Africa

One of the biggest problems facing South Africa was the _____ ___________. Mbeki disputed that AIDS was caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). His opinion put South Africa at odds with the ______________ _______________ throughout the world. However, in 2009, South African president Jacob Zuma broadened the country's AIDS policy.

AIDS epidemic, scientific consensus

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader

The blacks of South Africa resisted the controls imposed by the white minority. In 1912, they formed the ____________ _____________ ______________ (ANC) to fight for their rights. The ANC organized strikes and boycotts to protest __________ __________. The government banned the ANC and imprisoned many of its members. One was ANC leader ___________ ____________. The troubles continued.

African National congress, racist policies, Nelson mandela

Europeans could not navigate __________ ________, which had many rapids, cataracts, and changing flows. The introduction of _________-__________ _______-_______ in the early 1800s allowed Europeans to conduct major expeditions into the interior of Africa. __________ also discouraged European exploration. Finally, Africans controlled their own _________ networks and provided the trade items.

African rivers, steam powered river boats, disease, trade

South Africa demonstrated the impact that Europeans had on African peoples. The history of South Africa is a history of ___________, ________, and __________ clashing over land and resources. Although the African lands seemed empty to the Europeans, various __________ ________ had competing claims over huge areas.

Africans, Dutch, British, ethnic groups

Each African environment offers its own challenges. The _________ are largely unsuitable for human life and also hamper people's movement to more welcoming ___________. The largest deserts are the ____________ in the north and the _____________ in the south. Stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, the Sahara covers an area roughly the size of the _________ ________. Only a small part of the Sahara consists of sand dunes. The rest is mostly a flat, gray ______________ of scattered rocks and gravel. Each year the desert takes over more and more of the land at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert, the ________

deserts, climates, Sahara, Kalahari, United States, wasteland, Sahel

The ways in which African nations achieved independence, however, differed across the continent. In Chapter 27, you learned that European nations employed two basic styles of government in colonial Africa _________ and ___________. Under indirect rule, _________ ___________ did much of the governing and colonists enjoyed limited self-rule. As a result, these colonies generally experienced an __________ _____________ to independence. For colonies under direct rule, in which _____________ governed at all levels and no ______ ______ existed, independence came with more difficulty. Some colonies even had to fight ______ __ _____________, as European settlers refused to surrender power to African nationalist groups.

direct, indirect, local officials, easier transition, foreigners, self-rule, wars of liberation

The northern coast and the southern tip of Africa have welcoming Mediterranean-type climates and fertile soil. Because these coastal areas are so fertile, they are densely populated with ___________ and __________. Most people in Africa live on the _____________, or grassy plains. They include mountainous highlands and swampy tropical stretches. _____ seasons alternate with ________ seasons often, two of each a year. Unfortunately, the __________ throughout Africa is thin, and heavy rains strip away _________. In most years, however, the savannas support abundant ________________ _____________.

farmers, herders, savannas, dry, rainy, topsoil, minerals, agricultural production

European powers had viewed colonies as sources of _________ for the home country. The colonial powers encouraged the export of one or two _______ _______, such as coffee or rubber, rather than the production of a range of products to serve _________ _________. Europeans developed _______________ and mines but few ______________. These policies left new African nations with _________________ _______________ and a small middle class. Such economic problems lessened their chances to create ___________________ _________________.

wealth, cash crops, local needs, plantations, factories, unbalanced economies, democratic stability

In 1948, the National Party came to power in South Africa. This party promoted ____________, or Dutch South African, nationalism. It also instituted a policy of ________________, complete separation of the races. The minority government banned social contacts between whites and blacks. It established segregated schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods. In 1959, the minority government set up reserves, called ________________, for the country's major black groups. Blacks were forbidden to ______ __ __________ _______ unless they worked as servants or laborers for whites. The homelands policy was totally __________________. Although blacks made up about 75 percent of the population, the government set aside only 13 percent of the land for them. Whites kept the best land.

