*Perspectives from the Diaspora: On Colonialism in Africa and the Americas* Colonialism is a resource of geopolitics used to gain international political power. According to Aime Cesaire in Discourse on Colonialism, European colonialism is the product of a plan that stems from Christian Pedantry. The perceived notion is that "Christianity = civilization and paganism = savagery," so Western ideals were forced on people of color in order to dehumanize them and take over their land and resources.

Imperialism

*Perspectives from the Diaspora: On Colonialism in Africa* A policy used by world powers to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. According to W.E.B. Dubois in "Worlds of Color," modern imperialism is on the same system as modern industrialism. There is a current labor problem in which there is uneven distribution of work and income. Race is a part of this labor problem, and it is used to keep world powers, especially the United States, in control of people of color.

Underdevelopment

*Perspectives from the Diaspora: On Colonialism in Africa* According to Walter Rodney in "Some Questions of Development," underdevelopment is the "product of capitalist, imperialist, and colonialist exploitation." It is strictly an economic viewpoint in which some countries unfortunately lack wealth and advancement compared to others. Underdeveloped countries are usually filled with a great wealth of natural resources but in the poorest terms of goods and services provided to citizens.

Development

*Perspectives from the Diaspora: On Colonialism in Africa* Development is strictly based on economics. According to Walter Rodney in "Some Questions of Development," It consists of "quantitative" assessments and "qualitative" assessments. The quantitative assessments refer to how much goods and services are produced in economies, and the qualitative assessments concern how the economy is actually put together. A fully "developed" nation may not have the wealth in resources as "underdeveloped" nations, but they are able to get ahead based on their ability to exploit the lesser countries and better administrate the goods and services.

Colonization

*Perspectives from the Diaspora: On Colonialsm in Africa and the Americas* According to Aime Cesaire in Discourse on Colonialism, "colonization = thingification." It is a process of mentally and physically enslavement that Western Europeans used to conquer the land and resources of Africans. Africans were dehumanized into properties or commodities that could and "needed" to be controlled by the "civilized."

Negritude

*The New Negro Movement, Negritude, and Negrismo* According to Gomez, "negritude maintains that the African-descended seek a harmonious rather than exploitative relationship with their environment." This overall attitude can also be referred to as "blackness." With this state of mind, African-descendants believe their artistry makes them immune to exploitation.

South African anti-apartheid Anti-Pass Movement

*The New Negro Movement, Negritude, and Negrismo* In 1952, the apartheid regime in South Africa announced plans to extend passes, identification document, to women. On October 27th, 1995, a contingent of more than 2,000 women marched on the Union buildings in Pretoria ,South Africa. They chanted "Now you've struck a rock. You have dislodged a border. You will be crushed!" Ten months later, on August 9th, 1956, the Federation gathered more than 20,000 women in a march to the government capital in resistance to pass laws.

Negrismo

*The New Negro Movement, Negritude, and Negrismo* In conjunction with the New Negro Movement and Negritude, spanish-speaking artists created Negrismo. This provided a platform for Afro-Latino artists, writers, poets, etc. to have a voice in the Harlem Renaissance. Afro-Latinos were able to express their talents as well as join the fight for social and political change.

Teatro Experimental de Negro (TENS)

*The New Negro Movement, Negritude, and Negrismo* TEN was created for black Brazilians in Rio de Janiero and Sao Paolo. It was a "transnational rhetoric on black pride and social inquality" according to Davis and Williams in "Pan-Africanism, Negritude, and the Currency of Blackness." This group was able to express black nationalism and social justice in order to form a national identity for Afro-Brazilians.

New Negro Movement

*The New Negro Movement, Negritude, and Negrismo* The New Negro Movement was a type of renaissance for Black culture set in Harlem, New York. Arts, music, dance, and literature were closely related to and influenced by labor and politics. According to the section "Efflorescence" of Michael Gomez's book Reversing Sail, "the "discovery" of black aesthetics had the effect of intensifying cultural production."

Berlin Conference

*The Scramble for Africa* The Berlin Conference was held in 1884-1885. The purpose of the conference was to decide on a method of dividing Africa between European powers. These powers admired the size, surface features, climate, resources, and strategic importance of Africa. There were no African representatives present.

Scramble for Africa

*The Scramble for Africa* The term "Scramble for Africa" refers to the lengths taken to colonize Africa. This included cultural patriarch and economic appropriation. In "A Conversation with Okwui Enwezar," the main goals that define Europe's desire to colonize Africa are credited as "commerce, civilization, and Christianity."

Geopolitics

*The Scramble for Africa* This term is used to study the international relations between political power and geography. The resources used by nations in order to obtain great power are colonialism, imperialism, modernization, and globalization. The greatest example of this is in "Bismarck, Europe & Africa: Berlin Conference 1884-1885 and the Onset of Partition," for Europe divided Africa between European powers because they admired Africa's size, surface features, climate, resources, and strategic importance. Colonialism is used as justification because colonizers believed Africa needed to be "civilized" in order to be conquered.

