All quizzes for final

Throughout the United States, the upper age limit for juvenile court jurisdiction typically varies between

16 to 18 years of age

Status offenders make up about _________ percent of the juvenile court caseload.

10

What is the youngest age a juvenile can be waived to adult court in the United States?

10

Kasey is a FBI agent and has worked in the department for 6 years. Prior to her tenure with the FBI, she worked for her local city police department for 4 years. She plans to retire with the FBI within 20 years. Kasey has had the opportunity to work in various capacities while working for the FBI such as fighting terrorism and violent crime. Kasey is one of how many FBI agents with arrest powers.

120,348

The upper age limit for original juvenile court jurisdiction is _________.

18

Misdemeanor or lower courts hear about _______ percent of criminal cases.

90

Sean works with the US government combating terrorism. His sole objective is to prevent another September 11th catastrophe from happening on US soil. He works with various state and federal agencies to protect Americans from not only the threat of terrorism, but also trying to safeguard protected constitutional rights from unneeded intrusions. Sean works to fight both domestic and international terrorism. Sean feels that his job of protecting constitutional rights is just as important as preventing another terrorist event. Which piece of legislation has the potential to infringe on the rights of citizens in regards to searches and surveillance.

?

The determination of whether or not a defendant is guilty is called

Adjudication

The process of determining whether a juvenile is guilty of a crime is known as _________________.

Adjudication

_________ is the trial stage of the juvenile justice process.

Adjudication

Which demographic group are you most likely to find overrepresented in the prison population of most states?

African American males

One third of all persons arrested by the police involve which minority group?

African Americans

______ ______ are more likely than whites to be victims of crime.

African Americans

According to your text, which of the following statements BEST reflects race victim crime statistics?

African-Americans and other minorities are most likely to be victims of violent crimes

____________________ assigns resources so as to obtain the largest number of arrests.

Aggressive patrol

According to Cole and Smith, which of the following is NOT an explanation for the racial and ethnic disparities that exist within the criminal justice system?

All of the above can explain the disparities: minorities commit more crimes the criminal justice system is racist America is a racist society

Which of the following are values that must be respected in a democracy by police, prosecutors, judges, and correctional officials?

All of these must be respected. -Justice -civil liberties - rule of law

According to a 2011 poll of Americans, crime did not appear among the top eleven problems cited by Americans when asked to name the most important problem facing the country today. Instead, the problems cited included:

All of these were in the top eleven -economic declines -unemployment rates -healthcare and education issues

Which amendment protects privacy by barring unreasonable searches by police?

Fourth

Which of the following best describes the organization of corrections in the United States?

Fragmented

Brady has just been charged with murder in the first degree. His previous record includes several drug charges and a sexual assault that is pending. Brady will not be released on bail. His attorney feels like he can talk the prosecutor and judge into a 20-year sentence through a plea bargain, which will eliminate the chance of a life sentence.​ Brady will await his trial or plea agreement in jail. Which of the following is not a characteristic of those he is serving time with?​

Free

The United States Supreme Court found that the process in which a jury determined a defendant was to receive the death penalty was unconstitutional in ____________________ v. ____________________.

Furman, Georgia

_________ centers run by states and large cities that analyze and facilitate sharing of information to assist law enforcement and homeland security agencies in preventing and responding to crime and terrorism threats.

Fusion

According to your text, an example of a "visible crime" is:

Murder

The ________ ________ ______ _________ measures crime using victim interviews.

National Crime Victimization Survey

Which of the below survey's is dependent on interviews on samples of the U.S. population conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the number and types of criminal victimization, and thus, the extent of unreported as well as reported crime?

National Crime Victimization Survey

In 2011, the _____________, which provides annual funding for the military, included provisions permitting terrorism suspects to be arrested and detained indefinitely, and permitting the military to detain and question terrorism suspects on American soil.

National Defense Authorization Act

In which role does the judge spend significant amounts of time behind closed doors talking to prosecutors and defense attorneys?​

Negotiator

Where in the U.S were the first penitentiaries located?

New York and Pennsylvania

The Supreme Court created the inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary rule in the case of

Nix v. Williams (1980)

____________________ crimes are committed in the context of a legal business or profession.

Occupational

____________________ courts may help offenders reintegrate into the community

Offender Reentry

The ______ ______ _______ lets officers contract independently with permission.

Officer Contract Model

An action of the executive branch of the state or federal government excusing an offense and absolving the offender is called a(n)

Pardon

In 1285 England, what group of people developed a system whereby people within each community were chosen to apprehend criminals?

Parish-Constable watch system

The release of an inmate from prison to conditional supervision is referred to as ____________________.

Parole

Which of the following is TRUE concerning the Russian legal system?

Russia's system is more severe than the United States

The criterion for deciding if evidence is strong enough to uphold an arrest is called probable cause.​

True

When judges take on the role of ____________________, they are concerned with how their courtroom is running.

administrator

Which of the following is NOT a factor in how the judge determines the amount of the bail?

admissibility of evidence gathered by the police

In the United States, the judicial system operates according to a(n) _______ system of justice.​

adversarial

In the United States, the judicial system operates according to a(n)

adversarial system of justice

What layer of the criminal justice wedding cake consists of misdemeanors?

bottom

Which of the following best describes the discretion given to a prosecutor?

broad discretion

The theory that "little problems" can lead to larger crime problems for neighborhoods is called ____________________.

broken windows

Which of the following is NOT one of the main forensic tools used by police?

capsule tagging

Judicial decisions guided by past cases are called ____________________.

case law

A group of citizens that investigates behavior by police officers or a police department is known as a ________ ______ ______.

civilian review board

What is the major argument made by police against police review boards?

civilians cannot understand the problems of policing

__________ criminology maintains that crimes result from rational choices.

classical

Which of the following are likely to be used as community service?

cleaning parks and roadsides

The percentage of crimes that police believe they have solved through an arrest is called

clearance rate

Which of the following would NOT be considered part of the courtroom workgroup?

clerks

Federal sentencing guidelines were adjusted in 2007 and 2008 to address a highly criticized source of racial disparities in prison sentences for offenders convicted of ________ related offenses.

cocaine

The Anglo-American system of uncodified law, in which judges follow precedents set by earlier decisions when they decide new but similiar cases.

common law

The recognition that the control of crime cannot rest solely with the police illustrates the idea of

community crime prevention

The ____________________ model emphasis reparation to the victim and the community, approaching crime from a problem-solving perspective.

community justice

The ____________ _____________ model focuses on serving the community rather than the strict "crime fighting" philosophy of prior eras.

community policing

A __________ sentence requires the offender to perform a certain amount of unpaid labor in the community.

community service

Judge Boylen has just sentenced a young, adult female after she entered a plea of guilty of reckless endangerment. She is a first time offender, who is a college student and works part time. Judge Boylen gave the offender a sentence that fit the crime. She will be forced to make monetary payment to the court and spend ample time in the community. Judge Boylen sentenced the female offender to work in the community to pay back her debt to society. This is an example of _________.

community service

Miranda has been a parole officer for over twelve years. When she first started working with inmates, she saw herself as a caretaker. She worked many hours facilitating a relationship with her clients in order for them to become functioning members of society. In the last couple of years, Miranda has noticed herself becoming more authoritarian. She still wants to help her clients, but seems to spend more of her time restricting their freedom. When Miranda is restricting freedoms or trying to revoke parole, she is working as a _______.

cop

In today's prison system, the ____________________ has the closest contact with prisoners.

correctional officer

Ethan was arrested for public drunkeness and lewd and lascivious behavior after attending his close friend's bachelor party. This is his first encounter with the criminal justice system. He works as a project manager with a local construction company. Ethan has been involved with his girlfriend for three years. His attorney has reached an agreement with the prosecutor to reduce his sentence to probation. Ethan agrees to a sentence of 18 months probation. His sentence will be served under what agency of the criminal justice system?

corrections

Each separate offense of which a person is charged is called a (n) ____________________.

count

Which of the following is NOT a name given to a prosecuting attorney?

court's attorney

To achieve the goals of criminal justice, many kinds of organizations--police, prosecution, _______, corrections have been formed.

courts

According to the Sixth Amendment, a jury must be

created from a representative pool of the community

A model of the criminal justice system that emphasizes efficiency, speed, and finality and the capacity to apprehend, try, convict, and dispose of a high proportion of offenders is called the

crime control model

Which model makes greater use of incarceration, longer sentences, mandatory sentences, and strict supervision of probationers and parolees?

crime control model

Which of the following statements is TRUE about how Americans refer to crime?

crime rates are decreasing and Americans are fearful of crime

Which of the following is true concerning crime rates and the prison population since 1991?

crime rates are decreasing and the prison population is increasing

The _________ is the missing actor in the courtroom's workgroup process that produces plea bargains.

crime victim

____________________ law defines an offense against society.

criminal

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he just about to do. The coach immediately was able to get Dominic assistance to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually lead to a college degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style. Dominic has high, prominent cheekbones. This physical attribute in a criminal would be considered a _________.

criminogenic trait

The ____________________ employees are the most numerous in prisons.

custodial

The ____________________ model of incarceration emphasizes security, order, and discipline.

custodial

Which of the following prison staff are the most numerous?

custodial employees

When an offender is released from prison, he/she is still the government's responsibility. This concept of parole is called ____________________.

custody

Juveniles who harass or intimidate other juveniles using cell phones, email, and the Internet are engaging in __________________.

cyberbullying

Tyson has just been adjudicated guilty for cyber stalking in the juvenile justice system in the state in which he resides. This is his second offense. His first offense was dismissed. Tyson's actual crime included sending threatening and lewd comments to a classmate on facebook. Tyson feels as though his responses were justified comments that had been directed to him earlier in the year. Tyson's delinquent behavior would actually be called ________.

cyberbullying

Elizabeth is a middle age female who was planning to purchase a new spring wardrobe with her credit card. When she handed her salesperson her credit card, she was surprised to find out that it was denied. Elizabeth had no idea how this could possibly have happened. She has a $20,000 credit limit and currently has a zero balance. Elizabeth realized that a crime had been committed against her. Elizabeth was a victim involving the use of computers and the Internet to commit acts, which is referred to as ______.

cybercrime

The Supreme Court ruled in 1993 that the forfeiture of property related to a criminal case can be analyzed for possible violation of the _______ clause.

excessive fines

Which two elements of police work define the working personality?

danger and authority

The two most important elements of the police working personality are ____________________ and ____________________.

danger, authority

The large numbers of crimes that are not reported are called the _____ ______ _ ________.

dark figure of crime

A ____________ is a community correctional center where an offender reports each day to comply with elements of a sentence.

day reporting center

Which of the following is TRUE concerning police policy?

decisions about how police resources will be used affect who gets arrested

Which of the following statements BEST explains the goals of the criminal justice system?

decisions must be made that reflect legal, social, political, and moral values of society

In Ricketts v. Adamson (1987), the Supreme Court ruled that

defendants must uphold the plea agreement or suffer the consequences

Kasey is a FBI agent and has worked in the department for 6 years. Prior to her tenure with the FBI, she worked for her local city police department for 4 years. She plans to retire with the FBI within 20 years. Kasey has had the opportunity to work in various capacities while working for the FBI such as fighting terrorism and violent crime. Which of the following is not a duty that Kasey would participate in as an FBI agent?

defending those prosecuted by the government

The legal attorney who represents the accused is called a ____________________.

defense attorney

The person who represents accused and convicted persons in the criminal justice system is called the

defense attorney

Which of the following is NOT true about defense attorneys?

defense attorneys act in accordance with their image on television dramas

A child who committed an act that if committed by an adult would be criminal is considered a(n) ____________________.

delinquent

If a police officer demands that a business purchase tickets to a police function, this is called ____________________.

extortion

Which of the following is TRUE about the juvenile violent crime rate today compared to the mid 80's?

it has become lower and matches it

According to the figure provided below, why is Georgia considered an "unreformed" court structure?

it has neither reduced the number of courts nor standardized their names

Designed for first time felons aged 16-30, the approach at Elmira incorporated a _____ _______ of classification, indeterminate sentencing, and parole.

mark system

When an inmate is released after he or she has served time equal to the total sentence minus good time, this is called

mandatory release

When the commission of a specific crime leads offenders to be required to serve a minimum period of incarceration before release, this is called a(n)

mandatory sentence

Which of the following is a factor that increases the power of the prosecutor?

many of their decisions are hidden from public view

Which of the following is true about the death penalty?

the United States is virtually the only Western democracy to use the death penalty

Which of the following is true concerning the authority of prison officials?

the authority of prison officials is limited

Which is the best reflection of measuring positive police productivity?

the clearance rate and crime rate do not give an accurate picture

Which of the following is TRUE about the use of discretion by a police officer?

the closer the relationship between the alleged criminal and the victim, the more variable the use of discretion

The term referring to the idea that much more crime occurs than is reported to police is called

the dark figure of crime

Steve Herbert found a high sense of morality in the law enforcement subculture. Which of the following is not a dilemma to help officers overcome?

the fact that what is right is not always legal

What two things must a theory explain if it does a good job of explaining gender differences in offending?

the gender gap, and differences in types of offenses committed by men and women

An expiration release means that

the inmate cannot serve any additional time

The set of rules and values that developed within the prison social system and guide prisoners' behavior is called...

the inmate code

Which of the following is TRUE about the insanity defense?

the insanity defense is rarely used by criminals

In the case of United States v. Salerno and Cafero (1987), the Supreme Court decided that:

the use of preventive detention was constitutional.

Which of the following is a valid observation about the orientation and assumptions of lower courts in their attempt to process a large mass of cases?

the vast majority of defendants will plead "guilty"

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the change in the prison population during the last thirty years?

there has been an increase in the number of both African-Americans and Hispanics

The Quakers of Pennsylvania were instrumental in prison reform.

True

What is the most commonly used method of release into the community?

mandatory release

Probation is defined as

supervised release under specified conditions

In 1982, President Ronald Reagan's declaration against drugs was referred to as the

"War on Drugs"

What type of policy did federal courts generally maintain with respect to rights of prisoners prior to the 1960s?

"hands-off"-rarely recognize any rights for prisoners

Studies have shown that the fine is used widely as a criminal sanction and that nationally well over _______ in fines have been collected annually.

