American Foreign Policy Quiz Answers

Both elites and the attentive public join interest groups more than the mass public. q6

true

According to Burke and Greenstein, which president's advisory system was competitive? q3

+Eisenhower's Johnson's Neither Johnson's nor Eisenhower's Both

Which of the following countries was NOT a member of the Grand Alliance in World War II, sometimes referred to as the "strange alliance?" q1

= France United States Britain Russia

According to Burke and Greenstein, which was NOT a characteristic of Johnson? q2

= He was an extremely private person who shied away from public appearances Particularly talented legislator He did not particularly enjoy the details of policymaking He had a formidable but specialized memory

What was the name of the Vietnamese leader who led communist guerilla forces against the French and eventually the South Vietnamese government? q2

= Ho Chi Minh Syngman Rhee Le Duc Ngo Dem Diem

According to foreign policy scholar Alexander George, what type of presidential advisory system is best? Q2

= Multiple Advocacy Competitive Cooperative Formalistic

In 1942, to help take pressure off of the Russians, what military operation did Churchill propose that called for Anglo-American troops to invade French North Africa? q1

= TORCH OSS SCORCH SLEDGEHAMMER

As Mussolini was in the Mediterranean and Hitler was in Europe, Japan was the aggressor in the Pacific. Choose ALL of the countries that Japan attacked in 1941. (multiple choices) q1

= Thailand = Malaya = Philippines Vietnam

Which of the following statements regarding the lead up to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution is true? q2

= The August 4, 1964 North Vietnamese attacks on the USS Maddox and Turner Joy did not happen, yet these were the incidents used to pass the resolution Both the USS Maddox and the Turner Joy were attacked by the North Vietnamese on August 4, 1964, leading Johnson to urge Congress to pass the resolution The August 4, 1964 North Vietnamese attack on the Turner Joy led Johnson to urge Congress to pass the resolution The August 2, 1964 North Vietnamese attack on the USS Maddox was later revealed to have never happened, yet Congress used this incident to pass the resolution

In the first lecture, we discussed two frameworks for understanding US foreign policymaking. According to the Shifting Leadership and Politics framework, what factor is important? q1

= The global context Presidential preeminence Domestic politics The expertise of presidential advisers

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the dimensions of US foreign policy continuity according to Sylvan and Majeski?q4

= The micro-continuity flows from meso continuity. Micro-continuity is the repeated use of policy instruments for routine maintenance of problem solving over time Meso-continuity is the recurring deployment of particular policy instruments in contexts where they had not previously been used. There are three dimensions of continuity: micro, meso, and macro.

According to Sylvan and Majeski, why do more powerful states "purchase" the support and allegiance of small states at the international level? (Choose all that apply) q4

=Because smaller states are economically strategic Because smaller states could choose to ally with another powerful state =Because smaller states are geographically strategic =Because smaller states could enhance the reputation of the more powerful state

Which of the following organizations preceded the CIA? Select all that apply. q8

=Central Intelligence Group The Secret Service =Office of Coordinator of Information =Office of Strategic Services

Why is mass public opinion sometimes described as "non-attitudes"? Select all that apply. q6

=Declining civics proficiency among students yields an ill-informed public easily misled by incomplete facts =Domestic issues take precedence in the minds of most Americans =Citizens often hold unstructured beliefs about foreign policy =Citizens hold beliefs about foreign policy founded on partisanship and ideology rather than complete facts

Which of the following is NOT a routinely hostile activity that the US takes against its enemies? q5

=Executing punctuated military operations Decreeing a trade embargo Blocking UN membership Withholding diplomatic recognition

What are the three reasons Diamond gives for the CIA's intelligence failures? Select all three. q8

=Failure to resist political pressure to interpret intelligence in a certain way Failure to learn lessons from past mistakes =Failure of interpretation of information =Failure of factual information gathering

The "united action" proposal was announced publicly by Secretary Dulles on March 29, 1954. Which of the following is the major reason why united action did not materialize? q2

