Æfing kafli 8

Which of the following strategies of social influence creates a situation similar to that experienced by Milgram's study in that it relies on requests that increase in severity in incremental fashion?

Foot-in-the-door technique

Which of the following conclusions is consistent with the predictions of social impact theory?

The more immediate a group is, the more social influence it tends to exert.

Which of the following is one of the reasons the participants in Milgram's study followed the orders by the experimenters?

The participants unintentionally adhered to a norm that did not exist by blindly obeying the experimenter when they were not required to.

Which of the following explains why young and inexperienced army or police recruits are usuallyfound to be willing to shoot at villagers and humiliate prisoners?

The situation is ambiguous and they see other soldiers doing the same. They are panicky and uncertain; therefore, they rely on emulating others' behaviors and actions. They believe that this is what they are supposed to do, following the more experienced soldiers.

Which of the following is a change that Burger (2009) made from the original Milgram study when he replicated the research several decades later?

The study was stopped once participants went past 150 volts.

Minority group members can influence the majority group members through

informational social influence.

You closely follow a senior colleague's advice on how to behave at an academic conference as you are unfamiliar with conference etiquettes. This is an example of

informational social influence.

A ____ norm involves perceptions of which behaviors society approves of; a ____ norm involves perceptions of howpeople actually behave.

injunctive; descriptive

In Sherif's experiment (1936) involving the autokinetic effect, the participants tended to converge in their answers when they answered in groups, while there was a bigger difference in responses when they answered individually. What explains this convergence of answers?

Informational social influence

Which of the following provides an illustration of how the use of norms to change behavior can backfire and produce a "boomerang effect"?

Jerry finds out that everyone in his building is conserving water by installing a low-flow shower head, so he decides that he doesn't need to worry about conserving, and he begins taking even longer showers than usual.

Which of the following is the most direct and powerful example of social influence?

Obedience to an order from an authority figure

Which of the following statements regarding Sherif's (1936) study of perceptions of the autokinetic effect is true?

Participants conformed because they believed the other people's responses were accurate.

Which of the following is a common ethical concern raised about the Milgram study?

Participants were forced to learn unpleasant things about themselves without agreeing to that ahead of time.

Which of the following statements is true about conformity?

People change their behavior due to the powerful influence of other people.

What describes the social impact theory?

People conform more to others who are physically close than to others who are physically distant People conform more if the others are important to them. People conform more to three or more people than to one or two people.

Almost everyone knows that littering is wrong, but not everyone follows this principle—at least not all the time. Based on the idea of descriptive and injunctive norms, which of the following interventions would be most effective in promoting and sustaining anti-littering behavior?

Present people with statistical data showing how cooperative most people are in keeping the environment clean.

All of the following are reasons for why people conform

They do not know what to do in a confusing or unusual situation. they want to avoid being ridiculed or punished for being different from others. They want to gain social acceptance and/or to meet others' expectations.

When asked to vote for the exam format of their Social Psychology class, 43 out of 50 students wanted the exam to be in a multiple-choice question format, while the remaining students requested for at least two open-ended question to be included. After over an hour of discussion, none of the seven students were willing to change their mind. According to research, what would be the most likely response of the rest of the class to this deviance?

They will come to appreciate the seven students' principled stand and begin to reconsider their own request.

Which of the following was a goal of Milgram's obedience research?

To better understand the social forces that contribute to destructive and immoral behavior

Which of the following is true about informational social influence?

When deciding whether to conform, people should ask themselves whether the other people know more about what is going on than they do.

Which of the following statements about Milgram's obedience study is true?

When other "teachers" refused to continue with the study, participants' obedience rates declined significantly.

The foot-in-the-door technique

capitalizes on people's desire for self-consistency.

In the experiment by Reno, Cialdini, and Kalligren (1983), the confederate's littering behavior was Expected to remind participants of a/an ____ norm against littering in the clean environment. Seeing the confederate picking up someone else's litter invoked the ____ norm that littering is wrong in both the clean as well as littered environments.

descriptive; injunctive

The police were called up to break an argument between Julianna and Tim. The couple lived together, but the police told Tim to spend the night at a friend's house. Tim did what the police told him to do. This is an example of _______

obedience.

Asch's line-judgment research indicated that

participants demonstrated public conformity without private acceptance.

In Milgram's research study

participants were not informed about the true nature of the study.

When we experience informational social influence, it tends to impact

private acceptance

Nancy gets to know that the city officials want to construct a new highway near her house. Initially she wasn't sure if this was a good or a bad idea. A few days later, she attends a city council meeting where she hears several viewpoints and arguments presented before the audience. She also obtains detailed information about the highway project. After the meeting is over, she returns home and tells her neighbors that the new highway seems like a good idea. Nancy's change in attitude regarding the project reflects a

private acceptance.

In Asch's line studies, participants who were alone when asked to report the length of the lines gave the correct answer 98% of the time. However, when they were with the confederates who sometimes gave an obviously wrong answer, 76% of participants gave the wrong answer at least once. This suggests that Asch's studies are an illustration of

public compliance without private acceptance.

When we experience normative social influence, it tends to impact

public compliance.

The door-in-the-face technique

relies at least in part on norms of reciprocity.

Societal rules regarding acceptable behavior are known as

social norms.

The more important it is to people to make an accurate decision,

the more likely they are to conform to informational social influence.