$1 billion

_______ ______ are factors thought to bring about criminal behavior in an individual.

Criminogenic traits

Where is one most likely to find extensive use of day fines?

Europe

Officer Meeks has been assigned to the gang identifying unit within the prison he works for. His duties includes establishing inmates who have gang ties upon their admission to the prison. Officer Meeks usually interviews the inmates and notes any identify information such as tattoos and writings. Officer Meeks has been witnessing a huge increase in both the Mexican Mafia and the Texas Syndicate. What is the average percentage of inmates that are involved in a gang in Officer Meek's prison?

19

In Kent v. United States and In re Gault, the United States Supreme Court extended due process rights to children. In what decade were these decisions handed down by the Court?

1960s

The community-based model of policing occurred between

1970-present

Tyson has just been adjudicated guilty for cyber stalking in the juvenile justice system in the state in which he resides. This is his second offense. His first offense was dismissed. Tyson's actual crime included sending threatening and lewd comments to a classmate on facebook. Tyson feels as though his responses were justified comments that had been directed to him earlier in the year. Tyson is not alone in his cyberbullying actions. He is one of _______ percent of juveniles who use their computers to bully others.

20

Grant has recently been released from a state prison after the successful completion of his sentence for drug crimes. He has made a promise to himself that he will not go back to prison and will try to do everything he can to reintegrate back into the community. Grant would really like to vote in the upcoming election; however, he has been informed that it will not be possible at least for this election. Grant also has had a difficult time finding employment. It seems that most employers just do not want to take a change on someone with a record. Grant promised himself that he will not go back to prison. Unfortunately, 40 percent of inmates released go back to prison within ______ years.

3

Ly'ana is an FBI agent who has recently been called into a local municipality police department to assist in a theft of approximately 50,000 dollars. Ly'ana assisted the local department in solving the particular case and is preparing to go to court when the prosecutor determines that the defense attorney has offered a plea bargain. The defendant will admit guilt and is willing to serve 18 months in prison. The offender in Ly'ana's case agreed to an 18 month prison sentence. The offender is what percent of convicted felons in prison/jail?

30

Warden Campbell is having a difficult time recruiting qualified correctional officers. He has also had a difficult time maintaining job satisfaction with his current employees. He is working with other Wardens within the state to review possible incentives for all correctional staff. He has found that there is a huge shortage of staff that would be considered minorities including women. Approximately, how many of Warden Campbell's staff are considered minorities?

30

Approximately ________ percent of state prisoners have not completed their high school education.

40

____________________ -member juries must vote unanimously to convict a defendant.

6

Warden Smith is in charge of a female prison that houses the women from her state. She has been working diligently to improve the conditions of the prison for the women she serves. Warden Smith has increased programs for the women spending significant dollars on improving the educational system behind bars. She also received a grant which allowed the prison to have a full time medical staff person round the clock to care for the inmates. Warden Smith has also managed to incorporate programs to increase the mother/child bond. What percentage of Warden Smith's inmates have a child at home?

61

What has been referred to as "the ultimate ghetto"?

American jails

What are technological advances that can be used as investigative tools for law enforcement agencies?

Answers will vary. Students may respond with several tools such as geographic information systems, databases, latent fingerprints, DNA testing, and surveillance options.

It is an established fact that those who work within the public defender's office have an extensive caseload and low salary. What would draw an attorney to work in such circumstances? Do these characteristics have an impact on attorney competence.

Answers will vary. Students may state that a public defender enjoys helping those in need. They also may report that these attorneys use this position as a stepping stone to private practice or into the political arena

_______ _______ define a specific act of commission or omission in violation of the law, for which a punishment is prescribed.

Criminal statutes

Which of the following states do not have a minimum age for juveniles to be transferred to the adult system?

Arizonia

Katie has been charged with armed robbery. The judge has set her bail at $250,000. She is currently in jail awaiting a family member to raise her bail. This is Katie's first offense. She claims that she was forced to commit the crime because she could not pay her rent.​ Katie was charged with armed robbery at which point during the pretrial process?​

Arraignment

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the SARA strategy for problem solving?

Assessment of the solutions to make addition recommendations

In _____________ it ruled that execution of developmentally disabled defendants was unconstitutional.

Atkins v. Virginia

In Sacramento, California, the probation department added to the functionality of its officers' official vehicles by installing ________________ that use cameras to automatically examine and scan for license plates of stolen vehicles.

Automated License Plate Readers

By a 7-to-2 vote in __________, the justices concluded that the attorneys for the death row inmates had not proven that the use of lethal injection violates the Eighth Amendment.

Baze v. Rees

In what case did the United States Supreme Court concluded that a suspect being questioned cannot assert his right to remain silent by remaining silent in the face of continued questioning by the officer?

Berghuis v. Thompson

The first ten amendments added to the Constitution in 1791 are called the ____________________.

Bill of Rights

In most states, the following people are allowed to attend parole hearings:

Board members, the inmate, and correctional officers are all allowed to attend

Which of the following occurs when officers receive a cash "gift" from offenders in order for them to avoid prosecution?

Bribery

The Supreme Court ruled that statements produced after police beat suspects were inadmissible in

Brown v. Mississippi (1936)

_________ is the state with the most defendants on death row.

California

The argument that criminals are born criminal was purported by ___________.

Cesare Lombroso

In years past, the standard currency in the prison economy is

Cigarettes

Which of the following signaled a new round of reform in prisons by focusing on the goal of punishment as the moral regeneration of criminals?

Cincinnati Declaration of Principles

Micah was approached by a fellow officer concerning possible corruption within their department. Apparently, two officers have been selling confiscated drugs on the streets. Micah reviewed both officers cases and noticed that their arrests for drug crimes were down significantly. Both officers have also recently been receiving complaints from the community. Micah dreaded what was about to happen to their department. Micah has uncovered a wealth of information which compromises both officers. Micah knows the media will exploit the department. Micah is terrified that the department will lose their accreditation. The department has its accreditation through _________.

Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA)

________ is a nonprofit organization formed by major law enforcement executives associations to develop standards for police practices and policies.

Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies

What does the acronym "CRIPS" mean?

Community Revolution in Progress

The criminal justice system practitioners use all of the following characteristics EXCEPT ?

Complete independence of actors

Which of the following programs attempts to control crime through the collection of crime statistics and meetings to enforce accountability?

Compstat

What system held prisoners in isolation at night and made them work with fellow prisoners in shops during the day?

Congregate

Rapport with the community is enhanced when citizens feel sure that the police will protect their persons and property and the rights guaranteed by the _________.

Constitution

In what case did the Court decide that the "plain view" doctrine permits officers to notice and use as evidence items that are visible to them when they are in a location that they are permitted to be?

Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971)

According to a Justice Department survey, what is the most serious problem facing teenagers today?

Crime

Sherry is a 40 year old old white female who frequently participates in prostitution to provide for her crack habit. She was raised in a single parent home and has been selling herself for the last 18 years. She has been arrested several times and has no hope to make a better life for herself. Sherry is arrested for possession with intent to sell after being picked up for prostitution. The judge agrees to the plea bargain that requires that she pleads guilty to all charges with a five year prison sentence. She is pushed quickly through the court system. This would be an example of which Herbert Packer model of criminal justice?

Crime control model

_________ evidence is not available to prove innocence in most cases.

DNA

________ _________ is used to determine an individual's genetic fingerprint.

DNA analysis

In recent years, dozens of people have been released from prison when their innocence was discovered through the use of

DNA testing

___________ evidence is any evidence presented for jurors to see and understand without testimony.

Demonstrative

Sean works with the US government combating terrorism. His sole objective is to prevent another September 11th catastrophe from happening on US soil. He works with various state and federal agencies to protect Americans from not only the threat of terrorism, but also trying to safeguard protected constitutional rights from unneeded intrusions. Sean works to fight both domestic and international terrorism. Which of the following governmental agencies does Sean most likely work for?

Department of Homeland Security

____________________ is the formal government removal of an alien from the United States.

Deportation

________ is the unequal treatment of members of one demographic group by the criminal justice system, compared with treatment accorded members of other groups.

Disparity

The ____________________ was used as a defense if someone committed a criminal act as a result of mental illness.

Durham Rule

The idea that insanity may in each case involve a different combination of many factors at the time the crime is committed is called the :

Durham Rule

Chief Justice _________ ___________ established the Miranda warnings.

Earl Warren

The chief justice of the United States Supreme Court who brought about a due process revolution was named ____________________.

Earl Warren

Who wrote the Supreme Court's opinion in Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?

Earl Warren

The most popular type of prison program is

Educational

Who created the theory of differential association?

Edwin Sutherland

The right against cruel and unusual punishment is found in the

Eighth Amendment

Which amendment requires that the amount of bail not be excessive?

Eighth Amendment

The argument that crime is a natural part of social life was set forth by __________.

Emile Durkheim

The period of history when philosophers and reformers challenged the prison tradition with new ideas about the individual, limits of government, and rationalism was called the

Enlightenment

Which two decisions by the Supreme Court laid the foundation for Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) and Massiah v. U. S. (1964)

An example of a "political crime "is

Espionage

The mutual transfer of resources is called ____________________.

Exchange

The ______ is better able than any state agency to pursue criminal investigations across state borders.

FBI

Bail is typically determined within three hours after the arrest.​

False

Few efforts have been made to reform state courts in the twentieth century.​

False

High-profile criminal cases are an accurate picture of the nature of crime in the United States.

False

Identity theft is a huge problem that typically affects young, lower class females.

False

In some states, it is not illegal for correctional officers to have sex with inmates.

False

It is easy for a poor person with little education to become a judge.​

False

Legislators merely write and approve laws in their desire to address problems, please the public, and gain reelection.

False

Personal lifestyles do not influence exposure to victimization.

False

The bail bondsperson is a nonprofit actor within the criminal justice system.​

False

Trial courts of limited jurisdiction have jurisdiction over all offenses, including felonies and appeals.​

False

Which United States Supreme Court decision found that a child could waive his or her rights to an attorney and to protections against self-incrimination?

Fare v. Michael C. (1979)

In 1979, in the case of ____________________ v. ____________________, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that a child may waive his or her right to an attorney and his or her right to remain silent.

Fare, Michael C.

The ________ _______ __ _______ was created by Congress in 1930, and currently operates a system of prisons located throughout the nation.

Federal Bureau of Prisons

_______ cases are processed and offenders are sentenced in courts of general jurisdiction.

Felony

______ _______ are serious crimes that usually carry a penalty of incarceration for more than one year or the death penalty.

Felony offenses

Miranda rights are drawn from the

Fifth and Sixth Amendments

The constitutional amendments that deal with criminal defendants' rights are the Fourth, _________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

Fifth, Sixth, Eighth

__________ __________ is punishment designed to be an example for the public.

General deterrence

The right to counsel in felony cases was applied to the states in the landmark case of

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

__________ __________ means that the officers acted with the honest belief that they were following the proper rules and are not subject to the exclusionary rule.

Good faith

The United States. Supreme Court ruled that police must use "objective reasonableness" in judging whether to use deadly force in the case of

Graham v. Connor (1989)

The U.S. Supreme Court case of ___________ ruled that juvenile offenders cannot be sentenced to life imprisonment without possibility of parole (LWOP) for non-homicide crimes.

Graham v. Florida

____________________ are officers who accept payoffs that circumstances of police work bring their way.

Grass eaters

Every state except ____________________ has its own law enforcement agency.

Hawaii

The Supreme Court ruled in, _______________ that when officers act in good faith reliance on computerized records concerning outstanding warrants, evidence found in a search incident to arrest is admissible even if the arrest was based on an erroneous record that wrongly indicated the the existence of a warrant.

Herring v. United States

The Department of ____________ was formed after the events of September 11th.

Homeland Security

Which of the following is true concerning the rate of AIDS in the prison and the general United States population?

It is significantly higher in prison than in the general population

Which of the following is not a feature of the positivist criminology approach?

Human behavior is determined by free will.

Sean works with the US government combating terrorism. His sole objective is to prevent another September 11th catastrophe from happening on US soil. He works with various state and federal agencies to protect Americans from not only the threat of terrorism, but also trying to safeguard protected constitutional rights from unneeded intrusions. Sean works to fight both domestic and international terrorism. Sean frequently consults with large metropolitan cities to assist them in fighting terrorism on their front. Which of the following is not a topic of discussion that Sean would educate officers on regarding terrorism?

Immigration reform

The U.S. Supreme Court Case of ____________ extended due process rights to juveniles.

In Re Gault

Punishment that uses imprisonment or execution to prevent a person from committing additional crimes is called

Incapacitation

From 1975 to 2000, the number of people facing the death penalty in the United States

Increased

In which role does the judge spend significant amounts of time behind closed doors talking to prosecutors and defense attorneys?

Increased

Which of the following is not a principle set forth by Warden Dennis Luther for his staff members?

Inmates should be punished harshly.

__________ _________ is an approach to policing, in conjunction with concerns about homeland security, that emphasizes gathering and analyzing information to be shared among agencies in order to develop cooperative effort to identify, prevent, and solve problems.

Intelligence-led policing

The International Criminal Police Organization through which countries cooperate in investigating crimes, especially situations in which lawbreakers have crossed international borders or participated in multicountry criminal activities.

Interpol

Which of the following statements about the death penalty is true?

It cannot be imposed on an offender who was a juvenile at the time the offense was committed.

Which of the following is TRUE about private policing?

It developed over a long period of time

How did the US Supreme Court rule in the recent Arizona v. Gant case on searches?

It upheld the ruling of the Arizona Supreme Court that the search of Gant's vehicle was an unreasonable search

The Director of the FBI from 1924-1972 who was responsible for its prominence was ____________________.

J. Edgar Hoover

The Federal Bureau of Investigation came to prominence under the leadership of

J. Edgar Hoover

_________ is the choice of those who cut themselves off from the outside and try to construct a life within the prison.

Jailing

_________ are secure facilities in which inmates stay for less than one year.

Jails

Which English scholar developed utilitarianism and viewed retribution as pointless?

Jeremy Bentham

________ is considered the first probation officer in the United States.

John Augustus

Which branch of government administers the intermediate sanctions of fines, restitution, and forfeiture?

Judiciary

The FBI is located within the Department of ____________________.

Justice

The _________ raised questions about whether and how police patrol impacts crime and crime rates. Thus police departments have tried various means to use patrol in order to provide service, order maintenance, and to achieve improvements in crime prevention and crime control.