=France and Great Britain could not muster domestic political support for Eisenhower's conditions Eisenhower insisted that three conditions for United Action be met before he would ask Congress Eisenhower had lack of flexibility to construct a supportive alliance Eisenhower was far from being popular, and he received negative coverage for his management of the crisis

Regarding experiments of colonialism, which territory below was acquired by the US in the late 19thcentury AND remains a territory today? q5

=Guam Cuba Philippines US Virgin Islands

Which of the following events mark the beginning of the war in Vietnam? Mark all that apply (multiple answers). q3

=Gulf of Tonkin Incident The death of moderate Vietcong leader Le Duan =Vietcong attack against the American military installation at Pleiku =Vietcong attack against the American military barracks at Qui Nhon

Which president dismantled the Office of Strategic Services?q8

=Harry S. Truman Ronald Reagan Jimmy Carter Dwight D. Eisenhower

Regarding US clientelism, which type of instruments have worked better to yield successful client interventions? q5

=Non-military instruments Military instruments

Choose the three key advisors that influenced Eisenhower's decision regarding Dien Bien Phu. (multiple choices) q2

=Robert Cutler =Arthur Radford =Allen Dulles George Kennan

What is one pro of opinion polls? q6

=Statistics can be used to reveal the validity, reliability, and statistical significance of numerous variables in the survey data Questions measuring "strength of choice" allow scholars to create variables with greater variation and variables that accurately capture public sentiment Survey data are always reliable as they are direct reflections of public sentiment Because people interested in politics are more likely to take surveys, we can analyze the sector of the public most likely to influence foreign policy

Which of the following statements are accurate about the CIA's failure to predict the events that transpired in Afghanistan in 1979? Select all that apply. q8

=The CIA did acknowledge the possibility of an invasion =The CIA predicted that the USSR wouldn't invade because doing so would be a poor public relations move =According to historical documents, the debate within the CIA over the likelihood of invasion mirrored the debate within the Kremlin over the invasion The CIA misinterpreted Brezhnev's public threats to invade Afghanistan as bluffs

According to foreign policy scholars, which part of the public has interest in foreign policy but often lacks the influence to change foreign policy? q6

=The attentive public Sophisticated voters Elites The mass public

According to Diamond, which events epitomize the "intelligence failures" of the CIA? Select all that apply. q8

=The end of the Cold War The Vietnam War =The Iraq War (2003) =The Persian Gulf War (1991)

Which foreign policy powers does the president have as chief diplomat? Select all that apply. q7

=The president can sign an executive agreement, which is an informal agreement with another head of state =The president has the power to make treaties The president can determine the operating budget of foreign embassies =The president can send U.S. Ambassadors to foreign countries as diplomatic representatives

After the Cold War, which of the following factors led to new challenges for the function of the media and its impact on politics? Select all that apply. q7

=The rise of more ideological news sources =The rise of the internet and social media The rise of a bottom-up process where the public pressures the media to report on certain issues and pressures the administration to respond The rise of event-driven news which allow for the media to set the agenda more proactively than previously

Which of the following is a reason cited by foreign policy scholars that the US did not pursue a colonial empire like its European counterpart in the 19thcentury, but instead acquired just a handful of relatively autonomous territories? Select all that apply. q5

=There were concerns among some leaders about the political and economic costs of maintaining direct control of territories =There were concerns about the cost and probability of successfully defending certain territories militarily =There were domestic political concerns about promoting immigration of non-whites =There were political leaders, such as Grover Cleveland, who saw offshore territorial acquisition as imperialist and anti-democratic, at odds with the principles of the American Republic

Which of the following is NOT a way that the US has acquired its client states?q4

=Trade relations with another major power deteriorate When a prospective client wants to switch its international allegiance During planning for a major war When the prospective client regime feels threatened by an internal or external force

How can US enemies be removed? Select all that apply. q5

=Via internal collapse =By US intervention = Via protracted negotiation =By foreign invasion

