Alcohol Use Disorders

drunkorexics

college-age binge drinkers, typically women, who starve all day to offset the calories in the alcohol they consume

fetal alcohol syndrome FAS

combination of problems that can occur in a child whose mother drank while she was pregnant include fetal growth retardation,cognitive deficits, behavior problems and learning difficulties LEADING CAUSE OF MENTAL RETARDATION

why don't people just stop taking the drugs if they make them crash?

opponent process theory : increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings and vice versa so this mechanism is strengthened with use self medicating for other problems

substance intoxication

our physiological reaction to ingested substances - drunkenness or getting high

tiu lien

"loss of face" among Asians, that can lead

2 axes

1. engagement with alcohol 2. serous drinkings

path traveled by alcohol

1. ingeston 2. stomach 3. small intestine 4. heart and lungs (some of it is vaporized and exhaled : breathalyzer test) 5. live: broken down

four stage model of the progression of alcoholism

1. prealcoholic stage: drinking occasionally with few serious consquences 2. prodromal stage: drinking heavily but with a few outward signs of a problem 3. crucial stage: loss of control, with occasional binges 4. a chronic stage: the primary daily activities involve getting and drinking alcohol

what three aspects does the social learning theory focuses on?

1. social environmental 2. coping skills 3. cognitive factors

size of drink definied by alcohol content

12 oz glass of beer, 5 oz of win 1.5 oz of hard liquor

Which age group is at higher risk for lifetime alcohol abuse?

18-29 age group

binge drinking

5 drinks* in short period (e.g., within an hour highest prevalence among college students

heavy use drinking

5 drinks, 5 or more times in a 30-day period

behavior genetics of alcohol addiciton

50-50% heritable, some phenotypes heritable, no single gene likely to explain genetic liability

community support programs

AA and related groups, efficacy hard to test bc of anonymity, seem helpful and are strongly encouraged

incentive salience

Acquisition and sensitization of craving for alcohol produced by repeated ingestion and associated dopamine release After pathways sensitized, craving can be activated by the dopamine release initiated in response to alcohol cues or priming doses

what do they mean by alcohol has an anxiolytic effect?

Alcohol reduces anxietty

why did they combine substance abuse and substance dependence into general diagnosis of substance related disorder?

Bc evidence shows that the two can co-occur

antagonist

Drugs that block or counteract pleasurable drug effects - Examples include naltrexone for opiate and alcohol problems disadvantage: have to be clean and highly motivated

aversive treatment

Drugs that make use of drugs extremely unpleasant requires compliance

how is the GABA system influenced by alcohol?

GABA an inhibitory NT interferes with the firing of the neuron it is attached, and when it attaches to its receptor, chloride enters the cell and makes it less sensitive. Alvohol reinforces the movement of these Cl- ions and as a result, the neurons have difficulty firing GABA act on our feelings of anxiety --> alcohol antianxiety protperty may result

wet vs dry cultures

High consumption in , and Italy where consumption is widely accepted

allostatic model of dependence

Integrates neurobiology of rewarding effects of alcohol with mechanisms related to negative reinforcement Reward and stress circuits become dysregulated with repeated alcohol exposure

biological factors of alcohol use

NT systems, psychostimulant theory,

psychostimulant theory

Stimulant effects of addictive substances produce positive reinforcement Individuals who experience greater rewards from alcohol more likely to develop problems

agonist substitution

Substitute safer drug with a similar chemical composition -Examples include methadone and nicotine gum or patch disadvantage: heroin addicts may become addicted

proposed clinical subtypes for alcoholic personality

Type I and type II alcoholics Type A and Type B alcoholics

coping skills

ability to cope with stressful events without drinking

detoxification

Withdrawal from alcohol under medical supervision The therapeutic results of hospital treatment are not superior to those of outpatient treatment

withdrawal delirium or delirium tremens

a condition due to alcohol withdrawal that can produce frightening hallucinations and body tremors can occur when alcohol levels drop suddenly results in delriousness, tremulousness, hallucinations

alcohol use disorder

a problematic patern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

unsteady gait

a symptom of instability while walking sign of alcohol intoxification

substance-related and addictive disorders

abuse of drugs and other substances people take to alter the way they think, feel, and behave

biological treatment of substance related disorders

agonist substitution , antagonist treatment aversive treatment

what is the name of the enzyme that allows us to metabolize alcohol?

alcohol dehydrogenase

what are alcohol related disorders?

alcohol use disorder alcohol intoxification alcohol withdrawal other alcohol-induced disorders unspecified alcohol-related disorder

hallucinogens

alter sensory perception and can produce delusions, paranoia and hallucinations cannabis and LSD

what is the first initial effect of alcohol

apparent stimulation: feeling of well-being, our inhibitions are reduced, we become more outgoing. This is because the inhibitory centers in the brain are initially depressed (or slowed)

disease model of dependence

assumes that drug dependence is caused by an underlying physiological disorder seeking treatment for a medical problem

stimulants

cause us to be more active and alert and can elevate mood. amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine

alcohol withdrawal

cessation or reduction in alcohol use that has been heavy and prolonged

substance

chemical compounds that are ingested to alter mood or behavior

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

confusion, loss of muscle coordination, unintelligible speech, believed to be caused by a deficiency of thiamine B1, a vitamin metabolized poorly by heavy drinkers

controlled use vs complete abstinence as p

controlled drinking may be as effective as abstinence but neither approach is successful in the long run

cognitive processing model

craving predicts within session drinking behavior

temperance culture

culture where there is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages

depressants

decrease CNS activity, reduce psychological arousal, result in behavior sedation and can induce relaxation ex: alcohol, sedative and hypnotic drugs of barbiturates and benzodiazepines

what are two types of organic brain syndrome that may result from alcohol drinking

dementia and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

six general categories of substances

depressants, stimulants, opiates, hallucinogens. other drugs of abuse, gambling disorder

what are continued drinking effects on the brain?