Kansas City experiment

The _________ raised questions about whether and how police patrol impacts crime and crime rates. Thus police departments have tried various means to use patrol in order to provide service, order maintenance, and to achieve improvements in crime prevention and crime control.

Kansas City experiment

______ _____ ______ is information, collected and analyzed by law enforcement officials, concerning criminal activities and organizations such as gangs, drug traffickers, and organized crime.

Law enforcement intelligence

Ethan was arrested for public drunkeness and lewd and lascivious behavior after attending his close friend's bachelor party. This is his first encounter with the criminal justice system. He works as a project manager with a local construction company. Ethan has been involved with his girlfriend for three years. His attorney has reached an agreement with the prosecutor to reduce his sentence to probation. Based upon the wedding cake model, which layer would Ethan's case fall under?

Layer 4

All but which of the following areas is a priority of the FBI?

Lesser value blue collar crime

Theories that identify factors affecting the start, duration, nature, and end of criminal behavior over the life of an offender is known as _____ ________ ________.

Life Course Theories

The Supreme Court ruled that lawsuits can be filed against individual officers and agencies when civil rights are violated by the customs and usages of the department in

Monell v. Department of Social Services for the City of New York (1978)

Which of the below is an organization formed because of a mother's heartbreak after the death of her daughter due to a drunk driver.

MADD

____________________ release is when an inmate has served time equal to the total minus "good time."

Mandatory

The United States Supreme Court established that criminal defendants must be read their rights in

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Crime in poor areas is ALWAYS:

None of the above because others factors shift the results

Which of the following was a leading advocate of professionalism within law enforcement?

O. W. Wilson

The few celebrated cases are at Layer ____________________ of the criminal justice wedding cake.

One

What are the "invisible punishments" offenders are subjected to after release from incarceration?

Only difficulties finding a job and denial of government assistance are invisible punishments

____________________ stress is produced by the paramilitary character of police forces.

Organizational

In 2010, members of what rival motorcycle gang were convicted for planning violent attacks against the Hell's Angels motorcycle gang?

Outlaws

Will is a 15 year old man who was just arrested for truancy and shoplifting. He has never been in trouble before. He participated in the crime due to peer pressure from his friends making fun of him for being "too good". Will's parents are terrified that his poor decision making will ruin his future. Considering Will's truancy violation, he may be considered a ________, depending on the outcome of the shoplifting case.

PINS

____________________ officers have the most discretion.

Patrol

____________________ and ____________________ are the two largest and most important units in a police department.

Patrol, investigation

________ is caused by an officer's racial or gender status among peers, which can create problems in getting along with other officers and adjusting to group values that differ from one's own.

Personal stress

The juvenile court processing of delinquency cases typically begins with a(n)...

Petition

____________________ crimes are committed for ideological purposes.

Political crimes

A __________ __________ is any act committed by a juvenile that is considered unacceptable for a child, but is not considered a crime for an adult.

Positivist

Which of the following landmark United States Supreme Court cases required courts to provide attorneys for poor defendants facing the death penalty?

Powell v. Alabama (1932)

______ and parole have long been important aspects of corrections, as have community-based halfway houses, work release programs, and supervised activities.

Probation

____________________ is a sentence that can be served while the offender remains living at home, with few restrictions.

Probation

_________ ________ occurs when a sentencing judge requires a period of post-custody supervision in the community.

Probation release

___________ is an approach to policing in which officers routinely seek to identify, analyze, and respond to the circumstances underlying the incidents that prompt citizens to call the police.

Problem-oriented policing

________ defense attorneys now handle up to 85 percent of the cases in many places.

Publicly funded

The ____________________ period of juvenile justice viewed the offending child as evil.

Puritan

____________________- profiling occurs when police officers disproportionately stop people of color more than whites.

Racial

_________ evidence might include such objects as a weapon, business records, fingerprints, or stolen property.

Real

____________________ evidence includes items such as weapons, fingerprints, or stolen property, which are real items used in the commission of a crime.

Real

Which term is used to define a model of justice that focuses on repairing damage done to the victim and the community?

Restorative

The pursuit of justice through punishment imposed on a person as "pay back" for harming society by violating criminal laws is called

Retribution

In the United States Supreme Court case of ____________________ v. ____________________, it was decided that defendants must uphold the plea agreement or suffer consequences.

Ricketts, Adamson

The test used by most states to determine insanity today is called the

Right-from-wrong test

The United States Supreme Court decided in the case of _____________ v. _____________ that the death penalty is unconstitutional for offenders under the age of 18.

Roper, Simmons

________ policing may lead to a greater willingness of residents of minority neighborhoods to report crimes and assist investigations.

Same race

In the United States Supreme Court case of ____________________ v. ____________________, it was decided that prosecutors must fulfill their promises in regard to plea bargains.

Santobello, New York

Which U. S. Supreme Court decision departed from the trend toward increasing juvenile rights by ruling that juveniles may be held in preventive detention before trial if they are deemed a risk to the community?

Schall v. Martin (1984)

____________________ are actions by law enforcement officials that intrude upon people's reasonable expectations of privacy.

Searches

Under common law, children were exempt from criminal responsibility until the age of

Seven

The _________ does not refer to a jury of one's peers, instead the Supreme Court has held that the Amendment requires a selection process from a cross section of the community.

Sixth Amendment

The _________ does not refer to a jury of one's peers, instead the Supreme Court has held that the amendment requires a selection process from a cross section of the community.

Sixth Amendment

The right of the accused to a speedy and public trial is found in the

Sixth Amendment

The right to a fair trial is found in the

Sixth Amendment

The right to a trial by jury is guaranteed by the

Sixth Amendment

According to these theories crime is the result of underlying social conditions such as poverty, inequality, and unemployment.

Social Process

Which of the following is not a principle of the separate confinement system?

Solitary confinement is expensive.

The organization of corrections in the United States leaves the primary responsibility for administering prisons with the

States

In ___________ the Supreme Court rejected the defendant's claim that his attorney did not adequately prepare for the sentencing hearing in a death penalty case

Strickland v. Washington

The first law pertaining to juveniles in the United States was called the Massachusetts __________ __________ Law.

Stubborn Child

____________________ is a subdivision of a national culture defined by occupation, ethnicity, class, and residence.

Subculture

___________ are police employees who have taken an oath and been given powers by the state to make arrests and use necessary force, in accordance with their duties.

Sworn officers

Dylan will be teaching an in-service for a group of officers tomorrow to review the use of force continuum. A nearby department recently had an officer fire upon an unarmed suspect, which left the community enraged. Dylan plans to pay particular attention to those methods that are considered less lethal to avoid a similar tragedy in their department. Which particular court case will Dylan spend significant time discussing in regards to the use of deadly force?

Tennessee v. Garner

What United States Supreme Court case involved a ruling that police are not supposed to use deadly force in apprehending unarmed fleeing felons?

Tennessee v. Garner (1985)

The Court created the stop and frisk exception in ____________________.

Terry v. Ohio

The United States Supreme Court developed the "stop and frisk" exception whereby a police officer could pat down a suspicious person without a warrant in the landmark case of

Terry v. Ohio (1968)

Which of the following statements reflects how the FBI reports crime?

The FBI does not report crime, but rather statistics about crime reports it receives.

Which historical era involved close ties between the police and local leaders of government?

The Political Era

Which historical era was influenced by the Progressives?

The Professional Era

Which of the following is not a factor of police discretion?

The relationship between the officer and his supervisor.

Some defendants plead guilty even when they are innocent.

True

Which of the following is not a right guaranteed by the Justice for All Act in federal criminal cases?

The right to be questioned by the accused.

State courts have huge caseloads.​

True

Television feeds our fear of crime

True

The Crime Stoppers Program is designed to enlist public help in solving crimes.

True

The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) enacted by Congress in 2004 establishes a zero-tolerance standard for the incidence of rape in prison.

True

Both prosecutors and defense attorneys can bring pretrial motions in court proceedings.​

True

If people consent to a search, officers do not need probable cause or even any level of suspicion to justify the search.

True

In Western democracies, there are relatively few political crimes.

True

Jails are operated locally by elected officials.

True

Jails house persons awaiting trial, or who have been sentenced to less than one year of incarceration.

True

Judges selected based on merit must eventually face public election.​

True

Marxism is an example of social conflict theory.

True

Most types of occupational crime are profitable and do not come to the public's attention.

True

Plea bargaining can occur even when the evidence against the suspect is strong.

True

Repetitive victimization refers to individuals who are victimized by crime more than once during a relatively brief period of time.

True

The occupation of "bail bondsman" is a job unique to the United States.​

True

The purpose of drug courts is to divert substance abusers away from incarceration.​

True

Today, police officers have more formal education than their predecessors

True

Wealthy people can take measures to protect themselves from some types of crime.

True

____ __ _______ refers to laws that require offenders to serve a substantial proportion of their sentence before being released on parole.

Truth in sentencing

The United States Supreme Court created the good faith exception in the case of

U.S. v. Leon (1984)

Mike was sitting in his home watching a late night baseball game when he heard what sounded like someone trying to break into his home. He immediately went to his closet and retrieved his 9mm. Within seconds, two men broke through the door armed with their own guns. Mike quickly shot both men and immediately called law enforcement. When first responders arrived on scene both men were pronounced dead. Mike was in shock that he actually was responsible for the death of two men. Within 6 months, Mike was informed he was being sued by one of the deceased intruder's family; he was being sued for wrongful death. Mike wondered if his rights would be validated. The ___________ will protect Mike from being charged and protect his due process rights.

US Constitution

The _____________________ was passed after the attacks on September 11, 2001 increased governmental power to search and surveil those suspected of committing terrorism.

USA Patriot Act

Issued each year by the FBI, the _______ _______ _______ are a statistical summary of crimes reported to the police.

Uniform Crime Report

A statistical summary of crimes reported by the police to the F.B.I. is known as the

Uniform Crime Report (UCR).

The ___ measure crime based on counts from police deparments

Uniform Crime Reports

Which Western nation has the most prisoners serving long-term sentences?

United States

___________ _________ is often referred to as "street crime."

Visible Crime

President Reagan's crusade against illegal narcotics was called the ______ __ ______.

War on Drugs

A court order issued by a judge authorizing police officers to make arrests or search premises is called a(n)

Warrant

Which Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court led a legal revolution that expanded the constitutional rights of criminal defendants?

Warren

Which chief justice of the United States Supreme Court began to create exceptions to the exclusionary rule?

Warren Burger

The Supreme Court created the exclusionary rule in the case of

Weeks v. U.S.(1914)

The late Chief Justice __________ actively sought to reduce the opportunities for capital punishment defendants to have their appeals heard by multiple courts

William Rehnquist

Which of the following is true about public police officers working for private firms?

With proper agreements within the police agency, officers may work for private firms and retain full officer powers

__________ had fewer opportunities to enter the legal profession prior to the 1960s and thus were seldom considered for judgeships.​

Women

A bench trial is presided over by

a judge and no jury

The size of women's prisons and the number of women prisoners have contributed to

a lack of resources devoted to programs and rehabilitation

What popular misconception exists about the appellate process?

a large number of criminals are being "let off"

In North Carolina v. Alford (1970), the Court ruled that

a plea of guilty may be accepted for the purpose of a lesser sentence by a defendant who maintains his or her innocence

Entrapment occurs when

a police officer entices a citizen to commit a crime that he or she was not predisposed to commit

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the role of a prosecutor?

a prosecutor has limited influence in the early stages of the criminal justice process

After the 1960's, the changes in how our country dealt with crime were:

a reflection that we cannot avoid making choices about how to use the police, courts, and corrections system most effectively

Public support on handling delinquent juveniles is strongest for:

a rehabilitative emphasis

Which of the following offenders is most likely to be sentenced under the philosophy of selective incapacitation?

a repeat burglary offender

When a group shares symbols, beliefs, and attitudes, this is referred to as

a subculture

Which best describes how often cases are plea bargained?

a vast majority of cases are plea bargained

How many felony cases actually go to trial?

about one in ten

How many states in the United States use the death penalty?

about three-fourths of the states

Laws and rules made by federal, state, and local agencies are called

administrative regulations

Upon which of the following principles should bail decisions be made?

accused offenders are entitled to release on their own recognizance

The act of committing a crime is referred to as ____________________.

actus reus

Which of the following indicates that for a crime to occur there must be an act of commission or omission by the accused?

actus reus

Courts are responsible for ________--determining whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty.

adjudication

When a judge oversees the "contest" between the defense attorney and the prosecutor, he or she has taken on the role of ____________________.

adjudicator

Based on information contained in your text's companion website , parole conditions in Japan are set partly by law and partly by ____________________.

administrative actions

When can home confinement be used in the criminal justice system?

after a short term in jail or prison

A defense attorney who works to prepare the defendant for the likely outcome of punishment and who helps persuade the defendant to plead guilty is said to be performing which role?

agent-mediator

Some scholars have called defense attorneys ______ because they often work to prepare the defendant for the likely outcome of the case—usually conviction.

agent-mediators

The extent to which departments create specialized units depends on

all of the above

Which of the following must recruits pass to become a police officer?

all of the above

Which level(s) of government operate correctional programs?

all of the above - Federal - State - County

The Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection Clause has been a source of protection against discrimination applied to prisoners because of their

all of the above - Race - Gender - Religion

The Bureau of Prisons enters into contractual agreements with cities to provide which of the following service?

all of the above - halfway houses - prerelease programs - electronic monitoring

Which of the following is a problem faced by the modern prison system in America?

all of the above are problems in the American prison system

Which of the following is a technical violation that would cause an offenders' probation to be revoked?

all of the above could be used to revoke probation

The advancement of new technologies in police work can be found in:

all of the above: - body armor - gun-shot detection - airport scanners

Which of the following senses can be used to justify a warrantless search?

all of the above: - feel - hear - sight

Which of the following are involved in the Miranda warnings?

all of the above: - right to an attorney - right to remain silent - statements made can be used against a suspect

Which of the following administer prisons, jails, and other corrections facilities and programs?

all of the above: federal government state governments city governments

Individual Americans influence criminal justice policy through their involvement in community organizations, such as _________.

all of the above: neighborhood associations parent-teacher organizations church groups