"Nervous Condition"

*Transnationalism: Diaspora Meets the Continent* The term "nervous condition" stems from a novel of the same name written by Tsitsi Dangarembga. In the novel, nervous conditions refer to the physical reflection of mental, political, economic, and social issues faced in the main character's domestic home. For example, Nyasha develops anorexia which reflects her struggle to find herself and her own image in a world dominated by patriarchy and gender stereotypes.

Heterosexual privilege

*Women's Activism and Liberation Movements* - Patricia Hill Collins "Prisons for Our Bodies, Closets for Our Minds: Racism, Heterosexism, and Black Sexuality" Because heterosexuality is seen as the "norm," there are privileges given to straight individuals that are not given to the LGBTQ community. This battle of privilege vs oppression is a key reason as to why many homosexuals remain "in the closet," for fear of acceptance. This is especially true in the Black community where homophobia is higher than other races, causin Black homosexuals to experience double oppression within their own community.

Heteronormativity

*Women's Activism and Liberation Movements* - Patricia Hill Collins "Prisons for Our Bodies, Closets for Our Minds: Racism, Heterosexism, and Black Sexuality" This is a term used to describe a societal "norm" concerning sexual orientation. Since the United States is built on Christianity, it is implied that the "norm" for sexual orientation is heterosexual. Because of this view, the LGBTQ community lacks the same opportunities and/or privileges allowed to hetersexuals.

Gendered social movement patterns

*Women's Activism and Liberation Movements* Just as in the labor force, there is an imbalance between the roles/duties of women and men. The women of the Black Panther Party reflected on how initially women were given small, domestic jobs that did not allow them to fully participate in the social movement. In reality, women do all the behind-the-scenes work that the men are credited for simply by being the speaker or leader.

Women's Activism & Feminism

*Women's Activism and Liberation Movements* Refer to Group Facilitation - M. Bahati Kuumba "You've Struck a Rock" - Fannie Lou Hamer "We're On Our Way" - Cynthia Griggs Fleming "Black Women Activists and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee"

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

*Women's Activism and Liberation Movements* Refer to group facilitation - Cynthia Griggs Fleming "Black Women Activists and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee" - Foot Soldiers Class of 1964 Important person/example - Ruby Smith Robinson

Bridge leadership/center women/invisible leadership

*Women's Actvism and Liberation Movements* Bottom line: Women did most of the behind the scenes work and men stood in as the leader/speaker.

Negation

A negation is anything that contradicts an initial statement or assertion. For example, in the Shonibare Interview, he describes the uniqueness of his artwork and its message. His pieces negate modernist practices & impose pure African authenticity.

social movement

A social movement is meant to make change. It can be acted out radically and/or peacefully including sit-ins, marches, and boycotts. The purpose is to pressure the oppressor into creating better conditions for the people and/or cause.

Black feminism

Black feminism differs greatly from regular feminism, because it is a direct platform for Black women and everything they face politically and socially. The Black woman is the center of the family, so this entire movement is a fight for proper image, respect, and acknowledgement of Black women and their contributions. According to The Combahee River Collective.

Black nationalism

Black nationalism is also known as Black pride. It is deep acknowledgement of the intellectual and artistic aesthetics of those of African-descent. There is no need to conform to any other race. Instead there is a focus on building up the potential for success that already lies within the Black community.

Modernization

Modernization refers to the transition from a traditional society to a more "modern" society. This includes the development of STEM and technology. In Africa, economic roles dealing with these progressions are usually centered around men.

Citizenship

Citizenship refers to an individual's accredidation in a nation. Historically, slaves had to be born and raised in the United States to be considered a citizen. However, it has been a struggle for hundreds of years for African-descends to obtain the full benefits of being an American citizen.

Discourse

Discourse refers to the debate of the African diaspora. It is how the narrative is discussed and/or written. The material that holds the information on the diaspora is in direct conversation with the scholars that express their views on it. This is the way to build and understand world experiences.

Environmental Justice

Environmental justice is similar to the civil rights movement but focuses on equal resources. Just as people of color are often deprived of opportunities based on race, they are often deprived of quality environments and living conditions. One example of this is the Flint water crisis in Michigan. This issue of contaminated water has occurred for over a year and could be fixed, but the governor has yet to take initiative to restore safe water into low-income, dominantly Black neighborhoods. The same issue occurred before in a town nearby in a white neighborhood where it was resolved immediately.

Intersectionality

Intersectionality refers to how social identities overlap or interact. This can include race, class, ethnicity, and gender. For instance, black women suffer superexploitation because as women they are seen as inferior to men; as people of color they are seen as inferior to the white "Other"; and being both puts them in a complete separate identity sphere where both sexism and racism limit opportunities.

