American History 1

6. What were the causes and consequences of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia?

-Bacon is a wealthy man who buys property in Virginia but blows the rest of his money. He wants to make money by trading with the natives but Burkley denies him rights to trade with Natives. Bacon demands that they get protection from the natives but Berkeley denies his request because he doesn't want to increase prices of taxes caused by a militia. Bacon suggest a commission and gather of volunteers Berkley says no but bacon gathers volunteers anyways and the y create a sort of mob and kill all native Americans even nice ones willing to trade and help. Bacon and his rebels get sick and burkley become in control again. Until Charles the second s people begin an investigation and remove him. Because of this governers are given more instruction. English tightens control on the government in British Colonies.

8. Discuss how the Declaration was written. Explain why it was written. Evaluate its major features and values.

-colonist were outraged at Britians attacks against them. After a year Thomas Paine an Englishman who had recelty arrived had a pamphlet titled Common Sense published in Philadelphia in 1776 and denounced King George and made an argument for independence. It was basically a no brainer and When Henry Lee introduced the idea to the congress they didn't even vote but instead appointed a committee to draw up a declaration of independence. Produced by Thomas Jefferson the committee presented the document to congress. After a quick vote and some against they put the final touches and adopted the declaration

John Calvin

A French lawyer who was a follower of Leuther but had his own ideas known as "Calvinism" believing that God was all powerful and wrathful, to avoid damnation you must receive Gods saving grace. He believed in Saints and that not everyone was saved. Once the ideas of Calvin and Luther spread Europe there was an increase in religious fragmentation.

William Penn

A Quaker who was granted Land from Charles the second for a debt he owed to his father. In 1682 he write a form of government guaranteeing legislative assembly, and full freedom of religion. Pennsylvania became a popular destination for immigrants and develop quickly comparted to New Jersey.

Rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response. Problems are less reliant upon faith and God and more so on science. This is part of the idea of the enlightenment period.

Declaratory Act

Act created by the English parliament to show the colonist that although they repealed the stamp act they still have power over the colonies and the right to make their laws and taxations. This law was also passed to accompany repeal of the Stamp Act that stated that parliament had the authority to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever"

John Smith

After a difficult first year at Jamestown the people looked upon him for leadership. He imposed military discipline on the people and organized there work force. He was on the right track but unfortunately the people believed that their social status exempted them from working. He was wounded in and gunpowder explosion and force to return to England. Leaving the settlers back in the poor conditions.

Charles 2

After the English civil war from 1642-1647 Charles 1 is tried for treason and beheaded so his son replaces him but dies in 1658. They ask Charles to come be king of England. (restoration of stewart line) He took the throne in 1660 and calmed the civil problems creating more attention toward North America. He initially showed little interest in the colonies except as sources of land and government offices with which he could reward his supporters. His brother (Duke of York) encouraged him to create Lords of Trade which was a group of nobles who serves as royal advisers to oversee colonial affairs. He reigned for 25 years and during this time four new colonies Caroline, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York were created.

2. Reasons for the European's initial success against the Indians.

Although disease was a huge factor into Europeans initial success against the Indians, this took several years. The Americas are also far behind due to limited domestic animals to pull therefore there was no sense in creating advanced technology such as the wheel, and therefore the pulley. The Europeans also arrived with guns and gun powder and though not advanced as todays guns they still were able to kill more than the Indians could with one on one combat.

3. Discuss the rise of American Slavery. How did slavery come to exist in British North America? What are some characteristics that make American slavery unique?

American Slavery came into play when there was a need for more labor due to more land being colonized in the Americas. 90% of Slaves arrive in the southern parts of colonies. American Slavery differs in that it was chattel slavery where the people are seen as property, those who are slaves are slaves for life, slavery is inheritable through the mother (in the Spanish colonies the slavery comes from the father) slavery is by race, and American slave population is self-perpetuating. By the 1620s, the labor-intensive cultivation of tobacco for European markets was established in Virginia, with white indentured servants performing most of the heavy labor. Before 1660 only a fraction of Virginia planters held slaves.

Indentured Servants

An individual usually male but occasionally female who contracted to serve a master for a period of four to seven years in return for payment of the servant's passage to America. Indentured servitude was the primary labor system in the Chesapeake colonies for most of the seventeenth century.