The fear of crime is fed by

all of the above: television news media personal communication in social networks

A drug treatment program in which offenders must visit for daily drug testing would be classified as

any of the above could incorporate this

A request to a higher court to review actions taken in a completed trial is called a(n) ____________________.

appeal

Which of the following are the three levels of state courts?

appellate, general jurisdiction, limited jurisdiction

Defendants officailly state their pleas (guilty or not guilty) to the charge against them at the ____________________.

arraignment

Defendants state their pleas (guilty or not guilty) at the ____________________.

arraignment

The court appearance of an accused person where the charges are read is called a(n)

arraignment

If a person is taken into custody, this is called a(n) ____________________.

arrest

When a person is physically taken into custody, this is called a(n)

arrest

When a private attorney is chosen by a court to represent an indigent, this is referred to as ____________________.

assigned counsel

Successful prisoner reentry requires that parole and reentry support services focus on linking offenders with community institutions—churches, families, self-help groups, and _________.

assistance programs

Warden Smith is in charge of a female prison that houses the women from her state. She has been working diligently to improve the conditions of the prison for the women she serves. Warden Smith has increased programs for the women spending significant dollars on improving the educational system behind bars. She also received a grant which allowed the prison to have a full time medical staff person round the clock to care for the inmates. Warden Smith has also managed to incorporate programs to increase the mother/child bond. Warden Smith was able to receive grant funding for medical care of her female inmates. This is important because women have a greater chance than men to suffer from the following disorders.

asthma

The elements of a crime consist of

attendant circumstances, mens rea, and actus reus

The chief legal officer of the state is the ____________________.

attorney general

Most of the public believe that prisons are run in a(n) ____________________ manner.

authoritarian

The amount of ________ is based mainly on the judge's view of the seriousness of the crime and of the defendant's record.​

bail

The amount of money specified by a judge to be paid as a condition of pretrial release is called ____________________.​

bail

Which of the following is true about the bail system?

bail is sometimes set before the defendant has an attorney

The procedure by which an administrative record is made of the arrest is called a ____________________.

booking

According to recent statistics, the crime the highest percentage of Americans fear or worry over is now:

being the victim of identity theft

Eli is a public defender who is representing his client in a first degree murder case. A plea arrangement could not be arranged, so the case is going to trial. In a matter of weeks, Eli will be forced to help seat a jury. He is hoping to have a chance to sit jurors that will sympathize with his client, whom grew up in abject poverty and has a low iq. Eli is not sure what the outcome to this case may be considering there is not an eyewitness to this case. Since Eli's client's case is going trial, it is safe to say he will not have a _________.

bench trial

In Blackledge v. Allison (1976), Justice Potter Stewart argued that plea bargaining

benefits all concerned in a criminal case

Which of the following is not a major effect on law enforcement through police corruption?

better chances of promotion

Differential treatment based on race is called ____________________.

discrimination

Adrian has worked for two different municipal police department in the course of his career due to career move his wife made, which forced Adrian to move to a new state. Adrian worked for the first department for 10 years. He enjoyed his position very much. He felt very comfortable with his sergeant all they way up to the chief. They ran a very professional department and expected many arrest for misdemeanors and traffic violations. When Adrian switched departments in his new state, he noticed a very different style of policing. He was working in a nice suburban area, which required him to answer calls that, he felt, were more social service type calls. This new department forced him to develop a new style of policing. Adrian mentions how he felt comfortable with his supervisors from the lowest rung to the highest rung. This is known as the _________.

chain of command

The military character of police departments is illustrated by the ___________ according to ranks—officer, commander, sergeant, lieutenant, captain, major, and chief

chain of command

Eli is a public defender who is representing his client in a first degree murder case. A plea arrangement could not be arranged, so the case is going to trial. In a matter of weeks, Eli will be forced to help seat a jury. He is hoping to have a chance to sit jurors that will sympathize with his client, whom grew up in abject poverty and has a low iq. Eli is not sure what the outcome to this case may be considering there is not an eyewitness to this case. If a prospective juror states that all people who are poor are just lazy and deserve to be in prison, Eli can request that the juror is removed by requesting a ___________.

challenge for cause

Inmates with low intelligence who are afflicted with psychological or physical disabilities are referred to as

challenged inmates

According to the diagram, which two courts can appeal directly to the Supreme Court of the United States?

circuit courts of appeals and appellate courts of last resort

__________ evidence requires that the jury infer a fact from what the witness observed.

circumstantial

A(n) ________ is a written order or summons, issued by a law enforcement officer, often directing an alleged offender to appear in court at a specified time to answer a criminal charge.​

citation

According to your textbook, at least one study reflected that the single largest predictor of police use of force is _________.

citizens being intoxicated

Holding police officers responsible for any unprofessional (or criminal) behavior is referred to as:

civic accountability

Citizens' involvement in shaping public policies, laws, and the quality of life in society is called

civic engagement

Mike was sitting in his home watching a late night baseball game when he heard what sounded like someone trying to break into his home. He immediately went to his closet and retrieved his 9mm. Within seconds, two men broke through the door armed with their own guns. Mike quickly shot both men and immediately called law enforcement. When first responders arrived on scene both men were pronounced dead. Mike was in shock that he actually was responsible for the death of two men. Within 6 months, Mike was informed he was being sued by one of the deceased intruder's family; he was being sued for wrongful death. Mike wondered if his rights would be validated. The intruder's family plans to sue Mike as a wrongful death case under what kind of law?

civil

Grant has recently been released from a state prison after the successful completion of his sentence for drug crimes. He has made a promise to himself that he will not go back to prison and will try to do everything he can to reintegrate back into the community. Grant would really like to vote in the upcoming election; however, he has been informed that it will not be possible at least for this election. Grant also has had a difficult time finding employment. It seems that most employers just do not want to take a change on someone with a record. Grant's _________ have not been restored yet because he is not allowed to vote in the upcoming election.

civil disabilities

Legal restrictions on ex-offenders (such as the inability to vote) are referred to as ____________________.

civil disabilities

For an act to be a crime, the intent and the act must exist simultaneously. This is called

concurrence

Restrictions on parolees' conduct as a legally binding condition is called ____________________.

conditions of release

The parole board has recently paroled Beth after 8 years of incarceration. She is to obtain gainful employment, submit to weekly drug test, and notify the parole officer if she is going out of state. Beth will spend a month in a transitional facility before she is completely on her own. It has been difficult locating a facility close to her home because most communities do not want parolees close to them. Beth must locate gainful employment and submit to weekly drug test. This would be considered her ___________.

conditions of release

If a person waives his/her Fourth Amendment rights, this is referred to as a ____________________ search.

consent

Officer Castro notices a car in front of him driving at a slow rate of speed. The driver seems to be driving erratically. Officeer Castro activates his blue lights and attempts to pull the car over. The driver continues to drive for approximately two additional miles before pulling over. When Officer Castro slowly approaches the car, he smells what appears to be a heavy fragrance of what seems to be marijuana. The driver has dilated eyes and slurred speech. There are a total of four individuals in the car. Officer Castro would not need probable cause to search the vehicle if the driver gave Officer Castro permission to search. This would be known as a _________ search.

consent

According to the text, which of the following groups favor stricter enforcement of the law?

conservatives

An attorney's requests for delays in court proceedings are called ________.

continuances

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a workgroup?

continued interaction brings conflict

A private attorney who contracts with the government to represent all indigents is called ____________________.

contract counsel

Racist attitudes, common in the larger society, have become part of the "________," or implicit rules of life.

convict code

Prosecutors wishing to maintain a high ____________________ rate will drop cases with weak evidence.

conviction

The ______ ______ ________ involves the department paying an officer for off-duty work.

department contract model

The ____________ permits close control of off-duty work, because firms must apply to the department to have officers assigned to them.

department contract model

Which model designed to manage off-duty employment of officers permits close control by police supervisors of the off-duty work performed by their officers?

department contract model

A (n)____________________ hearing is a hearing by the juvenile court to determine if a juvenile should be detained or released prior to adjudication.

detention

Maria is a 16 year old Hispanic female from South Carolina who has been charged with assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill. Maria used a baseball bat to beat a classmate close to death leaving the victim with brain damage. The judge will render her decision tomorrow if Maria should be tried as an adult or if the case she stay within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court system. Currently, Maria is being held in an institution until an appropriate decision can be made. Maria is not released to go home with her parents. She is going to be held in a _________.

detention facility

Will is a 15 year old man who was just arrested for truancy and shoplifting. He has never been in trouble before. He participated in the crime due to peer pressure from his friends making fun of him for being "too good". Will's parents are terrified that his poor decision making will ruin his future. Will's case will most likely begin with a referral in the form of a __________.

detention hearing

A __________ __________ fixes the term of imprisonment at a specific period of time.

determinate sentence

Jenna works for the Innocence Project. She is currently working on a case where her client states that she was wrongly convicted. Jenna has been reviewing the court transcripts and has determine that the prosecutor seems to have withheld information that was pertinent to the case. Jenna's client was sentenced to a 20 year sentence for murder. She has reduced that sentence by participating in programs and her positive behavior. Jenna's client as given an incarceration rate of twenty years. She was most likely sentenced under _________.

determinate sentencing

The criminal justice "wedding cake" layers reflect differences in how crimes are prioritized. Based on these priorities, which statement best reflects a summary of these layers?

different cases receive different kinds of treatment

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he just about to do. The coach immediately was able to get Dominic assistance to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually lead to a college degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style. Dominic was encouraged to participate in gang behavior by his "friends". Edwin Sutherland referred to this as ____________.

differential association

When police prioritize calls, this is called ____________________.

differential response

Andrica is the chief of police for a mid size department. She has recently reviewed the data on how to serve the community better including preventing crime and responding to calls. Andrica would like to incorporate additional strategies to improve all issues, but wants to make sure her officers are willing to buy into a new method. Andrica would also like to change how her officers receive calls. She would like the highest priority calls to go out first. This is an example of

differential response system

Which of the following best describes the relationship of police to minorities?

difficult

The goals of controlling crime and protecting the rights of individuals are

difficult to achieve.

When plea bargaining was barred in the felony trial courts, it did not _______.

disappear

If an official acts according to his/her own judgment in the criminal justice system, this is called ____________________.

discretion

Sarah is the responding officer at a domestic violence call. Upon arrival she is informed by the female of the home that her ex husband has violated a protective order and entered her home. He held a gun to her head and threatened to kill her if she did not allow him to move back into the home with her. There are two children in the home and at this moment, the suspect has left the scene. This is the fourth time Sarah has responded to this home in the last two months. Sarah must determine how to apply the law to this domestic call. Should she refer the woman to a social service agency or should she actively look for the suspect who violated the protection order? Trying to make the proper decision in this situation is known as _________.

discretion

The authority to make decisions without reference to specific rules or facts, using instead one's own judgment is referred to as

discretion

The parole board has recently paroled Beth after 8 years of incarceration. She is to obtain gainful employment, submit to weekly drug test, and notify the parole officer if she is going out of state. Beth will spend a month in a transitional facility before she is completely on her own. It has been difficult locating a facility close to her home because most communities do not want parolees close to them. Beth was placed on parole by a parole board. Beth's release would be considered _________.

discretionary

What is another (politically sensitive) term used for "other conditional release"?

discretionary parole

States retaining indeterminate sentences allow __________ by the parole board within the boundaries set by the sentence and the penal law.

discretionary release

The inequality of treatment of one group by the criminal justice system, compared to the treatment accorded other groups, is called

disparity

The process of screening children out of the juvenile justice system without a court decision is called ____________________.

diversion

Will is a 15 year old man who was just arrested for truancy and shoplifting. He has never been in trouble before. He participated in the crime due to peer pressure from his friends making fun of him for being "too good". Will's parents are terrified that his poor decision making will ruin his future. Will and his family are seeking a _________ where they could avoid the courtroom altogether.

diversion

The three major goals of the three components, (police, courts and corrections) of the American criminal justice system are ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

doing justice, controlling crime, preventing crime

Prisoners who are ____________________ view their prison term as a brief, inevitable break in their criminal careers.

doing time

The United States has a ____________________ court system.

dual

The separate judicial structure for each state in addition to a national structure creates a ____________________ system.

dual court

The United States has a

dual court system

In which of Herbert Packer's models would the adversarial system be most likely used?

due process

A model of the criminal justice system that emphasizes the adversarial process, the rights of defendants, and the formal decision-making procedures is called the

due process model

James is a vice president of a local banking organization. He and his wife have been in danger of foreclosure on their home after his wife lost her job last year. James recently found out that he can transfer a small percentage of his client's earnings into his own account without drawing attention to those in power. He has been able to transfer enough money to break even on their mortgage. He is aware that he is breaking the law; however he does not see his crime as being on the same scare as a violent crime. He is also aware that if he is caught, the criminal justice system will go easy on his because he is a first time offender. Unfortunately, for James he is found out and arrested. As a result James is quickly educated on how to navigate the court system. He is made aware that the state must prove that is guilty beyond reasonable doubt. This is known as Herbert Packer's___

due process model

The television image of defense attorneys as strong advocates for their clients is based on the

due process model

A person who was forced to commit a crime is under ____________________.

duress

The defense of ________ arises when someone commits a crime because another person coerces him or her.

duress

Most inmates participate in an ____________ program.

educational

The right to counsel is of little value when the counsel is neither competent nor ________.

effective

What is the most common method of selection for the job of county prosecutor?

elected

Which of the following roles played by prosecutors is most responsive to public opinion?

elected official

What was the focus of the Supreme Court case that marked the beginning of the "Kids are Different" era?

elimination of the death penalty for juveniles

Which of the following is not one of the issues that critics state intermediate sanctions have caused?

empty nets

At a combined probation revocation and sentencing hearing, the probationer is

entitled to be represented by counsel

Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina feel into a massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and herself to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a six year prison sentence. Freda Adler would theorize that Christina committed her crimes because women are seeking ______.

equality

Scholars focused on income policies and social fairness would recommend criminal justice policies that

establish economic and social justice

Many exonerations are not based on DNA evidence but rather on the discovery that police and prosecutors had ignored or hidden __________.

evidence

Policies developed through guidance from research studies that demonstrate which approaches are most useful and cost-effective for advancing desired goals are known as ______ ______ _____.