Afrikaner, apartheid, homelands, live in white areas, unbalanced

In the late 1860s, ________ _____________, a missionary from Scotland, traveled with a group of Africans deep into central Africa to ____________ _______________. When several years passed with no word from him or his party, many people feared he was dead. An American newspaper hired reporter _________ ___________ to find Livingstone. In 1871, he found Dr. Livingstone on the shores of Lake Tanganyika. Stanley's famous greeting "___ _____________, __ ___________?" made headlines around the world.

David Livingstone, promote Christianity, Henry Stanley, Dr. Livingstone I presume

The first Europeans to settle in South Africa had been the __________. They came to the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to establish a way station for their ships sailing between the Dutch East Indies and the Netherlands. Dutch settlers known as _______ (Dutch for "farmers") gradually took Africans' land and established large farms. (The Boers are also known as _______________.) When the British took over the Cape Colony permanently in the early 1800s, they and the Boers clashed over __________ _________ regarding land and slaves.

Dutch, Boers, Afrikaners, British policy

Among the candidates for president were __. __. __ _________ and ___________ ______________. During the campaign, the Inkatha Freedom Party a rival party to the ANC threatened to disrupt the process. Nevertheless, the vote went smoothly. South Africans of all races peacefully waited at the polls in long lines. To no one's surprise, the ______ won 63 percent of the vote. They won 252 of 400 seats in the National Assembly (the larger of the two houses in Parliament). ______________ was elected president. Mandela stepped down in 1999, but the nation's democratic government ________________.

F. W. de Klerk, Nelson Mandela, ANC, Mandela, continued

In 1989, white South Africans elected a new president, __. __. __ _______. His goal was to ___________ _______ ________ and _____ __ _____________. In February 1990, he legalized the _______ and also released __________ ___________ from prison. These dramatic actions marked the beginning of a new era in South Africa. Over the next 18 months, the South African parliament repealed _______________ ______ that had segregated public facilities and restricted land ownership by blacks. World leaders welcomed these changes and began to ease _________________ on South Africa.

F. W. de Klerk, transform South Africa, end its isolation, ANC, Nelson Mandela, apartheid laws, restrictions

After years of civil war, an army officer, Colonel Joseph Mobutu, later known as _________ _____ ______, seized power in 1965. For 32 years, Mobutu ruled the country that he renamed _________. He maintained control through a combination of ________, one party rule, and gifts to supporters. Mobutu successfully withstood several armed _____________. He was finally overthrown in 1997 by rebel leader Laurent Kabila after months of civil war. Shortly thereafter, the country was renamed the _______________ _____________ __ __________

Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire, force, rebellions, Democratic Republic of Congo

West Africa's earliest known culture was that of the _____ people. Their name came from the __________ where the first artifacts from their culture were discovered. They were the first West African people known to ________ _____. The iron was fashioned into tools for _________ and weapon for ___________. Some of the tools and weapons made their way into overland trade routes.

Nok, village, smelt iron, farming, hunting

In addition, Nkrumah was often criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts and neglecting economic problems in his own country. He dreamed of a "____________ __________ __ _________." In 1966, while Nkrumah was in China, the army and police in Ghana __________ _________. Since then, the country has shifted back and forth between civilian and military rule and has struggled for economic stability. In 2000, Ghana held its first ______ ____________.

United States of Africa, seized power, open elections

In 1999, ANC official ________ ________ won election as president in a peaceful transition of power. As Mbeki assumed office, he faced a number of serious challenges. These included ______ ________ ________, South Africa's rape and murder rates were among the highest in the world. ____________________ stood at about 40 percent among South Africa's blacks, and about 60 percent lived below the poverty level. In addition, an economic downturn discouraged _________ ______________.

