Albert Bandura: Social-Cognitive Theory and Vicarious Learning

What is an example of 1. Modeled behaviors serve as cues to initiate similar behaviors in others.

Fork or spork at fancy dinner

observers' restraints are weakened in one of two ways

One is lack of punishment for reprehensible behaviors. The other is the modeling of defensible violence, which adds legitimacy to the use of violence as a solution to a problem.

Self-efficacy is a term that refers to

People's expectations that they are capable of performing a behavior that will produce desired outcomes in any particular situation.

Self-reinforcement,

in contrast, occurs in situations in which individuals have established standards for their behavior, and they evaluate their behavior in relation to those standards.

In learning from models, direct reinforcement is...

is the positive reinforcement by the observer's imitation of the model.

Bandura's most famous experiment was the 1961

Bobo Doll study

Models transmit information to the observer in 3 ways:

1. Modeled behaviors serve as cues to initiate similar behaviors in others. 2. They also serve to strengthen or weaken the learner's existing restraints against the performance of a modeled behavior. 3. They're used to demonstrate new patterns of behavior.

Like vicarious reinforcement, punishment administered to a model tends to convey three primary effects:

1. The outcome conveys information about behaviors that are likely to be punished and are, therefore, inappropriate. 2. A restraining influence on imitative, aggressive actions is also likely to occur. 3. Because the behavior was unsuccessful, the model's status is likely to be devalued.

Three ways to boost self-efficacy

1. social modeling 2. mastery 3. social persuasion 4. physical and emotional state

The two components of vicarious reinforcement are

1. the behavior of a model produces reinforcement for a particular behavior 2. positive emotional reactions are aroused in the observer.

Bruner advocated which theory?

Social-Cognitive Theory

Social persuasion

When people are persuaded by others that they can succeed, this positively impacts their self-efficacy

Bandura's reciprocal causation model focuses on continuous interaction between the following three factors:

behavior, environment, person

Reciprocal Causation Model is composed of three parts

behavior, environment, person

Bandura's study involving young children and a Bobo doll revealed that:

children exposed to a model treating a doll aggressively learned aggressive behavior through imitation.

person

cognition, self-efficacy, motives and personality.

behavior

complexity, duration, skill, etc.

vicarious

experienced in the imagination through the feelings or actions of another person

The absence of punishment conveys...

message of implicit acceptance of the behavior

Bandura's social learning theory stresses the importance of 3 things:

observational learning, imitation and modeling

While working with patients with snake phobias, Bandura found that _____ were more effective in treating phobias than persuasion.

observations

Mastery

people achieve goals and overcome failures.

Social Model

people see others like themselves being successful

Bandura stresses which model?

reciprocal causation model.

environment

situation, roles, models and relationships.

Another example for strengthening or weakening behavior is when an observer's restraints against imitating a behavior are strengthened when

the model is punished

self-efficacy

their belief in their ability to produce desired results by their own actions.

Through the Bobo doll experiment and others, Bandura grounded his understanding of a model's primary function

to transmit information to the observer

Jose is in a casino. He sees his friends Amy and Sandra win money at a nearby slot machine. Amy and Sandra cheer and clap. Jose wants to feel the same excitement, so he sits down at a slot machine and begins to gamble. This is an example of _____.

vicarious reinforcement