evidence based practices

Dylan will be teaching an in-service for a group of officers tomorrow to review the use of force continuum. A nearby department recently had an officer fire upon an unarmed suspect, which left the community enraged. Dylan plans to pay particular attention to those methods that are considered less lethal to avoid a similar tragedy in their department. Dylan needs to make sure the officers realize that when police officer's exceed the level of force permissible it is considered __________.

excessive use of force

A key concept in the criminal justice process involving the mutual transfer of resources among individual actors is called

exchange

John is the district attorney for a large metropolitan area. He is facing reelection in approximately 1 year. During the course of John's day, he receives news that a well known professional football player has attempted to murder his wife of less than a year. Apparently, the player found his wife in a comprising position with another player on the team. John knows how he prosecutes this media driven case, may determine if he is reelected. John has to meet the expectations of police, judges, and the community. This is commonly known has building ________ relationships.

exchange

Ryan is a district attorney in a small community. Ryan's best friend, Eric, happens to work in the public defender's office. Both Ryan and Eric have a meeting tomorrow morning with the superior court judge to discuss a case involving a sexual assault. The victim in the case would prefer not to testify in this case. Luckily, Ryan and Eric have a wonderful working relationship with the judge in this case. Both gentlemen are actually looking forward to coming to an arrangement in this case and having lunch afterward with the judge. While the three men are working together to come to a plea agreement, all are trying to negotiate to receive the best outcome for their side, which is known as an _________.

exchange

Roper v. Simmons (2005) ruled that __________ were unconstitutional for crimes committed by those younger than 18 years of age.

executions

The administration of prisons is part of the ____________________ branch of government.

executive

Officers can make an arrest without a warrant when there are ______ __________. This means that officers are in the middle of an urgent situation in which they must act swiftly and do not have time to go to court to seek a warrant.

exigent circumstances

Grant has recently been released from a state prison after the successful completion of his sentence for drug crimes. He has made a promise to himself that he will not go back to prison and will try to do everything he can to reintegrate back into the community. Grant would really like to vote in the upcoming election; however, he has been informed that it will not be possible at least for this election. Grant also has had a difficult time finding employment. It seems that most employers just do not want to take a change on someone with a record. Grant's release mechanism would be considered _________.

expiration release

Prisoners who are released from prison after serving the maximum sentence and cannot be returned will receive (an) ____________________.

expiration release

One way that offenders avoid the consequences of civil disabilities is through _______, a process through which an individual's criminal records are erased from public records.

expungement

Chan Le is a probation officer who is employed through the state he resides within. Chan Le has an extremely large caseload and oftentimes gets overwhelmed by the requirements of his job. In the middle of the night, Chan Le is called out to respond to one of his new clients, who has been caught shoplifting a small amount of merchandise from a local department store. This client just failed a drug test two days prior to this event. Chan Le would not be able to which of the following to his client who has recently violated probation?

extend his sentence

The real threats on the job are called ____________________ stresses.

external

When compared to the United States, Icelandic crime rates are

extremely low.

One impact of crime is _______, which limits freedom.

fear

Kasey is a FBI agent and has worked in the department for 6 years. Prior to her tenure with the FBI, she worked for her local city police department for 4 years. She plans to retire with the FBI within 20 years. Kasey has had the opportunity to work in various capacities while working for the FBI such as fighting terrorism and violent crime. Kasey is employed by the FBI; therefore she works for what type of law enforcement agency?

federal

Lawsuits charging brutality, false arrest, and negligence are brought in state and _______ courts.

federal

At the federal level, probation officers are appointed by the

federal judiciary

Javier was recently tried and convicted of trafficking cocaine across state lines. He was sentenced to a mandatory 10 year prison sentence. Javier is a citizen of Mexico; however, he has been living in the US for the last several years with his wife and two young children. Javier is serving his sentence single cell with little to no contact throughout the day. The Warden seems to believe in old style punishment. Javier was convicted of trafficking cocaine across state lines. He is most likely serving his time in which type of correctional facility?

federal prison

Which of the following is true in comparing federal prisoners with state prisoners?

federal prisoners are disproportionately comprised of drug offenders

The concept of dividing power between a central (national) government and regional (state) governments is called

federalism

Conviction on a _______ charge usually means that the offender may be given a prison sentence of more than a year of imprisonment.

felony

The first ____________________ police officer was hired in Portland, Oregon, in 1905.

female

Special efforts have been made to recruit _______ and minorities as correctional officers.

females

Which of the following factors is NOT among the plausible explanations presented by Cole and Smith for the growth in the prison population?

fewer offenders being sentenced to the community

The criminal justice process may be viewed as a ____________________ process through which cases are screened.

filtering

Judge Boylen has just sentenced a young, adult female after she entered a plea of guilty of reckless endangerment. She is a first time offender, who is a college student and works part time. Judge Boylen gave the offender a sentence that fit the crime. She will be forced to make monetary payment to the court and spend ample time in the community. Judge Boylen required that the female offender pay money into the court system as a type of punishment. This type of punishment is known as a ________.

fine

What is the most likely punishment for a traffic violation?

fines

Indigent offenders' right to counsel continues through the _______ appeal.

first

Which of the following is a necessary element in the definition of rape?

force

Bail will be _________ if the defendant does not appear in court.​

forfeited

Community based options include _________, in which juvenile offenders live with families, usually for a short period, and group homes, often privately run facilities for groups of 12 to 20 juvenile offenders.

foster homes

Throughout the United States, police are characterized by

fragmentation and a local orientation

In England, when groups of families agreed to uphold the law, keep order, and bring violators to a court, this was called the

frankpledge

Alex was charged with murder in the first degree, which is a felony. What jurisdiction would have heard Alex's case?

general

Judge Brown has been a superior court judge for the past seven years. He was the first one in his family to graduate college, much less law school. He is running for election without his political affiliation being identified. Even though he loves his job, he would love to have more time in the courtroom instead of organizing schedules and budgets. Instead of trying cases, he feels that he just works out agreements with the defense and prosecution. The way he sees it, at least a guilty plea acknowledges he is putting defendants away.​ Judge Brown is a judge in superior court. He hears only cases that deal with felonies; therefore, he works in a trial court of ________ jurisdiction.​

general

Trial courts of _________ jurisdiction are criminal courts with jurisdiction over all offenses, including felonies.​

general

Alex was recently found guilty of first degree murder. Based upon state law, the judge was forced to use a system/guideline to determine the sentence that he was to receive. Alex was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He will spend his time in a prison approximately 25 miles from his home. Alex is thankful for this sentence because it was a death penalty case. Alex will be incarcerated for a period of 25 years. Which goal of punishment does his sentence meet to the general public?

general deterrence

Punishment that assumes the general public will not commit a crime because they observe the punishment of others is called

general deterrence

Through the use of _____________ technology and software, police departments can analyze hot spots, crime trends, and other crime patterns.

geographic information system

Community prosecution

gives prosecutors responsibility for specific neighborhoods

Inmates who are ____________________ try to take advantage of prison programs.

gleaning

The local view of the proper sentence, considering the offense and the defendant's prior record, is called the

going rate

Inmates who do not break rules are given ______ time.

good

If days are subtracted from a sentence for good behavior, this is called ____ ____.

good time

Jenna works for the Innocence Project. She is currently working on a case where her client states that she was wrongly convicted. Jenna has been reviewing the court transcripts and has determine that the prosecutor seems to have withheld information that was pertinent to the case. Jenna's client was sentenced to a 20 year sentence for murder. She has reduced that sentence by participating in programs and her positive behavior. Jenna's client is receiving a reduction in her sentence based upon her behavior while she has been incarcerated. This is referred to as ______.

good time

What entity in our society is primarily responsible for crime and justice issues?

government

Which of the following does not allow the use of the exclusionary rule?

grand jury proceedings

In the past two decades the number of persons in prison has

greatly increased

Most felony arrests are decided by a(n)

guilty plea

Most felony arrests are decided by a(n):

guilty plea.

The __________ is a transitional facility for soon-to-be- released inmates that connects them to community services, resources, and support.

halfway house

The parole board has recently paroled Beth after 8 years of incarceration. She is to obtain gainful employment, submit to weekly drug test, and notify the parole officer if she is going out of state. Beth will spend a month in a transitional facility before she is completely on her own. It has been difficult locating a facility close to her home because most communities do not want parolees close to them. Beth will serve some time in a transitional facility before she is released. Most likely, she will spend this time in a _________.

halfway house

Many exonerations are not based on DNA evidence, but on the discovery that prosecutors had ignored or _______ evidence.

hidden

What layer of the criminal justice wedding cake consists of serious felonies?

high-middle

The primary function of jails is to

hold persons for less than one year

Since September 11, 2001, American police have increasingly focused their activities on ____________________.

homeland security

The next era of policing will likely be focused on ____________________.

homeland security

Which type of criminology used science to study the body, mind, and environment of the offender?

positivist

Elizabeth is a middle age female who was planning to purchase a new spring wardrobe with her credit card. When she handed her salesperson her credit card, she was surprised to find out that it was denied. Elizabeth had no idea how this could possibly have happened. She has a $20,000 credit limit and currently has a zero balance. Elizabeth realized that a crime had been committed against her. Elizabeth was most likely the victim of what type of crime?

identity theft

The theft of social security numbers, credit card numbers, and other information in order to secure loans, withdraw bank funds, and purchase merchandise while posing as someone else is known as _____ _____.

identity theft

A shared understanding that creates an expectation that a guilty plea will lead to a less-than-maximum sentence is called a(n) ____________________.

implicit plea bargaining

What is the process called where there is no actual bargaining between parties, but rather an expectation that a guilty plea will lead to a less-than-maximum sentence

implicit plea bargaining

Civil disabilities might include:

inability to vote

Alex was recently found guilty of first degree murder. Based upon state law, the judge was forced to use a system/guideline to determine the sentence that he was to receive. Alex was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He will spend his time in a prison approximately 25 miles from his home. Alex is thankful for this sentence because it was a death penalty case. Alex will be under lock and key for the next 25 years. He will not be able to harm anyone in the general public, which is a form of _________.

incapacitation

Which of the following is NOT true about incarceration?

incarceration is inexpensive

Andrica is the chief of police for a mid size department. She has recently reviewed the data on how to serve the community better including preventing crime and responding to calls. Andrica would like to incorporate additional strategies to improve all issues, but wants to make sure her officers are willing to buy into a new method. Andrica's department has many social service calls. Officers spend a great deal of time of calls that are service related. Andrica would like to develop this type of community based crime prevention. This is known as __________.

incident driven policing

When calls for service are the main instigators of police action, this is called

incident-driven policing

Through the process of ________ the Supreme Court during the Warren Court era declared that elements of the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth,and other amendments were part of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

incorporation

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the rise in private policing?

increase in the supply of people wanting to become police officers

How have the conservative crime control policies that have hit the adult criminal justice system influenced juvenile justice?

increased litigation challenging the abuse of children

According to Cole and Smith, which of the following is NOT a goal of the criminal justice system?

increasing crime

An _________ is returned by a grand jury as a true bill charging an individual with a specific crime on the basis of a determination of probable cause.

indictment

Jacob is an attorney that works in the local public defender's office. His caseload is horrendous, and his salary low. Jacob feels that he has been very blessed in his life and wanted a job that would allow him to give back to those less fortunate. Even though he does get stressed, he has never questioned his career choice. Jacob works in the public defender's office. The clients that he represents are considered _________.

indigent

Often described as the ________, these norms and values develop within the prison social system and help to define the inmate's image of the model prisoner.

inmate code

The ____________________ system involves an active judge.​

inquisitorial

Prospective judges receive special training in law school to become professional judges in an _______________.​

inquisitorial system

Rashaad arrived at work one morning feeling under the weather. By lunch time, he decides to take sick leave and go home. Upon arrival at his house, he sees his best friend's car in the drive. Rashaad becomes concerned that something may be wrong with his wife. As he opens the door to his bedroom, he sees his wife and best friend in a compromising position. In shock, Rashaad grabs his gun, shoots, and kills his wife and friend. Rashaad states that he was not in the proper state of mind when the murders were committed. Which excuse defense is he most likely to use?

insanity

There are two types of ISP: probation diversion and ____________________ diversion.

institutional

Micah was approached by a fellow officer concerning possible corruption within their department. Apparently, two officers have been selling confiscated drugs on the streets. Micah reviewed both officers cases and noticed that their arrests for drug crimes were down significantly. Both officers have also recently been receiving complaints from the community. Micah dreaded what was about to happen to their department. Micah most likely works for which unit in the police department?

internal affairs

The _________ unit is a branch of a police department that receives and investigates complaints alleging violations of rules and policies on the part of officers.

internal affairs

Which of the following is not a step in the trial process?

interrogation

Most crime in America is ____________________-racial.

intra

Which police unit identifies, apprehends, and collects evidence against lawbreakers?

investigation

The continuing difficulties faced by former inmates are sometimes referred to as ____________________ punishments.

invisible

____________________-recognition technology is a technique that examines the interior of the eye and matches its unique characteristics with information in a database.

iris

Which statement best reflects what have some critics said of the use of preventive detention?

it is unfair to incarcerate someone when we assume all offenders are innocent until proven guilty

Which of the following is TRUE concerning police accreditation?

it is voluntary whether all police departments follow nationally recognized standards

What did Amnesty International report about torture and intimidation in the Russia legal system?

it occurs at all stages of detention and imprisonment

Warden Campbell is having a difficult time recruiting qualified correctional officers. He has also had a difficult time maintaining job satisfaction with his current employees. He is working with other Wardens within the state to review possible incentives for all correctional staff. He has found that there is a huge shortage of staff that would be considered minorities including women. As Warden Campbell tries to increase his pursuit of women and minorities, he needs to be aware that female correctional officers with low levels of job satisfaction will report greater _______"

job stress

Which of the following statements best describes the method of judicial "nonpartisan election"?

judges run for election and are not endorsed by political parties

Which of the following is true concerning intermediate sanctions?

judges use a range of intermediate sanctions requiring a low level to high level of control over the offenders

A problem with state courts is the overlapping __________ __________.

judicial boundaries

A problem with state courts is the overlapping ____________________.

jurisdiction

Which of the following statements is true concerning juvenile court?

juvenile court is a complex institution performing a wide variety of functions

Which of the following is TRUE about the due process rights of juveniles?