Which of the following statements about the War Powers Resolution is TRUE? q7

=Within 60 days after reporting the deployment of troops to Congress, the president must terminate any use of U.S. armed forces unless Congress declares war, extends the period, or cannot meet At his or her earliest convenience, the president has to submit a report about the deployment of troops to the Speaker of the House and President of the Senate The resolution was vetoed by President Johnson The resolution was passed primarily in response to the Korean War

According to Scott and Rosati, what is a bureaucracy? q3

A body of non-elected governmental officials who perform administrative duties to help with policy-making A system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected officials An organization of offices that serve as the administrative arm of the executive branch =An administrative organization responsible for carrying out the day-to-day business of government

Which of the following statements about the CIA is correct? q8

According to the budget details on the CIA, most of the budget was spent on field operations President Kennedy signed the National Security Act to create the CIA =When tasked with a covert action, intelligence oversight committees in Congress must be notified The CIA oversees the broader intelligence community

The Korean War gave Truman the impetus he needed to secure political support for which of the following? q2

Aid to Chiang Kai-Shek along with aid to the French in Vietnam Military bases in Japan = Military bases in Japan, aid to Chiang Kai-Shek, and aid to the French in Vietnam None of these answers

Which of the following countries is NOT an example of a U.S. post-occupation client? q4

Austria = Cambodia Italy Japan

According to Burke and Greenstein, whose advisory system better exemplified Alexander George's standard of "multiple advocacy"? q3

Both systems performed similarly in this regard Eisenhower's Johnson's = Neither system performed well in this regard

Choose the top three largest recipients of U.S. resources in 2004.q4

Brazil =Egypt =Japan =Afghanistan

What actions did Johnson take to deliberate the commitment of troops to Vietnam? Mark all that apply. (multiple answers) q3

Called numerous NSC meetings =Convened Tuesday luncheons with 5-6 advisors =Solicited policy proposals from George Ball, Robert McNamara, and William Bundy =Convened a group of outside advisors called the "Wise Men"

The National Security Council was initiated under Truman based on the National Security Act in 1947. Of the following, which position was an original member of the council? Q2

Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff National Security Advisor Secretary of Homeland Security = Secretary of Energy

Which of the following IS TRUE regarding the basics of client state acquisition?q4

Client acquisition does not require the approval of the new client Because the U.S. has renounced several clients, client acquisition is a serious and costly process for the U.S. Many client state acquisitions go over poorly due to the use of U.S. coercion =While there can be a sense of development of clients, there is no "graduation" for clients

Which interest group strategy involves groups using brokers, law firms, public relations firms, and consultants to influence policymakers within the government? q6

Coalition-building approach Technocratic approach Grassroots mobilization approach =Access-to-power approach

Who directs the CIA to undertake a covert action? q8

Congress =The president The Director of the CIA Department of State

Which is the major reason that Eisenhower did not authorize unilateral intervention in Vietnam to assist the French at Dien Bien Phu? q2

Congress was controlled by doves who did not support Eisenhower's goals of intervening =Eisenhower saw supporting France's colonial war as a losing proposition Public opinion did not favor unilateral intervention China threatened to enter the war

Which of the following was NOT a key pillar of US foreign policy during the Cold War? q1

Containment Reconstruction The creation of liberal economic institutions = Nuclear non-proliferation

Scott and Rosati discuss challenges that can manifest in a bureaucracy due to the characteristics that define it. In the last 4-5 administrations, there have been clashes between the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the uniformed military. What challenge do these recent clashes embody? q3

Coordination issues Turf wars =Careerist-appointee divide Inside-outside dilemma

Today, a new consensus exists to replace the Almond-Lippmann consensus. Which of the following is NOT one of the three propositions of this new consensus? q6

Different types of "publics" exist The public holds different types of beliefs =There are times when the public leads policy and times when policy leads the public, but they move together in harmony The public directly influences policy via polls and indirectly influences policy via political socialization

Which of the following statements is NOT true about existing research on public opinion on foreign policy? q6