Marxism/socialism/communism

Marxism is a European construct used to analyze societal conflict and class relations. Both socialism and communism are branches of Marxist views. Socialism allows equal opportunity amongst the citizens in a society to have some democratic control, and communism distributes equal resources amongst citizens without their input. Unlike capitalism, there is no exploitation of citizens in the economy.

Modernism

Modernism is a philosophical movement. It occurred in Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in order bring about cultural changes. As time progresses and technology advances, the effects of modernism continue to alter global trends today.

Othering

Othering refers to creating a dominant and a subordinate between two groups. The "Other" usually takes the position of the former, knowingly suppressing the subordinate's role in society in order to increase their own significance. Although historically the "Other" has referred to Western Europeans, the power of the Black Other is demonstrated in social groups such as the Black Panther Party.

Pan-Africanism

Pan-Africanism is an ideology used to rid Africa of colonial rule and exploitation. According to Hollis R. Lynch in "Introduction to Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey," the goal was "dignity and respect for blacks everywhere to be won through political and economic Black Power." Instead of fighting for equality with the white bourgeios, Blacks fought for security and power within its own community.

Patriarchy

Patriarchy rests on the ideal that men are dominate to women. Men are to be the leaders and providers while women remain in domesticity and support their husbands and families. This ideology is even present in the civil rights movement, for women were originally given "lady-like" tasks like doing office assistant work as opposed to being the face of protests with the men.

Positive Law

Positive law is the opposition to natural law. Whereas natural law is a theoretical, presumed set of laws that may or may not be consititutional, positive law is asserted by a legislature. It cannot be altered or broken or there will be consequences that follow.

Power

Power is needed to be in full control of something. The entire purpose of colonialism was for Western Europeans to have power over other nations across the world. Colonizers will go to great lengths politically, socially, economically, and geographically in order to obtain and maintain dominace.

Resilience

Resilience is the ability to recover from oppression/hardship. It has taken the diaspora centuries to rebuild after slavery, but the desire to fully recover has kept the fight alive. Although there are better opportunities for African-Americans today, the disadvantage is still there so resilience often goes hand-in-hand with forms of resistance.

Resistance

Resistance is a direct revolt to oppression. In the civil rights era, forms of resistance to racism including both violent and nonviolent tactics. Some examples are sit-ins, boycotts, marches, and radical protests.

Interlocking systems of oppression

Self-explanatory - multiple systems of oppression overlap Ex: Black women as the superexploited *Claudia Jones "An End to the Neglect of the Problem of the Negro Woman"* Ex: LGBTQ in Black community *Patricia Hill Collins "Prisons for our Our Bodies, Closets for Our Minds"*

social movement organization

Social movement organizations were formed as a platform for social activists. Through an organization, there is the opportunity for funding, support, and publicity. An exampled would be the Freedom Party created by Fannie Lou Hamer and her counterparts in order to create a voice for African-Americans in democracy and get better conditions for sharecroppers.

Civil Rights Movement Black Panther Party (BPP)

The Black Panther Party is a pan-africanist mass organization created during the Civil Rights era. It's main focus is on Black nationalism and overall improvement for the Black community. This group participated in more radical demonstrations than nonviolent in hopes of pressuring the "other" into political and social change.

Combahee River Collective

This is a mass organization created by and for Black women. It is a group that focuses on Black feminism, defining what it means to be a Black feminist, and how black women are affected politically, economically, and socially. Their beliefs are not much different from feminism, but the focus is/always will be on how categories of class, race, gender, and sexual orientation overlap with the politics of the Black feminist.

Political opportunity structure

This is a theory based on social movements. It says that political opportunites often affect the success or failure of social movements. An example of this theory can be seen in many civil rights social movements such as the Black Panther Party; despite the party's strength and ability to get change, their successes and failures relied heavily on political figures.

Assimilation/Acculturation

This refers to how a group's culture and language come to resemble another group's. This can most notably be seen through colonization. As slaves endured the seasoning period, they had to conform to the European language and Christian beliefs. However, in modern society, acculturation of African culture can be seen in the Black Church. The church, though built on Christianity, infuses the praise dances, songs, and worship prevalent to African traditions in the homeland.

Anti-Colonialism

This term is a direct opposition to colonialism. This means there is no support for the dehumanizing tactics used by colonists to conquer nations. It instead supports the idea that nations can govern themselves and maintain their own cultures and customs.

Transnationalism

Transnationalism refers to the connection between people and the changing social and economic surroundings. For example, in Nervous Conditions, Tambu must face the paradoxes between her domestic homeland and England as she pursues an education. Throughout the novel, she is able to see the differences in social and economical factors between her African roots and Western Europe.