juveniles only have some of the due process rights guaranteed to adults

A plea of guilty must be ____________________.

knowing, voluntary, and intelligent

Women's share of arrests is highest for which type of crime?

larceny-theft

The criminal justice system is designed to control crime by arresting, prosecuting, convicting, and punishing those who disobey the ____________________.

law

According to public opinion polls, which police function is most important in the minds of citizens?

law enforcement

The ____ __________ function applies to situations in which the law has been violated and the offender needs to be identified or located and then apprehended.

law enforcement

In Miller v. Alabama (2012) the U.S. Supreme Court deemed _________ unconstitutional for juvenile homicide offenders.

mandatory Life With Out Parole (LWOP)

The central idea of the community corrections approach is the

least alternative restriction

The ____________________ model seeks to determine whether there is enough evidence to serve as a basis for prosecution.

legal sufficiency

Chan Le is a probation officer who is employed through the state he resides within. Chan Le has an extremely large caseload and oftentimes gets overwhelmed by the requirements of his job. In the middle of the night, Chan Le is called out to respond to one of his new clients, who has been caught shoplifting a small amount of merchandise from a local department store. This client just failed a drug test two days prior to this event. When Chan Le's client failed his drug test, he committed a _________.

legal violation

Adrian has worked for two different municipal police department in the course of his career due to career move his wife made, which forced Adrian to move to a new state. Adrian worked for the first department for 10 years. He enjoyed his position very much. He felt very comfortable with his sergeant all they way up to the chief. They ran a very professional department and expected many arrest for misdemeanors and traffic violations. When Adrian switched departments in his new state, he noticed a very different style of policing. He was working in a nice suburban area, which required him to answer calls that, he felt, were more social service type calls. This new department forced him to develop a new style of policing. The first department that Adrian worked for required him to work for arrest and uphold the letter of the law. This is an example of which style law enforcement.

legalistic

The ____________________ style of police is marked by professionalism and an emphasis on law enforcement.

legalistic

Which of James Q. Wilson's styles of policing is marked by professionalism and emphasis on law enforcement?

legalistic

Police officers are expected to use what type of force?

legitimate and reasonable

Megan is a probation officer who has recently been assigned a client that will need much closer monitoring than her coworker's clients. Her client was sentenced to six years probation based upon manufacturing with intent to distribute methamphetamine. The client has conditions to his probation including a period of time that must be spent in his home as well as a repayment plan for damage to property that occurred during the manufacturing process. Megan's client's biggest obstacle to successful completion is the home environment in which the client lives. Megan, most likely, has a small case load. Her case load consists of how many clients?

less than 20

Warden Smith is in charge of a female prison that houses the women from her state. She has been working diligently to improve the conditions of the prison for the women she serves. Warden Smith has increased programs for the women spending significant dollars on improving the educational system behind bars. She also received a grant which allowed the prison to have a full time medical staff person round the clock to care for the inmates. Warden Smith has also managed to incorporate programs to increase the mother/child bond. Warden Smith has been able to increase funding for education endeavors for her inmates. Currently, how many inmates have received a high school diploma or GED when they enter into prison?

less than half

Pepper spray and nightsticks are considered types of ____________________ weapons.

less-lethal

Weapons such as pepper spray and air-fired beanbags or nets that intend to incapacitate a suspect without inflicting serious injuries are known as _________ weapons.

less-lethal

State correctional facilities are classified according to the

level of security

Sarah is the responding officer at a domestic violence call. Upon arrival she is informed by the female of the home that her ex husband has violated a protective order and entered her home. He held a gun to her head and threatened to kill her if she did not allow him to move back into the home with her. There are two children in the home and at this moment, the suspect has left the scene. This is the fourth time Sarah has responded to this home in the last two months. Which of the following is most likely not a characteristic of the victim Sarah responds to in this domestic call?

male

The gender of the large majority of jail inmates is ____________________.

male

Dominic is currently a successful high school teacher. When Dominic was 17 years old he was recruited by a gang. He joined the gang in order to establish a sense of belonging. Dominic went through the initiation process when he found out that his last "duty" was to rob a local gas station at gunpoint. Dominic went into the store, but readily noticed that his old high school football coach was standing in line to check out. Dominic went up to the coach, who he has always had a special relationship with, and told him what he just about to do. The coach immediately was able to get Dominic assistance to get out of the gang. He was able to attend a different school in a different county, which eventually lead to a college degree. Dominic always wonders what would have happened if he had ventured deeper in the gang style. Dominic participated in crime as a teen, but was able to go on and make a successful life for himself. Which theory would Dominic's case best support?

life course theory

The _____________ model argues that where someone lives and how a person spends leisure time determines the likelihood of becoming a victim of crime.

lifestyle exposure

Police components that directly perform field operations and carry out the basic functions of patrol, investigation, traffic, vice, juvenile, and so on.

line functions

Police functions that directly involve field operations such as patrol and investigation are called

line functions

Which of the following is more closely linked to exposure to crime?

living in a city

Ryan is a district attorney in a small community. Ryan's best friend, Eric, happens to work in the public defender's office. Both Ryan and Eric have a meeting tomorrow morning with the superior court judge to discuss a case involving a sexual assault. The victim in the case would prefer not to testify in this case. Luckily, Ryan and Eric have a wonderful working relationship with the judge in this case. Both gentlemen are actually looking forward to coming to an arrangement in this case and having lunch afterward with the judge. Eric, Ryan, and the judge respect one another, which lends itself to a sense of professionalism within the confines of the courtroom. All parties know how to act and respond as their position dictates. This attitude would be considered the ___________.

local legal culture

The values and norms shared by members of a particular court community about how cases should be handled, and the way court officials should behave is called the

local legal culture

The values and norms shared by the court community is referred to as the ____________________.

local legal culture

The recidivism rate for probationers is ________ than the rate for those who have been incarcerated

lower

Traffic regulation is a ____ job of the police.

major

A strategy for addressing domestic violence that is supported by some research is

make arrests in all cases

During the nineteenth century, which of the following was NOT a principle that guided female prison reform?

making female prisons decidedly "female institutions"

Preventive patrol emphasizes

making police presence known

Crimes,such as murder or assault, that are traditionally "wrong in themselves", are called

mala in se

Elizabeth is a middle age female who was planning to purchase a new spring wardrobe with her credit card. When she handed her salesperson her credit card, she was surprised to find out that it was denied. Elizabeth had no idea how this could possibly have happened. She has a $20,000 credit limit and currently has a zero balance. Elizabeth realized that a crime had been committed against her. The offender who committed identity theft against Elizabeth committed an act that would be considered wrong just by the very nature of the act itself. This would also be known as a ____ __ ____ crime.

mala in se

Crimes such as gambling or prostitution, that are not "wrong in themselves" but are prohibited by government are called

mala prohibita

Crimes that are prohibited by government but are not wrong by nature are called _________ ___________.

mala prohibita

Micah was approached by a fellow officer concerning possible corruption within their department. Apparently, two officers have been selling confiscated drugs on the streets. Micah reviewed both officers cases and noticed that their arrests for drug crimes were down significantly. Both officers have also recently been receiving complaints from the community. Micah dreaded what was about to happen to their department. The officers that Micah has to investigate are allegedly involved in a high level of corruption. The officers would be considered _________.

meat eaters

The ____________________ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological influences.

medical

In regard to gender, ________ are more likely to become victims of crime.

men

Rashaad arrived at work one morning feeling under the weather. By lunch time, he decides to take sick leave and go home. Upon arrival at his house, he sees his best friend's car in the drive. Rashaad becomes concerned that something may be wrong with his wife. As he opens the door to his bedroom, he sees his wife and best friend in a compromising position. In shock, Rashaad grabs his gun, shoots, and kills his wife and friend. Rashaad's intent was to kill his wife and friend. It could be said he had a guilty state of mind, which would be his ___________.

mens rea

Offenders convicted of a ____________________ may receive a penalty of up to one year in jail.

misdemeanor

The courts have generally upheld the view that ignorance of the law is not excuse for committing an illegal act, but if an accused person has made a (an) _________, that may serve as a defense.

mistake of fact

Behavior that can cause trouble and conflict with staff and other prisoners is called the ____________________.

mix

Those who participate in organized crime often move their criminal activities through a maze of businesses, banks, and brokerage accounts through _____ ______.

money laundering

Which of the following is true concerning appeals?

most appeals by criminal defendants are not unsuccessful

How much does the public support the use of community-based punishments rather than prison for nonviolent offenders?

most citizens strongly support their use

Up to 90% of released offenders do not participate in transitional programs. According to your text, why is this?

most released offenders cannot access them

An application to a court requesting that an order be issued to bring about a specified action is called a(n):

motion

An application to a court requesting that an order be issued to bring about a specified action is called a​

motion

The different types of patrol are foot, bicycle, and ____________________ patrol

motorized

Kasey is a FBI agent and has worked in the department for 6 years. Prior to her tenure with the FBI, she worked for her local city police department for 4 years. She plans to retire with the FBI within 20 years. Kasey has had the opportunity to work in various capacities while working for the FBI such as fighting terrorism and violent crime. Kasey worked for her local city police department before becoming an FBI agent. While working for the city police department, Kasey worked for which type of law enforcement?

municipal

Which of the following is not a factor in determining if suspicion exists to justify a search by a Custom and Border Patrol officer?

native language

When people break the law in order to save themselves or prevent a greater harm, they will likely use this defense in court:

necessity

Which of the following is NOT a factor in sentencing decisions?

needs and concerns of the defendant

This child has been determined to receive inadequate care because of some action or inaction on the part of the parents.

neglected child

When judges work with attorneys outside of the public view, they are usually taking on the role of ____________________.​

negotiator

According to your text, which of the following statements best reflects current use of new technology in policing?

new technology may raise issues regarding constitutional rights

The ____ ____ increases our fear of crime by reporting on crime stories to build viewership and sell papers..

news media

An entry made by a prosecutor on the record of a case and announced in court to indicate that the charges specified will not be prosecuted. In effect, the charges are thereby dismissed.

nolle prosequi

Which model lets officers contract independently with permission?

officer contract model

According to the ______ _______ ________, officers are permitted to search and to seize evidence, without a warrant, on private property beyond the area immediately surrounding the house.

open field doctrine

The ______ _____ _________ gives property owners no reasonable expectation of privacy in fields on and around their property.

open fields doctrine

David has worked for his municipal police department for 10 years. He has seen his fair share of homicide and rape victims. He remembers a time when he use to be excited to hear the next call for service. Currently, he dreads to hear the radio calls for assistance. David tries to remember he is keeping his community safe by the job he preforms. He also remembers he has a family of his own he wants to keep safe as well. David is suffering from stress due to the those involved in the criminal justice system, which he is forced to arrest and help prosecute on a day to day basis. Which type of stress is David suffering from?

operational

A police function that is a broad mandate to prevent behavior that disturbs the peace or involves face-to-face conflict is called

order maintenance

The ________ function is a broad mandate to prevent behavior that either disturbs or threatens to disturb the peace or involves face-to-face conflict among two or more people.

order maintenance

The juvenile function of police work is concerned largely with

order maintenance

David has worked for his municipal police department for 10 years. He has seen his fair share of homicide and rape victims. He remembers a time when he use to be excited to hear the next call for service. Currently, he dreads to hear the radio calls for assistance. David tries to remember he is keeping his community safe by the job he preforms. He also remembers he has a family of his own he wants to keep safe as well. David also suffers from the stress of a constantly rotating schedule, which force him to work nights, weekends, and holidays. What type of stress does David suffer in regards to his family?

organizational

__________ __________ refers to a framework within which criminal acts are committed.

organized crime

In England, the doctrine that allowed the courts to hold protective jurisdiction over all children was called

parens patriae

The doctrine of __________ __________ means the state is the parent and guardian of all citizens who are unable to protect themselves.

parens patriae

Under the doctrine of _________, which held the king to be the father of the realm, the chancery courts exercised protective jurisdiction over all children, particularly those involved in questions of dependency, neglect, and property.

parens patriae

The system and philosophy of juvenile justice that began in the United States during the social reform period of the late nineteenth century was based on the idea that the state should act as a ________ in advancing the interest of the child.

parent

A parolee's principal contact with the criminal justice system is through the ____________________.

parole officer

The word _________ is derived from a French word, patrouiller, which once meant "to tramp about in the mud".

patrol

Which of the following is not a characteristic that applies to a law enforcement officer?

pay scales are high

An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society is called a ____________________.

penitentiary

Although challenges for cause fall ultimately under the judge's control, the prosecution and defense can exert their own control over the jury's composition through the use of _________.

peremptory challenges

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used to control the police?

personal resolutions

Which of the following is not a major duty of law enforcement agencies?

providing probation services

The ______ _____ _________ permits officers to notice and use as evidence items that are visible to them.

plain view doctrine

A ________ occurs when the defense attorney and the prosecutor reach an agreement: The defendant agrees to plead guilty in exchange for a reduction of charges or a lighter sentence.

plea bargain

Ethan was arrested for public drunkeness and lewd and lascivious behavior after attending his close friend's bachelor party. This is his first encounter with the criminal justice system. He works as a project manager with a local construction company. Ethan has been involved with his girlfriend for three years. His attorney has reached an agreement with the prosecutor to reduce his sentence to probation. Ethan's attorney and the prosecutor were able to work out an agreement on the expectation of a guilty plea. This agreement is also known as a ___________.

plea bargain

Ly'ana is an FBI agent who has recently been called into a local municipality police department to assist in a theft of approximately 50,000 dollars. Ly'ana assisted the local department in solving the particular case and is preparing to go to court when the prosecutor determines that the defense attorney has offered a plea bargain. The defendant will admit guilt and is willing to serve 18 months in prison. Both the prosecution and defense agreed to an exchange relationship in Ly'ana's case. Which of the following represent an exchange?

plea bargain

For most cases, the most important step in the criminal justice process is ____________________.

plea bargaining

Most defendants whose charges are not dropped ultimately

plead guilty

Which of the following is TRUE about weapons technology?

police departments need to consider nonlethal weapons because departments have been sued over injuring or killing suspects

Which of the following is FALSE concerning search warrants?

police officers do need a search warrant, even if a person waives his/her Fourth Amendment rights

Highly publicized cases of women receiving injuries in the presence of police showed that

police should maintain existing policies in regard to matters of domestic violence