Thabo Mbeki, high crime rates, unemployment, foreign investment

Of all the European possessions in Africa, one of the most exploited was the _________ _________. Belgium had ruthlessly plundered the colony's rich resources of __________ and copper. In addition, Belgian officials ruled with a harsh hand and provided the population with no _________ ____________. They also had made no attempt to __________ ____ _____________ ____ ___________________. Not surprisingly, Belgium's granting of independence in 1960 to the Congo (known as _______ from 1971 to 1997) resulted in upheaval.

Belgian Congo, rubber, social services, prepare the people for independence, Zaire

___________ finally won the war. In 1910, the Boer republics were joined into a self-governing Union of South Africa, which was controlled by the British.

Britain

On receiving its independence in 1957, the Gold Coast took the name _________. This name honored a famous West African kingdom of the past. _____________ became Ghana's first prime minister and later its president-for-life. Nkrumah pushed through new roads, new schools, and expanded health facilities. These costly projects soon _____________ _____ ______________. His programs for industrialization, health and welfare, and expanded educational facilities showed good intentions. However, the expense of the programs undermined the _______________ and strengthened his _______________.

Ghana. Nkrumah, crippled the country, economy, opposition

The British colony of the _______ __________ became the first African colony south of the Sahara to achieve independence. Following World War II, the British in the Gold Coast began making preparations. For example, they allowed more Africans to be nominated to the Legislative Council. However, the Africans wanted _______ ____________. The leader of their largely nonviolent movement was _____________ _____________. Starting in 1947, he worked to liberate the Gold Coast from the British. Nkrumah organized __________ and ______________ and was often imprisoned by the British government. Ultimately, his efforts were _________________.

Gold Coast, full freedom, Kwame Nkrumah, strikes, boycotts, successful

The motives that drove colonization in Africa were also at work in other lands. The ___________ ____________ in particular provided European countries with a reason to add lands to their control. As European nations industrialized, they searched for _____ __________ and _____ ____________ to improve their economies.

Industrial Revolution, new markets, raw materials

___________________ stirred ambitions in many European nations. They wanted more ______________ to fuel their industrial production. They competed for _____ __________ for their goods. Many nations looked to Africa as a source of _____ ___________ and as a market for industrial products. As a result, colonial powers seized vast areas of Africa during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country is called _______________. As occurred throughout most of Africa, stronger countries dominated the political, economic, and social life of the weaker countries.

Industrialization, resources, new markets, raw materials, imperialism

Between 1879 and 1882, Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs of the Congo River valley. The treaties gave ______ __________ II of __________ control of these lands. Leopold claimed that his primary motive in establishing the colony was to abolish the _______ ________ and promote _____________. However, he licensed companies that brutally exploited Africans by forcing them to collect sap from __________ plants. As a result of his cruelty, the _________ _______________ took control of the colony away from Leopold. ______ ___________ __________, as the colony later became known, was 80 times larger than Belgium. The Belgian government's seizure of the Congo alarmed France.

King Leopold, Belgium, slave trade, Christianity, rubber, Belgian government, The Belgian Congo

From the late 1700s to the late 1800s, a series of local wars shook southern Africa. Around 1816, a Zulu chief, _________, used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. Shaka's successors, however, were ___________ __ ______ ____ ______________ _____________ against the superior arms of the British invaders. In 1879, after Zulu king Cetshwayo refused to dismiss his army and accept British rule, the British ___________ _____ _______ __________. Although the Zulus used spears and shields against British guns, they nearly defeated the great European army. In July 1879, however, the Zulus lost the __________ ___ ___________ and their kingdom. The Zulu nation fell to British control in 1887.

Shaka, unable to keep the kingdom together, invaded the Zulu nation, Battle of Ulundi

Boer

a Dutch colonist in South Africa

Jomo Kenyatta

a Kenyan nationalist

apartheid

a South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites.

griot

a West African storyteller

Shaka

a Zulu chief who used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state.