Early studies suggested that public opinion does not influence how public officials make policy =Early studies suggest that public opinion on foreign policy issues is remarkably stable and predictable Quantitative evidence that public opinion influences policy makers' decisions is difficult to come by compared to anecdotal evidence Contemporary studies suggest that public opinion does influence policy makers' decisions under some conditions

Which president made decisions on Vietnam with a small group of advisors at Tuesday luncheons? q3

Eisenhower Both Neither =Johnson

Presidents rely exclusively on the members of the National Security Council for foreign policy expertise Q2

False

What is the defining characteristic of U.S. foreign policy that concerns Sylvan and Majeski? q4

Idealism Periodic oscillation between realism and idealism Preoccupation with pursuit of hard power = Continuity

Which of the following did the 1950 National Security Council-68 report NOT advocate? q1

Increased spending up to 20% of GNP for military power = The creation of a Central Intelligence Agency to conduct covert missions against Communists The development of strong capitalist economies A greater awareness on the concept of communist contagion

Which of the following is NOT true about the theory of indexing? q7

Indexing results from decisions about who and what the media should cover at that time with its limited resources The range of social voices in the news varies widely on different issues, with the range of voices on foreign affairs often being narrower than the range of voices on civil liberties =The media is an active agent and indexes certain news frames in order to serve as a watchdog on administrative processes Indexing can be perceived as the press acting in a democratically responsible fashion

Which model describes a process where information flows from the government administration to the media to the public? q7

Integrated model =Cascading network activation Indexing media centered model

Which model describes a process where the news media ties story frames to the range of sources and viewpoints within official decision-making circles? q7

Integrated model =Indexing Media centered model Cascading network activation

Which of the following is NOT true about the differences between social movements and interest groups? q6

Interest groups tend to become more formal and less purposive with time =Only social movements tend to be challenging groups Social movements change the way in which people think about an issue Interest groups have longer time spans

During the 1930s, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by _________, a popular sentiment at the time. q1

Interventionism Internationalism Institutionalism = Isolationism

While Scott and Rosati claim that virtually every department in the executive branch contains an international component, what are the three main agencies that comprise the foreign policy bureaucracy? q3

JCS, DOD, CIA USAID, DOD, DOS =CIA, DOD, DOS DHS, DOD, DOS

An article entitled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" published in Foreign Affairs in 1947 by X articulated a position that soon became the quasi-official statement of US foreign policy. Who was X and what was this position? q1

James Forrestal; Domino Theory George Marshall; Contagion = George Kennan; Containment George Marshall; Brinkmanship

Regarding hostile interventions, which type of overt action occurs when the enemy is perceived to be weak and when the enemy is warring against another state or is illegitimately occupying the state? q5

Large scale combat or war =Sustained and asymmetrical bombing Invasion by US troops Combat operations in support of local proxies

Explained by Burke and Greenstein, Stanford professor Richard Tanner Johnson identified three general patterns of White House organization. Whose advisory system, according to Johnson, was the happy median type where divergent points of view could be fused? Q2

Nixon's Truman's Roosevelt's = Kennedy's

After WWII began, but before the U.S. entered the war, the U.S. supported Great Britain against Hitler by lending or leasing military equipment. As a condition for this support, the U.S. asked Great Britain to issue a joint statement with them, endorsing the principles of the 14 Points as goals for the post-war international order. What was the name of this statement? q1

Northern Atlantic Treaty Universal Declaration of Human Rights Lend-Lease Agreement = The Atlantic Charter

What does it mean when the news media displays "selective attention" in respect to international affairs? q7

Only certain types of news sources, such as newspapers, report on international affairs to a near equal degree as national affairs The media emphasizes perceived foreign policy blunders more than successful foreign policy events =The media predominately focuses on national and local news, with international affairs constituting just a small percentage of coverage The media only focuses on foreign policy events that involve the U.S., ignoring all other international affairs not involving the U.S.