The ____________________ era of policing involved close ties between elected officials and police.

political

Criminal acts by either the government, or against the government, that are carried out for ideological purposes are called

political crime

Money bail systems disadvantage ____________________ persons.

poor

The key component of the entrapment defense is the defendant's ____________________ to commit a crime.

predisposition

Probation officers play a role in sentencing by

preparing the presentence report for the judge

A _________ sentence is a sentence for which the legislature or a commission sets a minimum and maximum range of months or years. Judges are to fix the length of the sentence within that range, allowing for special circumstances.

presumptive

An example of an occupational crime is

price fixing

Who determines whether a prisoner has a reduction in sentence due to "good time" for good behavior?

prison administrator

Alan has always wanted to become a law enforcement officer. He has recently applied to his local sheriff's department. He holds a bachelor's degree from his state university and speaks Spanish as a second language. If hired, he will participate in a 16 week basic law enforcement course before he goes in the field. Which of the following would not be a standard part of Alan's curriculum through BLET?

prison procedure

Prior to 1970, domestic violence was viewed as a ____________________ affair.

private

Enforcement of vice laws depends on ____________________ police work.

proactive

Officer Castro notices a car in front of him driving at a slow rate of speed. The driver seems to be driving erratically. Officeer Castro activates his blue lights and attempts to pull the car over. The driver continues to drive for approximately two additional miles before pulling over. When Officer Castro slowly approaches the car, he smells what appears to be a heavy fragrance of what seems to be marijuana. The driver has dilated eyes and slurred speech. There are a total of four individuals in the car. When Officer Castro pulled the car over after suspicious behavior, he encountered a strong smell of a well known drug that he has significant experience with prior to this case. The strong presence of this drug, gives Officer Castro enough ________ to search the vehicle.

probable cause

Police officers must establish ___________ _________ to obtain a warrant.

probable cause

The criterion for deciding whether evidence is strong enough to uphold an arrest is called

probable cause

The facts upholding the belief that a crime has been committed constitute ____________________.​

probable cause

The facts upholding the belief that a crime has been committed is called _________ ___________.

probable cause

The criterion for deciding whether evidence is strong enough to uphold an arrest is called:

probable cause.

A conditional sentence allowing the offender to serve the sanctions imposed by the court while having free movement within the community is called ____________________.

probation

Over half of adults under correctional supervision are on _________________.

probation

People on ________ under community supervision now make up 57 percent of the correctional population, yet budgets and staffing have not risen accordingly.

probation

Which of the following is TRUE about probation?

probation is used in combination with fines, restitution, and community service

One important component of community policing is

problem solving

The processes followed by police, prosecutors, and judges as well as the rights possessed by suspects and defendants are defined by

procedural criminal law

Complex bureaucracies such as police departments depend on clearly stated rules and _______ to guide officers.

procedures

The historical roots of probation can be traced to the

procedures for reprieves and pardons of early English courts

Sarah is the responding officer at a domestic violence call. Upon arrival she is informed by the female of the home that her ex husband has violated a protective order and entered her home. He held a gun to her head and threatened to kill her if she did not allow him to move back into the home with her. There are two children in the home and at this moment, the suspect has left the scene. This is the fourth time Sarah has responded to this home in the last two months. Although Sarah has a great deal of discretion when on the scene of the crime, once she has filed charges, the _______ will decide to prosecute.

prosecution

During plea bargaining, a multiple-offense indictment is a tactic used by a(n)

prosecutor

John is the district attorney for a large metropolitan area. He is facing reelection in approximately 1 year. During the course of John's day, he receives news that a well known professional football player has attempted to murder his wife of less than a year. Apparently, the player found his wife in a comprising position with another player on the team. John knows how he prosecutes this media driven case, may determine if he is reelected. John is facing a great deal of pressure to charge the football player to the highest extent of the law. John knows what he would do if the suspect was an ordinary citizen. He also knows that his election is coming quick. The pressure that John is facing is known as the _________.

prosecutor's dilemma

How might public opinion affect a prosecutor's decision to try a certain case?

prosecutors are elected, so their decisions should reflect community values

Which of the following is a vice offense?

prostitution

Agencies increasingly require recruits to undergo ____________, because each officer will ultimately make important discretionary decisions, including those that may determine life and death in stressful situations.

psychological evaluations

Which class of theory views the cause of criminal behavior from a mental condition, a personality disturbance, or limited intellect

psychological explanations

An attorney employed on a full-time basis by the government to represent the poor is called a ____________________.

public defender

The Supreme Court ruled that officers are permitted to intrude on private lands that are open areas in the case of ____________________.

public safety

An _________ is a written statement of fact, supported by oath or affirmation, submitted to judicial officers to fulfill the requirements of probable cause for obtaining a warrant.

public safety exception

The criminal justice system is designed to control crime by arresting, prosecuting, convicting, and _______ those who disobey the law.

punishing

Which of the following is not a main principle of classical criminology?

punishment should be tailored to each individual person

When police arrest subway fare beaters, loiterers, and panhandlers, they are focusing on

quality-of-life crimes

Federal sentencing guidelines punish users of crack cocaine about one hundred times more harshly than users of powder cocaine. This fact reflects which of the textbook's explanations for racial disparities?

racial insensitivity and unequal treatment in society can shape criminal justice policy

Christian is a 20 year old African American male. He plays football for a Division I college, and also happens to have a 4.0 GPA in biology. Christian hopes to enter dental school at the completion of his undergraduate studies. Walking home from a late night at the gym, campus security comes up behind him and demands to know what he is doing. Christian states that he is on his way back to his dorm. Campus security places him in handcuffs and says that he is under arrest for breaking and entering due to a recent report. Christian does not resist this arrest and hopes he can clarify once they are in the station. Christian was most likely approached by security based upon his skin color. This would be a clear case of __________.

racial profiling

Generally, police patrol duties in a democracy are organized to be ____________________.

reactive

Slate recently received evidence, from discovery, for his client who is awaiting trial for armed robbery and attempted murder. There are two eye witness accounts, which identifies Slate's client. There is also the weapon used in the crime and gunshot shells. Slates is convinced his client is going to have a long trial ahead of him. The gun and shells that were recovered at the crime scene from Slate's case would be considered why type of evidence?

real evidence

The standard used by a juror to decide if the prosecution has provided enough evidence for conviction.

reasonable doubt

Individuals _________ __________ __ _________ is a standard developed for determining whether a government intrusion of a person or property constitutes a search because it interferes with individual interests that are normally protected from government intrusion.

reasonable expectation of privacy

A return to criminal behavior is called ____________________.

recidivism

Rates of ___________________ for those ending a community corrections sentence are about the same as those offenders leaving prison.

recidivism

The number of probationers currently under supervision has reached a

record high and is increasing

According to Travis and Petersilia, which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the reentry problem?

reduced powers of parole boards

What was the central purpose of Boston's "Operation Ceasefire"?

reducing gang violence

An institution for young offenders emphasizing training is called a(n) ____________________.

reformatory

Based on information contained in your text's companion website, In Japan, decisions to release offenders from prison and place them under supervision in the community are made by ____________________ parole boards.

regional

The goal of restoring a convicted offender to society through educational training is called ____________________.

rehabilitation

The model of corrections that emphasizes maintaining the offenders' ties to the family and community as a method of reform is called the

reintegration model

A brief interference with a person's freedom of movement with a duration that can be measured in minutes is called a(n)

stop

The practice under which judges grant releases if the defendant is employed and has roots in the community is called

release on recognizance

An appeal that results in reversal of the conviction normally means that the case is ________ to the lower court for a new trial.

remanded

Most police work is reactive, which means police

respond to citizen calls for service

Megan is a probation officer who has recently been assigned a client that will need much closer monitoring than her coworker's clients. Her client was sentenced to six years probation based upon manufacturing with intent to distribute methamphetamine. The client has conditions to his probation including a period of time that must be spent in his home as well as a repayment plan for damage to property that occurred during the manufacturing process. Megan's client's biggest obstacle to successful completion is the home environment in which the client lives. Megan's client must pay for damages he was responsible for when he was manufacturing drugs. The monies he will pay back, will be considered _________.

restitution

Parolees who are behaving according to their conditions of release may be adjusted to

restorative surveillance

If a parolee violates the conditions of his or her parole, their parole may be ____________________.

revoked

Probation can end when the probationer status is ________because of misbehavior.

revoked

Which of the following is contained in the Fifth Amendment?

right to remain silent

Terry v. Ohio permitted officers the ability to pat down clothing of people on the streets is there is reasonable suspicion of dangerous criminal activity, which is referred to as a ________ search.

stop-and-frisk

Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers will often have a beer or two before going home for the night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night due to his favorite NFL team playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that had one too many drinks. Jeff ask the group to quiet down so he could hear the game. He was immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they wanted to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff could answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl has ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which has resulted in brain damage. Since Jeff and his coworkers were attending a bar late at night, they could be considered at a higher risk of criminal activity. This is known as _________.

routine activities theory

Some communities hire _________, who provide counseling and a security presence in school buildings.

school resource officers

Officer Goldman responded to a call of an active shooter during a home invasion at a local residence. Officer Goldman arrives on scene and quickly surveys the residence. He and his partner immediately enter the home and see the suspect. They command the suspect to drop his weapon at which time, the suspect responds. Officer Goldman arrests the suspect and searches his person. Officer Goldman immediately entered the home without obtaining a warrant. He was allowed to do this based upon the requirement of __________.

search incident to a lawful arrest

Officer Goldman responded to a call of an active shooter during a home invasion at a local residence. Officer Goldman arrives on scene and quickly surveys the residence. He and his partner immediately enter the home and see the suspect. They command the suspect to drop his weapon at which time, the suspect responds. Officer Goldman arrests the suspect and searches his person. Once the suspect is taken into custody, Officer Goldman immediately searches the suspect. He is allowed to do this without a warrant. This is called __________.

search incident to a lawful arrest

Officer Goldman responded to a call of an active shooter during a home invasion at a local residence. Officer Goldman arrives on scene and quickly surveys the residence. He and his partner immediately enter the home and see the suspect. They command the suspect to drop his weapon at which time, the suspect responds. Officer Goldman arrests the suspect and searches his person. After the suspect was taken into custody, and the victims taken to receive medical care. Officer Goldman's partners most likely would need to obtain a(an) _________ to collect all the remaining evidence to prosecute the case.

search warrant

If citizens are not free to leave when officers assert their authority to stop someone, this is considered ____________________.

seizure

Officer Castro notices a car in front of him driving at a slow rate of speed. The driver seems to be driving erratically. Officeer Castro activates his blue lights and attempts to pull the car over. The driver continues to drive for approximately two additional miles before pulling over. When Officer Castro slowly approaches the car, he smells what appears to be a heavy fragrance of what seems to be marijuana. The driver has dilated eyes and slurred speech. There are a total of four individuals in the car. Officer Castro required that the car in question pull over. Typically, this could be considered a __________.

seizure

According to the Lifestyle Exposure Model, which of the following does not affect victimization?

self-control

Mike was sitting in his home watching a late night baseball game when he heard what sounded like someone trying to break into his home. He immediately went to his closet and retrieved his 9mm. Within seconds, two men broke through the door armed with their own guns. Mike quickly shot both men and immediately called law enforcement. When first responders arrived on scene both men were pronounced dead. Mike was in shock that he actually was responsible for the death of two men. Within 6 months, Mike was informed he was being sued by one of the deceased intruder's family; he was being sued for wrongful death. Mike wondered if his rights would be validated. Mike will not be charged with this crime because he most likely use the justification defense of ________.

self-defense

Detective Smith is working on an active sexual assault case. She has just recently received DNA results back from the lab. The results specifically pinpoint the person of interest as the suspect. Detective Smith has obtained an arrest warrant and is hoping that the suspect will give a full confession. The suspect can claim his Constitutional right against ____________, when Detective Smith interrogates the suspect.

self-incrimination

Alex was recently found guilty of first degree murder. Based upon state law, the judge was forced to use a system/guideline to determine the sentence that he was to receive. Alex was sentenced to 25 years in prison. He will spend his time in a prison approximately 25 miles from his home. Alex is thankful for this sentence because it was a death penalty case. The judge in Alex's case most likely had to use ________ which mandates the sentence that has to be rendered.

sentencing guidelines

Javier was recently tried and convicted of trafficking cocaine across state lines. He was sentenced to a mandatory 10 year prison sentence. Javier is a citizen of Mexico; however, he has been living in the US for the last several years with his wife and two young children. Javier is serving his sentence single cell with little to no contact throughout the day. The Warden seems to believe in old style punishment. Javier does not like the fact that the warden likes to keep the inmates separate in order to intensify their punishment. This would be an example of __________.

separate confinement

According to your text, the most important factor in the decision to take a case to trial is likely to be the

seriousness of the charge

Legislatures construct sentencing guidelines according to two dimensions. These dimensions are

seriousness of the offense and prior record

Adrian has worked for two different municipal police department in the course of his career due to career move his wife made, which forced Adrian to move to a new state. Adrian worked for the first department for 10 years. He enjoyed his position very much. He felt very comfortable with his sergeant all they way up to the chief. They ran a very professional department and expected many arrest for misdemeanors and traffic violations. When Adrian switched departments in his new state, he noticed a very different style of policing. He was working in a nice suburban area, which required him to answer calls that, he felt, were more social service type calls. This new department forced him to develop a new style of policing. Adrian's second department requires that their officers are sensitive to the community that they serve. This would be an example of which style law enforcement?

service

If police officers provide first aid, rescue animals, or help the homeless, this is an example of which police function?

service

The function of the police that includes providing first aid and helping people is called the ____________________ function.

service

How much greater is the per capita incarceration rate for African-Americans as compared to whites?

seven times as great

Micah was approached by a fellow officer concerning possible corruption within their department. Apparently, two officers have been selling confiscated drugs on the streets. Micah reviewed both officers cases and noticed that their arrests for drug crimes were down significantly. Both officers have also recently been receiving complaints from the community. Micah dreaded what was about to happen to their department. Which of the following matches the closest the blue coat crime activities of Micah's officers?

shakedown

The ____________________ is responsible for law enforcement in counties of the United States.