Boer War

a conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Boers and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa

savannas

a flat, grassy plain

Mobutu Sese Seku

a harsh army officer who took ahold of Congo after the civil war

Berlin Conference

a meeting in 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa.

Negritude Movement

a movement in which French-speaking Africans and West Indians celebrated their heritage of traditional African culture and Values

imperialism

a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially

When European countries began colonizing, many believed that Africans would soon be _____________ _____________ _______ in great quantities. They were wrong; few Africans bought European goods. However, European businesses still needed _____ ____________ from Africa. The major source of great wealth in Africa proved to be the continent's rich ____________ _____________. The Belgian Congo contained untold wealth in copper and tin. Even these riches seemed small compared with the gold and diamonds in ________ _________. Businesses eventually developed ______-______ _______________ to grow peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber. These products displaced the food crops grown by farmers to ______ ________ _____________

buying European goods, raw materials, mineral resources, South Africa, cash-crop plantations, feed their families

When the Europeans established colonial boundaries, they ignored existing _________ or ____________ divisions. New borders divided peoples of the same background or threw different often ________ _________ _____________. Because of this, a sense of ____________ ___________ was difficult to develop. After independence, the old colonial boundaries became the borders of the ________ _________________ ________. As a result, ethnic and cultural conflicts remained.

ethnic, cultural, rival groups together, national identity, newly independent states

In the mid-1800s, on the eve of the European domination of Africa, African peoples were divided into hundreds of _________ and ____________ groups. Most continued to follow _______________ __________, while others converted to Islam or Christianity. Politically, they ranged from large _________ that united many ethnic groups to independent ___________. ________________ had established contacts with sub-Saharan Africans as early as the 1450s. However, powerful African _________ were able to keep the Europeans out of most of Africa for 400 years.

ethnic, linguistic, traditional beliefs, empires, villages, Europeans, armies

African peoples organized themselves into ________ ________. They also developed belief systems that helped them understand and organize information about their world. Nearly all of these local religions involved a belief in one creator, or _____. They generally also included elements of __________, a religion in which spirits play an important role in regulating daily life. Animists believe that _________ are present in animals, plants, and other natural forces, and also take the form of the ______ __ _______ ____________.

family groups, god, animism, spirits, souls of their ancestors

European rule also disrupted African __________ and _________________ ______. In some cases, colonial powers __________ _____________ _____ ______ _______ ____________ and villages to work in mines or on plantations. In addition, most newly independent nations still lacked a skilled, literate ________ ________ that could take on the task of building a new nation.

family, community life, moved Africans far from their families, work force

Diamonds and ______ were discovered in southern Africa in the 1860s and 1880s. Suddenly, adventurers from all parts of the world rushed in to make their fortunes. The Boers tried to keep these "_____________" from gaining ____________ ________. An attempt to start a rebellion against the Boers failed. The Boers blamed the __________ and, in 1899, took up arms against them. In many ways, the _______ _____ (also known as the South African War) between the British and the Boers was the first modern "_________" war. The Boers launched commando raids and used ______________ tactics against the British. The British countered by burning Boer farms and imprisoning women and children in disease-ridden concentration camps. _________ _________ ____________ were also involved in the war. Some fought; others served as scouts, guards, drivers, and workers.

gold, outsiders, political rights, British, Boer War, total, guerilla, Black South Africans

Africa's earliest peoples were nomadic _________-_____________. Today, some of the San of the Kalahari Desert and the Ba Mbuti of the rainforests of Congo are still hunter-gatherers. The men ______ with spears and bows and arrows, and the women and children _________ roots and berries. Other early Africans eventually learned to domesticate and raise a variety of animals for food. Called _________, or ____________, these people kept cattle, goats, or sheep. They were __________ who drove their animals to find water and good pastures for grazing during the dry season.