What is a social movement? q6

Organizations of people who share common interests and work together to advocate for that interest with the government Coalitions of like-minded people who participate in a movement to both further their own interests and the interests of the country Individuals motivated by material, solidarity, and purposive benefits who form a group to protest some issue affecting society at large =Large coalitions of individuals and groups that loosely unite around certain issues, usually in opposition to the status quo

Regarding U.S. client acquisition, which is the least common form of acquisition? q4

Prewar/Post war planning Switching Danger = Special access

The Almond-Lippman consensus that dominated between WWII and the Vietnam War centered on which three propositions? Select all 3. q6

Public opinion often has little effect on foreign policy, but when a foreign policy failure arises, the public influences policy via electoral retribution =Public opinion has little effect on foreign policy and is instead shaped by policy =Public opinion is volatile. =Public opinion on foreign policy lacks structure and is incoherent

During the Cold War, media coverage focused on the anticommunist consensus which prevailed in society and the government. Which information model describes this pattern? q7

Public pushing =Integrated model Politician-driven model Media centered model

Regarding hostile interventions, which of the following is NOT one of the three types of covert action? q5

Punctuated military operations Coups Aid to internal armed opposition forces =Combat operations in support of local proxies

Regarding US hostile interventions, _____ are the most successful form of covert action and ______ are the most successful form of overt action. q5

Raids; Support of local proxies Raids; Invasion by US troops Coups; Support of local proxies =Coups; Invasion by US troops

As the Commander in Chief, the president has the power to do which of the following? q7

Regulate the naval fleet =Command and direct the movements of the armed forces Raise an army Declare

Which of the following advisors to President Johnson supported expanded military intervention in Vietnam and invented the concept of gradual escalation in retaliation? Q2

Secretary of State Dean Rusk Vice President Hubert Humphry = Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara Head of Military Efforts General William Westmoreland

Regarding U.S. client acquisition, which is the most common form of acquisition? q4

Special access Danger Switching =Prewar/Post war planning

Which of the following factors contributed to the CIA's intelligence failures about the events that transpired in Poland in 1980s? Select all that apply. q8

The CIA failed to recruit confidential informants in the Kremlin because Gorbachev was so popular The CIA failed to realize the full extent of Soviet economic weakness =The CIA misinterpreted the Kremlin's bluffs about sending the Soviet military into Poland =The CIA failed to predict the invasion of Afghanistan and didn't want to make the same mistake twice

In 1947, the U.S. president addressed a joint session of Congress and articulated one of the key US foreign policies during the Cold War, stating that "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. " What is the name of this policy? q1

The Roosevelt Doctrine = The Truman Doctrine The Marshall Plan The Kennan Plan

Which of the following statements adequately describes the relative power of the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War? q1

The USSR has far more national allies than the US within the UN, which meant it controlled the UN Security Council The United States struggled to recruit member countries to its many international organizations, while the Soviet Union easily recruited members of the Warsaw Pact. The USSR was more popular than the United States because the US chose to fight the Korean and Vietnams wars = The United States was more economically integrated with other countries than was the Soviet Union

What was the Marshall Plan? q1

The policy advocated by George C. Marshall to contain Soviet influence to Eastern Europe A military aid assistance program to NATO members = A foreign aid package to facilitate reconstruction in Europe A plan to create a new democratic political regime in Japan

According to Scott and Rosati, what is foreign policy? q1

The study of how foreign actors including states, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, and non-state actors interact to form an international order The study of who gets what, when, and how in the international system = The scope of involvement abroad and the collection of goals, strategies, and instruments that are selected by governmental policymakers The actions that leaders of countries pursue to achieve their national interest

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the routine maintenance of client states? q4

Transfers of U.S. resources to clients vary depending on whether the client is economically deprived or not The earliest ad hoc military assistance involved the Marines establishing and training National constabularies The first real means of providing ongoing financial resources to client states was the creation of the Export-Import Bank. =Economic assistance, military assistance, and military intervention are the three forms of routine maintenance

The events in Poland in the 1980s indicated to other Eastern European countries that Soviet resistance might not be met with invasion. q8

True

There is no foreign policy power provided to the president that is not shared by Congress. q7