sheriff

Wesley serving a 10 month sentence for driving while impaired. This was Wesley's second conviction. He has never served time before and overwhelmed with his experience so far. He is serving his time with all walks of life and most inmates say they are not guilty. Wesley cannot believe he is serving time and the manager is someone he supported and actually voted for. Wesley knows that the next 10 months cannot go fast enough. Wesley is upset that he is managed by someone he voted for. He is referring to the _______.

sheriff

Short termed intense Boot camps are also referred to as ____________________.

shock incarceration

Organized forces to prevent slave revolts and to catch runaway slaves. These patrols had full power to break into the homes of slaves who were suspected of keeping arms, to physically punish those who did not obey their orders, and to arrest runaways.

slave patrols

When a defense attorney makes arguments for a client, whom the attorney expects will actually accept a plea bargain rather than face the risk of a jury verdict, this is called

slow plea of guilty

The idea that criminal law is a way for the rich to control the poor is called ______ ______ theory.

social conflict

Which of the following theories involves the use of criminal law to control society's poor and have-nots?

social conflict

Officer Castro notices a car in front of him driving at a slow rate of speed. The driver seems to be driving erratically. Officeer Castro activates his blue lights and attempts to pull the car over. The driver continues to drive for approximately two additional miles before pulling over. When Officer Castro slowly approaches the car, he smells what appears to be a heavy fragrance of what seems to be marijuana. The driver has dilated eyes and slurred speech. There are a total of four individuals in the car. Officer Castro intended for this traffic stop to be a brief seizure, which would be considered a ___________.

stop

Christina is a single mother of two children. She grew up in a home filled with violence. Her mother was frequently high on crack cocaine as she entered her teen years. Christina's dad has not been a part of her life since she was four. She vowed to herself that she would never allow her children to be raised in a home like she grew up in. Christina married her high school boyfriend and had a son and a daughter. She worked as a nursing assistant and life was going well for her until her husband left her for another woman. Christina feel into a massive depression that was only relieved with alcohol and other illegal drugs. Christina started selling drugs and herself to maintain her habit until she was arrested by an undercover officer. She is currently serving a six year prison sentence. Which major theory of criminality would best explain Christina's criminal behavior based upon formative years?

social process

Beginning in the 1990's, theorist recognized that female criminality was best explained using the criminological theory branch of _____ _____.

social structure

Miranda has been a parole officer for over twelve years. When she first started working with inmates, she saw herself as a caretaker. She worked many hours facilitating a relationship with her clients in order for them to become functioning members of society. In the last couple of years, Miranda has noticed herself becoming more authoritarian. She still wants to help her clients, but seems to spend more of her time restricting their freedom. When Miranda is assisting her clients with jobs and forging a relationship with them, she is working in what capacity?

social worker

Learning informal practices as well as formal rules is the process of ____________________.

socialization

The process in which members learn the symbols, beliefs, and values of a group is called

socialization

Intermediate sanctions suffer from the image of being ____________________.

soft on crime

Because of the costs associated with probation, which of the following statements concerning probation are true?

some states are increasingly considering the use of probation for more serious offenders

Punishment designed to affect the future choice and behavior of individuals and targeted toward individuals who have already been convicted is called

special deterrence

Law enforcement agencies that serve colleges and universities.

special jurisdiction agencies

Under this approach, the amount and kind of punishment are calculated to discourage that criminal from repeating the offense.

specific deterrence

Most criminal cases are heard in ____________________ court.

state

Every state has its own law enforcement agency with __________.

statewide jurisdiction

A __________ __________ is any act committed by a juvenile that is considered unacceptable for a child, but is not considered a crime for an adult.

status offense

Behaviors that are not criminal if committed by adults such as cigarette smoking or truancy are called what in the juvenile justice context?

status offenses

Laws passed by legislatures. Statutory definitions of criminal offenses are found in penal codes.

statutes

A major exception to the mens rea principle is called

strict liability

Officers who establish _______, or secret, relationships can be manipulated by prisoners into smuggling contraband or committing other illegal acts.

sub-rosa

David has worked for his municipal police department for 10 years. He has seen his fair share of homicide and rape victims. He remembers a time when he use to be excited to hear the next call for service. Currently, he dreads to hear the radio calls for assistance. David tries to remember he is keeping his community safe by the job he preforms. He also remembers he has a family of his own he wants to keep safe as well. Since David has worked in his department for 10 years, he has grown accustomed to the symbols, beliefs, and customs of his department. This is often referred to as the ___________.

subculture

A set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to a work situation and environmental influences is called the

subculture personality

The definitions of crimes and people eligible for punishment are spelled out in

substantive criminal law

Criminal law is divided into ____________________ and ____________________ law.

substantive, procedural

Freud's personality theory is comprised of the id, the ego, and the ___________.

superego

Prisoners in this type of facility typically spend up to 23 hours per day in their cell:

supermaximum security

During a traffic stop officers can order passengers, as well as the driver, to exit the vehicle even if there is no basis for _______ that the passengers engaged in any wrongdoing.

suspicion

The _________ model aims at speedy and early disposition of a case.

system efficiency

Oral evidence provided by a legally competent witness is called ____________________.

testimony

In the 1980s, which of the following statements is true concerning the United States Supreme Court's treatment of the exclusionary rule?

the Court created exceptions to limit the applicability of the rule

Many police actions fall under which Amendment?

the Fourth

Which of the following statements is TRUE about attorney competence?

the Supreme Court has not clearly defined what "competent" means

Which of the following statements about offenses committed by juveniles is accurate?

the offenses committed by juveniles are mostly violations of state law

What is the highest level person or organization that has a say over how police apply the law?

the officer on the scene

Which of the following is true regarding the changing profile of a police officer?

the percentage of women had doubled since the 1970s but females still only comprise about 12 %

Which of the following is NOT an element of the model of professional policing?

the police force should be actively involved in politics

What conclusions would you make from the chart below?

the probability of arrest is highest while the crime is in progress

The State of Michigan v. Christopher Jones illustrated

the prosecutor's use of multiple charges to pressure defendants to plead guilty

Which of the following is not part of the Miranda warnings?

the right to a speedy trial

The research of Eisenstein and Jacob on the impact of courtroom workgroups across major cities revealed that

the same type of felony was handled very differently in each city

Which of the following is a consequence of the policy of differential response?

the saving of police resources

Which of the following occurs at the initial appearance?

the suspect is notified of the official charges against him/her

According to your text's companion website, in the two stage-process of determining a day fine, a judge looks at

the type of offense and income of the offender

Which of the following is FALSE concerning prison managers?

they are not dependent on maintenance of satisfactory relationships between clients and staff

What is known about polygraph, or "lie detector" tests?

they are unreliable

Which of the following is TRUE regarding presentence reports?

they ease the strain of decision making for a judge

Which of the following is TRUE about boot camps?

they help to reduce prison overcrowding

Which of the following is a challenge faced by probation officers?

they must prioritize certain individuals over others

Which of the following is true about public defenders?

they often face a heavy caseload

Which of the following statements is FALSE about what police experience when working in internal affairs?

they typically receive full cooperation from other officers

According to your text's companion website, How do judges determine the amount of day fines in Germany?

they use guidelines that equate money to time spent incarcerated

On average, how many types of difficult situations are patrol officers expected to handle per week?

three

A system of conditional release from prison, devised by Captain Alexander Maconochie and first developed in Ireland by Sir Walter Crofton were known as _________.

tickets of leave

The earliest forms of parole used

tickets of leave

What is the purpose of allowing searches incident to lawful arrests?

to ensure the safety of officers

U.S. district courts exist:

to handle trial-level federal cases.

What is the main purpose of drug courts?

to help drug offenders overcome their addictions

The Supreme Court has determined that cruel and unusual punishment must be based on the ________ __ __________ in the institution.

totality of conditions

The performance of the police is not based solely on the types of people recruited; it is also shaped by their _______.

training

The growth of global transportation systems, international trade, computerized financial transactions, and worldwide availability of information through the Internet facilitated the expansion of the international economy. Simultaneously, these factors provided the basis for _____ _____.

transnational crime

Traditionally, jury trials involves ____________________ -person juries.

twelve

Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on

unconscious drives and forces explaining crime

Psychoanalytic theory explains criminal behavior as resulting from

underdeveloped or overdeveloped superego

The fear of crime is greatest in

urban areas

Jeff frequently visits the local bar on his way home from his second shift factory job. He and his coworkers will often have a beer or two before going home for the night. Jeff and his friends are anxious to arrive to the bar on this particular night due to his favorite NFL team playing. He hopes they will arrive to view the fourth quarter of the game. As he enters the bar, he notes a group of noisy, obnoxious rival fans that had one too many drinks. Jeff ask the group to quiet down so he could hear the game. He was immediately approached by the members of the group asking if they wanted to make an issue of the game. Before Jeff could answer, one member of the group throws a punch. Within minutes, a full bar brawl has ensued. Jeff ends up with a fractured skull, which has resulted in brain damage. Jeff will receive assistance from a volunteer agency which helps to navigate the court system. Such a group is often referred to as _________.

victim assistance program

The role of victims in fostering the context or triggering the action that led to their own victimization in a crime.

victim precipitation

According to your text, examples of ____________________ crimes include: Gambling, prostitution, and drug use

victimless

Offenses against morality involving a willing and private exchange of good and services that are in strong demand, but are illegal are called

victimless crime

Offenses against morality involving a willing and private exchange of goods and services that are in strong demand, but are illegal are called

victimless crime

Sherry is a 40 year old old white female who frequently participates in prostitution to provide for her crack habit. She was raised in a single parent home and has been selling herself for the last 18 years. She has been arrested several times and has no hope to make a better life for herself. Sherry willingly participates in prostitution and feels as though her actions should not be considered criminal. Which type of crime does Sherry participate in?

victimless crime

A field of criminology that examines the role of the victim is called _______.

victimology

When we say that crime in American is "intraracial," we mean:

victims and offenders tend to be in the same racial group

Criminal acts often termed "street crime" or "ordinary crime" that are the least profitable and least protected are called

visible crime

This particular type of crime includes homicide, assault, and rape.

visible crime

Eli is a public defender who is representing his client in a first degree murder case. A plea arrangement could not be arranged, so the case is going to trial. In a matter of weeks, Eli will be forced to help seat a jury. He is hoping to have a chance to sit jurors that will sympathize with his client, whom grew up in abject poverty and has a low iq. Eli is not sure what the outcome to this case may be considering there is not an eyewitness to this case. During ________, Eli will be able to determine what biases prospective jurors may have against his client.

voir dire

The creation of new crimes and the size of criminal justice agency budgets are decided by legislators responding to the demands of ______.

voters

Edwin Sutherland developed the concept of __________ __________ crime.

white collar

Which of the following is contained in the Fourth Amendment?

warrant clause

If a person is defined as criminogenic, this means that he/she

was born a criminal

In Santobello v. New York (1971), the United States Supreme Court ruled that

when a guilty plea rests on a promise of a prosecutor, it must be fulfilled

What is a "prosecution complex"?

when prosecutors view themselves as an instrument of law enforcement

After deciding that a case should be filed against an offender, the next step of the prosecutor is to determine

which charges to file against the offender

James is a vice president of a local banking organization. He and his wife have been in danger of foreclosure on their home after his wife lost her job last year. James recently found out that he can transfer a small percentage of his client's earnings into his own account without drawing attention to those in power. He has been able to transfer enough money to break even on their mortgage. He is aware that he is breaking the law; however, he does not see his crime as being on the same scale as a violent crime. He is also aware that if he is caught, the criminal justice system will go easy on him because he is a first time offender. When caught, James admitted to stealing approximately $100,000 from his employer over the last year through through financial deception. This is what Edwin Sutherland referred to as ______

white collar crime

Which of the following is TRUE of women in the police force?

women remain a minority in most police departments facing a variety of challenges

Which of the following is true concerning the differences between men's and women's prisons?

women's prisons are smaller

The daytime release of inmates to go to work or school is called ____________________.

work and educational release

When inmates are released from correctional institutions during the day so they may work or attend school, this is called

work and educational release

If individuals in a workplace interact in the workplace and develop norms and shared goals, this is called a(n) ____________________.

workgroup

The unstable __________ lacked all three workgroup criteria: close working relationships, shared values, and reasons to cooperate.

workgroups

A police officer's ____________________ is a complex set of emotional and behavioral characteristics

working personality

Which actions may reduce the fear of crime?

working the night shift

According to the lifestyle exposure model, who is most likely to be victimized because of where they live and how they spend their leisure time?

young black males

The Bureau of Justice Statistics found that most prisoners are

young minority males with less than a high school education

Curfew violations and loitering are referred to as ____________________ crimes.

youthful

Which of the following correctly lists the three levels of state courts?

​Appellate, general jurisdiction, limited jurisdiction

Which of the following is true about the bail system?​

​Bail is sometimes set before the defendant has an attorney.

Which of the following is not a goal of a unified court system?​

​Having courts funded by local government

According to the figure, why is Georgia considered to have an "unreformed" court structure?​

​It has neither reduced the number of courts nor standardized their names.

Why would a local court want to implement a centralized court administration?​

​It would prevent the political party in power from using those positions as "rewards."

Which of the following statement is true regarding work as a judge?​

​Judges are usually able to set their own schedules and work hours.

Which of the following is not a responsibility performed by judges?​

​Making arrests

___________ is designed to remove politics from the selection of judges and to allow the voters to unseat judges.​

​Merit selection

According to Cole and Smith, what is the biggest barrier to effective justice for state courts?​

​The fragmented structure of the judicial system

Which of the following is the most likely to occur when a judge assumes the bench?​

​Will take a pay cut in order to assume a position on the bench

Katie has been charged with armed robbery. The judge has set her bail at $250,000. She is currently in jail awaiting a family member to raise her bail. This is Katie's first offense. She claims that she was forced to commit the crime because she could not pay her rent.​ Katie's family most likely would have to consult a _________ in order to post her bond.​

​bail bondsman

Katie has been charged with armed robbery. The judge has set her bail at $250,000. She is currently in jail awaiting a family member to raise her bail. This is Katie's first offense. She claims that she was forced to commit the crime because she could not pay her rent.​ The judge in Katie's case determined her bail amount based upon​

​bail guidelines.

In the case of United States v. Salerno and Cafero (1987), the Supreme Court decided that the use of preventive detention​

​is constitutional.