Glorious Revolution

Bloodless revolt that occurred in England when parliamentary leaders invited William of Orange (Mary's husband) a protestant to assume the English. After Charles 2 died James Duke of York becomes James 2 of England. He gets remarried and they have a son. Problem is he announces that his son is going to be raised Catholic. This causes them to removed King James 2 from the throne. After James 2 first daughter Mary rules then her sister ann rules and then another line the Hannovarians rule. Hannovarians are protestant and are catually part of todays Winsor line.

John Hancock

Born in Mass. and part of the continental congress, stamp act congress and boston assembily. Clearly for independence form Great Britian. Soon became president of Mass.

Christopher Columbus

Columbus was not the first European to reach the Americas. He died convinced that he had found Asia when actually he had set foot in the Caribbean. This set in motion eventually about 20 years later a process of trade and eventually colonialization.

Anne Hutchinson

Comes from a merchant family, was educated, and knowledgeable on the bible. She believed in anti-nominalism which says that if your saved you will have direct communication with God and that Saints no other need people, government, rules, or community. She was banish from Rhode Island and New York and is killed by the Native Americans.

Mayflower Compact

Crated to prevent the colony from disintegrating into factions before their ship had even landed. This document bound all signers to abide by the decisions of the majority.

New Netherlands

Ethic and religious diversity caused friction. Governor Peter Stoyvescent was strict and only allowed Dutch to practice church. In 1664 Charles 2 grants his brother the Duke of York land and it is already claimed by the Dutch so he easily takes over power because the people didn't like Peter Stoyvescent.

Benjamin Franklin

Franklin was a scholar who gained election to the Royal Society in England. Franklin achieved genuine intellectual prominence by proving that lightening was electricity which gained him an international reputation. Franklin was from Pennsylvania and attended the Albany conference.

George Whitefield

He was an Anglican minister who experience an intense religious conversion and embarked on a tour of the colonies. He emphasized the emotional side of Christianity and would preach loudly using gestures unlike the strict churches with pews. He lead the great awakening and many of the people would become Baptist.

Walter Raleigh

His brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert became interested in the idea of New World colonization. He got sponsored by Queen Elizabeth because he was of her favorite courtiers. He took three trips but was unable to find passage to Asia and on his last voyage he got lost at sea. His half-brother Walter Raleigh took up the expiation to find a colony which became Roanoke.

Jamestown

In 1607 104 settlers arrived but while searching for riches they neglected their food supplies and only 38 were alive after 6 months. Captain John smith was injured and was forced to return to England in 1609. 500 more people arrived for only 60 to remain. They developed the headright system in 1616 giving 50 acres of land for each person brought over. They created the first English America legislative body called the House of Burgesses.

Boston Massacre

In 1770 british soldiers who are working in america are not payed well enough and forced to take on a second job in the colonies. Well the colonist don't like the british and since there are already scarce jobs they are not going to get them. A colonist suggests that the soldier cleans up his shit house and the colonists attack the soldiers. They call for back up and kill 5 and wound 6 of the people in the croud. This causes the townsend duties to be reapealed.

Puritans

Individuals who believed that Queen Elizabeth's reforms of the Church of England had not gone far enough in improving the church, particularly in ensuring that church members were among the saved. Puritans led the settlement of Massachusetts Bay colony. They believed in an all-powerful God who at the moment of Creation determined which humans would be saved and which would be damned. Puritans believed that only those who had experienced conversion should be able to take communion. AKA Separatists.

Albany Congress

Intercolonial meeting in Albany . Several prominent colonists including Governore William Shirley of Massachusetts and Benjamin Franklin, took advantage of the occation to crate the Albany Plan of Union which called for coordinate defense, levy taxes and regulate Indian affairs. It was rejected because colonies were unable to see common interests.

Stamp Act

Law passed by legislation requiring all valid legal documents, as well as newspapers, playing cards, and various other papers to bear a government issued stamps for which there was a charge. This was their first internal tax. The colonists were not happy about this. At first they come peacefully saying they want a repeal but the English states say no and Mass. (the most radical colony) attacks tax collectors. Now there is no one to implement the law and therefore they are not following it causing a delay in business for English.

Gen. George Washington

Leader of the first attack on on France at Fort Necesities. He was also part of the second attack and basically keeps them from being completely defeated when Bradlock is injured. He is a cernal in the colonial army but wants commission from the british but they will not give him equal rank, so he turns down the commission.

Opechancanough

Made plans for retaliation against growing numbers of settlers. They attached the unsuspecting colonist killing more than ¼ of the English population. Though his attack failed it destroyed the Virginia Company.

John Rolfe

Married Pocahontas who had been held captive with her father's blessing. This caused some peace between the two Pocahontas was baptized in the Church of England and renamed Rebecca.