True

Which of the following is NOT a unique feature of American clientelism?q4

US clients have clients Use of international organizations US clientelism is more extensive in the intrusiveness =The US severely controls the governmental administration of its clients

Which of the following is NOT a variable that Howell and Pevehouse found to affect the president's decision to use force? q7

Unemployment = Divided government Percent President Party, or the average percentage of seats held by the president's party in the House and Senate Cold War

Which type of interest group is found to be the most effective in producing policy change? q6

Unions =Advocacy groups Think tanks Business interests

The history of US clientelism can be traced backed to the ________. q5

War of 1812 Philippine-American War Mexican-American War =Spanish-American War

What is the revolving door system? q6

When industry involvement increases to support the role of big business in defense production When national security groups such as the Council on Foreign Relations hosts seminars on important foreign policy issues to share members' work When business leaders are recruited into government policymaking to help increase the scale of activities of US business abroad =When military members are hired by the defense industry upon retirement and when defense leaders are appointed to positions within the DOD

Congress was more divided in its opinion about Vietnam during Eisenhower's administration than during Johnson's. As such, Congress had a bigger role in Eisenhower's decision-making than in Johnson's. q3

false

Johnson relied on the National Security Council to identify, evaluate, and debate foreign policy options more than Eisenhower did. q3

false

According to Sylvan and Majeski, US foreign policy is not driven by any overarching goals over and beyond those of helping clients and hurting enemies. Instead, it is driven by the relatively limited set of means the U.S. has at its disposal.q4

true

Lobbying is found to be more effective in producing policy change than constituent pressure and public protest. q6

true

Most US client interventions in the past have been successful. q5

true

According to Burke and Greenstein, education and experience gave ____________ an advantage in decision making in Vietnam. q3

=Eisenhower Johnson

According to Sylvan and Majeski, why will the system of cybernetic decision-making to support US clientelism persist? Select all that apply. q5

=Policy instruments change gradually via a cybernetic process of refinement or not at all US clientelism is popular throughout the world =US clientelism is an ideology =US clientelism protects US interests without necessitating colonialism

Which of the following is NOT a conventional example of the mainstream media? q7

=Politico Los Angeles Times Wall Street Journal NPR

By having the power of the purse, Congress can do which of the following? Select all that apply. q7

=Require that certain conditions, such as progress on human rights, be met in order for some funds to be allocated =Earmark foreign aid funds for specific purposes Prevent the president from aiding certain countries by limiting the donations presidents can receive =Attach certification or reporting requirements on any appropriations

Which of Johnson's advisors OPPOSED the placement of American ground troops in Vietnam? Mark all that apply. (multiple answers) q3

=Undersecretary George Ball =Ambassador Maxwell Taylor Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara General William Westmoreland

Regarding Vietnam, the French requested 400 aircraft plus technicians, plus an additional 25 B-26 bombers with pilots from Eisenhower. What did Eisenhower provide them? Q2

He gave them aircraft, bombers, technicians, pilots, and set of military advisors He gave them aircraft and technicians but no pilots = He gave them exactly what they requested He gave them only the initial 400 aircraft

Scott and Rosati claim that three characteristics form the foundation of bureaucracy. Which of the following is NOT one of these features? q3

Hierarchy Specialization Routinization =Formalization

Which of the following is NOT an explanation offered by Sylvan and Majeski for why US clientelism may soon end? q5

Imperial overstretch War weariness Change in international structure =Client insubordination

Most US client interventions and hostile interventions occurred during ________. q5

The 1990s =The Cold War World War II The War on Terror

According to the Sylvan and Majeski, what is cybernetics?q4

The process by which a specific foreign policy is vetted and filtered through the US foreign policy bureaucracy = US foreign policy is determined by the US government's capabilities, which are employed to achieve short term, immediate goals of helping clients and destabilizing enemies A foreign policy decision-making process in which presidents apply a specific set of criteria repeatedly to resolve routine matters of foreign policy The harnessing of technical expertise for the management of routine foreign policy matters