hunter-gatherers, hunt, gather, herders, pastoralists, nomads

The competition was so fierce that European countries feared ____ __________ ________________. To prevent conflict, 14 European nations met at the _______ ______________ in 1884-85 to lay down rules for the division of Africa. They agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa by _____________ ________ _________ of its claims and showing it could ___________ ____ ______. The European nations divided the continent with little thought about how African _________ or ______________ ________ were distributed. No African ruler was invited to attend these meetings, yet the conference ___________ _________ ______.

war among themselves, Berlin Conference, notifying other nations, control the area, ethnic, linguistic groups, sealed Africa's fate

Kwame Nkrumah

leader of the nonviolent movement in Ghana

Using guerrilla war tactics, the Mau Mau sought to push the white farmers into _____________ _____ _______________. Kenyatta claimed to ________ ___ _______________ __ _____ _____ _____. However, he refused to condemn the organization. As a result, the British imprisoned him for nearly a decade. By the time the British granted Kenya independence in 1963, more than 10,000 Africans and 100 settlers had been __________. Kenyatta became president of the new nation. He worked hard to unite the country's various ___________ and _________________ _________. Kenyatta died in 1978. His successor, Daniel arap Moi, was less successful in governing the country. Moi faced increasing opposition to his one party rule.

leaving the highlands, have no connection to the Mau Mau, killed, ethnic, language groups

Even with superior arms and steam engines to transport them, another factor might have kept Europeans confined to the coast. They were highly susceptible to ___________, a disease carried by the dense swarms of mosquitoes in Africa's interior. The perfection of the drug ___________ in 1829 eventually protected Europeans from becoming infected with this disease. Factors within Africa also made the continent easier for Europeans to colonize. Africans' huge variety of languages and cultures discouraged ______ among them. _______ fought between ethnic groups over land, water, and ________ _________ also prevented a unified stand. Europeans soon learned to _____ ________ _________ against each other.

malaria, quinine, unity, wars, trade right, play rival groups

The race for colonies also grew out of a strong sense of ___________ ________. Many Europeans believed that they were _________ ______ _______ __________. The belief that one race is superior to others is called _________. The attitude was a reflection of ________ ____________, a social theory of the time. In this theory, Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and natural selection were applied to human society. According to the theory, non Europeans were considered to be on a ________ _______ of cultural and physical development because they had not made the scientific and technological progress that __________________ had.

national pride, better than other peoples, racism, Social Darwinism, lower scale, Europeans

No matter how they gained their freedom, however, most new African nations found the road to a strong and stable nation to be difficult. They had to deal with everything from creating a ______ ______________ to establishing a ________________ ______________. Many new countries were also plagued by great ________ __________. In colonizing Africa, the Europeans had created artificial borders that had little to do with the areas where __________ _________ ____________ ________. While national borders separated people with similar cultures, they also enclosed traditional ____________ who began fighting each other soon after the Europeans left.

new government, post colonial economy, ethnic strife, ethnic groups actually lived, enemies

Agriculture drastically changed the way Africans lived. Growing their own food enabled them to build ______________ __________ in one location. Settlements expanded because reliable _______ ___________ led to longer, healthier lives and an increased _____________. These increasingly complex settlements of people required more __________________ than smaller communities. Various types of _____________ ________ developed to fill this need. As strong groups moved to extend their land and conquered weaker settlements, they _____________ their _________ and their governments. Some of these societies eventually developed into great ______________.

permanent shelters, food supplies, birthrate, organization, governing bodies, centralized, power, kingdoms

French-speaking Africans and West Indians began to express their growing sense of black consciousness and ________ in traditional Africa. They formed the _________________ _____________, a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values. When World War II erupted, African soldiers fought alongside Europeans to "__________ ______________." This experience made them unwilling to accept __________ _______________ when they returned home. The war had changed the thinking of Europeans too. Many began to question the cost, as well as the ___________, of maintaining colonies abroad. These and other factors helped African colonies gain their freedom throughout the 1950s and 1960s.