depresses other brain areas that interfere with functioning and include e.g. impaired motor coordination, slowed reaction time

phenotypic complexity of alcoholism

diverse symptom pesentation

moral weakness model of chemical dependence

drug use is seen as a failure of self-control in the face of temptation

what are some psychological dependence manifestations?

drug-seeking dependence the repeated use of a drug, a desperate need to ingest more of the substance, the likelihood that use will resume after a period of abstinence

marianismo

female Latin role of motherly nurturance and identifying with the Virgin Mary

ALDH2 gene

flushing effect : reddening and burning of the face after drinking alcohol. Protective value was diminished by the change in cultural norms

How is the glutamate system influence by alcohol

glutamate is excitatory , helps neurons fire. is the avenue through which alcohol affects out cognitive abilities loss of memory or blackout

efficacy of biological treatment

high relapse, ineffective when used alone (without CBT)

sex ratio of alcohol use

higher prevalence of dependence among male

substance abuse

how significantly it interferes with the user's life

acculturation

how well people adapt to new cultures, , can either be a source of strength or a stress that can impact drug use

impatient vs outpatient care

impatient care is very costly,

specific personality traits relevant to risk for alcoholism

impulsivity/disinhibtion

three broad-based personality traits that are of relevance to understanding Greek affiliation

impulsivity/novelty seeking extraversion neuroticism

how has alcohol diagnosis changed over the past decade or so?

in early editions of the DSM alcoholism and drug abuse were categorized as sociopathic personality disrturbances (forerunner of antisocial personality disorder), substance use was seen as a symptom DSM III: furst time specific diagnostic criteria, abuse vsdependence distinction DSM IV: tolerance and w/drawal are sufficient buut not necessary DSM V: 11 symptoms ranging from mild to severe, craving/strong desire to use the substance was added

tension-reduction theory/stress-response dampening model

individuals drink alcohol bc of its ability to reduce tension increase positive feelings, decrease negative feelings

expectancy theory

information reflecting alcohol's reinforcement value stored as memory tempates --> when templates activated effective experience triggered --> can influence behavior " If I drink I will be a more fun person"

substance use

ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning

other drugs of abuse

inhalants, anabolic steroids, nitrous oxide, produce a variety of psychoactive effect

extraversion

interest and energy toward outside the self

nystagmus

is a vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements, often resulting in reduced vision sign of alcohol intoxification

SLT applied to relapse process

lapses from poor coping skills in high risk situations --> low self efficacy regarding ability to cope --> expectancies that drinking is an effective coping strategy in future situations

distal risk factors of relapse

less active coping efforts lower self efficacy, higher craving, less self-help group and treatment participation

neuroticism

liability to experience negative emotions

machismo

male dominance in Latin cultures

what are some other psychiatric disorders associated with substance abuse?

mood disorders 40%, anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress more than 25%

psychological treatment of substance-related disorder

needed for bio treatmentto work

dementia

neurocognitive disorder, involved the general loss of intellectual abilities and can be a direct result of neuotoxicity or poisoning of the brain

what is p300 amplitude and how is it among those with a family history of alcoholism

p300 is a particular brin pattern that emerges after a tone is resented, it is lower in those with a family history of alcoholism but also lower in people with other substance abuse disorderss

risk factors for drinking in adolescence

peer and family contexts

proximal risk factors of relapse

personal characteristics and experiences

personality theory

personality traits account for some of variance in vulnerability to AUDs but no support for alcoholic personality

what are the effects of dopamine and serotonin while drinking?

pleasurable effects

psychological influences

positive reinforcement negative reinforcement cognitive influences

how have the prevalence of dependence and prevalence of abuse changed in the past decade?

prevalence of dependence have declined and the prevalence of abuse has increased

opiates

produce analgesia temporarily (reduce paine), and euphoria heroin, opium, codeine, morphine

tolerance

requires increasingly grater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect

withdrawal

respond physically in a negative way when the substance

cognitive factors

self-efficacy and alcohol expectations

biological influences on alcohol abuse

sensitivity to drug rate of metabolism base levels of arousal dsorders of mood or anxiety

How is the serotonin system affected by alcohol?

serotonin affects mood. sleep and eating behavior and is responsible for alcohol cravings

social environmental

situational factors paired with drinking (triggers)

clinical neuroscience of addition

still need more research

functional genomics

studying the function of genes

impulsivity

tendency to act rahly while little self-regulation and heightened levels of sensation

neuroplasticity

the brain's tendecu to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections

impulse-control disorders

the inability to resist acting on a drive or temptation

T or F alcohol kills brain cells

this may not be true ,brain damage comes from the experiences of people who are alcohol dependent and experience blackouts, seizures and hallucinations

what are physiological reactions to chemicals being ingested

tolerance and withdrawal

gambling disorders

unable to resist the urge of gambling, results in negative personal consequences

what is the key to the diagnosis of alcohol use disorder

use of heavy doses of alcohol with resulting repeated and significant distress or impaired functioning.

polysubstance use

using multiple substances

expectancy effect

what people expect t experience when they use drugs influences how they react to them, increase your likelihood to take certain drugs because you believe hey will have positive effects

long term effects of alcohol abuse

withdrawal , malnutrition, cirrhosis of the liver (liver cells engorged with fat),

can you use drugs and not abuse them?

yes

Can you depend on a drug without abusing it?

yes ca