pride, Negritude movement, defend freedom, colonial domination, morality

The British ruled Kenya, and many British settlers resisted Kenyan independence, especially those who had taken over ________ _____________ in the northern highlands of the country. They were forced to accept African self-government as a result of two developments. One was the strong leadership of Kenyan nationalist _______ _____________. The second was the rise of a group known as the ______ _______. This was a secret society made up mostly of native ___________ __________ forced out of the highlands by the British.

prize farmland, Jomo Kenyatta, Mau Mau, Kenyan farmers

Another very different but also partly uninhabitable African environment is the ______ ________. Sometimes called "__________ ________________," it produces mahogany and teak trees up to 150 feet tall. The __________ ____ is found in the rain forest. Its presence prevented Africans from using _________, donkeys, and horses to farm near the rain forests. This deadly insect also prevented invaders especially _______________ from colonizing fly-infested territories.

rain forest, nature's greenhouse, tsetse fly, cattle, Europeans

Cities began to develop sometime between 600 B. C. and 200 B. C. Usually they were in areas along ________ or at an oasis. __________-_________, or ancient Djenne, was uncovered by archaeologists in 1977. It is located on a tributary of the Niger River in West Africa. There, scientists discovered hundreds of thousands of ___________. The oldest objects found there dated from 250 B. C., making Djenne-Djeno the oldest known ______ in Africa south of the Sahara.

rivers, Djenne-Djeno, artifacts, city

Between 8000 and 6000 B. C., the Sahara received increased rainfall and turned into a savanna. But about 6000 B. C., the Sahara began to dry up again. To survive, many early farmers moved east into the Nile Valley and south into West Africa. Some settled on the ______________, which had the best agricultural land. In addition to growing grain, Africans began to raise ________. In areas where the _________ ____ was found, it was not possible to keep cattle. However, south and east of the rain forests, __________ __________ became an important part of agricultural life. Other Africans learned to farm in the rain forest, where they planted ______ ______, such as yams, that needed little sun.

savannas, cattle, tsetse fly, cattle raising, root crops

Africa is the __________ ____________ continent in the world. With a total of 11. 7 million square miles, it occupies about one-fifth of Earth's land surface. ___________ ___________ (50 to 100 miles) lie on either side of a central plateau. Waterfalls and rapids often form as rivers drop down to the coast from the plateau, making ______________ impossible to or from the coast. Africa's coastline has few harbors, ports, or inlets.

second largest, narrow coastlines, navigation,

Archaeologists' main source of information about early West African cultures has been from artifacts such as pottery, charcoal, and ______— a waste product of iron smelting. Unlike cultures to the north, the peoples of Africa south of the Sahara seem to have skipped the Copper and Bronze Ages and moved directly into the ______ Age. The ability to ________ ______ was a major technological achievement of the ancient _____ of sub Saharan Africa.

slag, Iron, smelt iron, Nok

Several factors contributed to the Europeans' conquest of Africa. One overwhelming advantage was the Europeans' _________________ _________________. The _________ _____, invented in 1884, was the world's first automatic machine gun. European countries quickly acquired the Maxim, while the resisting Africans were forced to rely on ___________ __________. European countries also had the means to control their empire. The invention of the ________ _________ allowed Europeans to easily travel on rivers to establish bases of control deep in the African continent.

technological superiority, Maxim gun, outdated weapons, steam engine

Sahel

the African region along the southern border of the Sahara.

Social Darwinism

the application of Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies—particularly as justification for imperialist expansion

racism

the belief that one race is superior to others.

animism

the belief that spirits are present in animals, plants, and other natural objects

Sahara

the largest desert in the world

Djenne-Djeno

the oldest city known south of the Sahara

Few African societies had ___________ ______________. Instead, story- tellers shared _________ the history and literature of a culture. In West Africa, for example, these storytellers, or __________, kept this history alive, passing it from parent to child:

written languages, orally, griots