Protestant Reformation

Martain Leuther has questions about the Catholic Church practices and theology. With the help of printing press his argument becomes public and others are able to read the bible for themselves and he gets supporters in Germany because he writes the bible in Germany. Out of this come Leutheranism (Prodestant)

King Philip's War

Metacom aka king Philip led Wampanoags in several attacks on colonies. Eventually headed to western New England and clashed with Mohawks who were allies of the English fur traders in New York and Metacom dies . About1/16 males died making it the deadlist conflict in American history in terms of population / casualty.

Bacon's Rebellion

Nathanial Bacon is a wealthy man who buys property in Virginia but blows the rest of his money. He wants to make money by trading with the natives but Burkeley denies him rights to trade with Natives. Bacon demands that they get protection from the natives but Berkeley denies his request because he doesn't want to increase prices of taxes caused by a militia. Bacon suggest a commission and gather of volunteers Berkley says no but bacon gathers volunteers anyways and the y create a sort of mob and kill all native Americans even nice ones willing to trade and help. Bacon and his rebels get sick and burkley become in control again. Until Charles the second s people begin an investigation and remove him. Because of this governments are given more instruction.

William Pitt

Pitt was secretary of state and directed the British war effort, he was the chief advisor to the king. He created a new method and saw the importance of colonies to the states. He send a good number of forces to the colonies and denied the French from sending any troops over. He changed the promotion system in the army to be based off merit and not seniority. This set off a second phase of the war. Created an adverse in advantage to the English.

Powhatan

Powerful Indian leader, Chief of confederacy of about thirty tribes with 14,000 people, he felt he had little to fear at first with the struggling English. Colonist began stealing so he seized Jamestown nearly starving them. He had a daughter Pocahontas who he allowed to marry an English man.

Proclamation of 1763

Royal proclamation setting the boundary known as the Proclamation Line that limited British settlements to eastern side of the Appalachian Mountains. Stationing of 10,000 troops in the Americas (mostly Canada). Causing Grenville to believe that the colonist should be paying a tax for the defense.

1. Describe the "Columbian Exchange" what is it? What was exchanged? What were its most important results

The Columbian Exchange was the transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred after the first European contact with the Americans. The most catastrophic results of the exchange was the exposure of Native Americans to Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, plague, typhus, influenza, yellow fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and whooping cough. The Old World also brought livestock such as horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, donkeys, mules, black rats, honeybees, and cockroaches. The beast crated problems as well as opportunities for native peoples. The livestock flourished in the new world and helped the Native people immensely. The Old World also brought many plants such as wheat, sugar, barley, apples pears, peaches, plums, cherries, coffee, rice, dandelions, and other weeds. They did not leave empty handed, they receive turkeys from the New World along with Maize, beans, peanuts, potatoes, sweet potatoes, squash, tomatoes, papayas, guavas, avocadoes, pineapple, chili pepper, and cacao. They also contacted a sexually transmitted strain of syphilis.

Enlightenment

The European thinkers of the Enlightenment drew inspiration from recent advances in science that suggested that the universe operated according to natural laws that human reason could discover. The optimistic worldview marked a profound intellectual shift. They assigned God a less active role as creator, and now belief in the power of human reason to improve the human condition. They established rationalism with a firm trust in the human mind to solve earthly problems.

General Court

The General Court was developed from the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company to create this plan of government. It initially included only the shareholders of the joint-stock company but was later transformed into a two-house legislature. Freemen adult males who held property and were church members elected representatives to the lower house as well as eighteen members to the upper house. They also chose a governor and deputy governor.

Townsend Duties

The Townshend duties in 1767 were taxes on all luxery items except Tea. Indirect tax to the colonists but they were not happy. 4 colonies got together to create a circulatory letter of appeal and the secretary of American affairs was not happy. He sends british troops to the colonists and forces them to kick out lower house representatives. Boycotts and protests cause only ¼ of taxes to even be gained and a decrease in business to the English from the colonists.

House of Burgesses

The first legislative body in English America. It set a precedent for the establishment of self-government in other English colonies. Landowners elected representatives to the House which subject to the disapproval of the company made laws for Virginia.

Treaty of Paris (1st)

The signing of the treaty formally ended the Seven Years' War, known as the French and Indian War in the North American theatre, and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe. The two nations returned much of the territory that they had each captured during the war, but Britain gained much of France's possessions in North America. French are kicked out of India.

7. Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts): What were they? Why did Britain impose such harsh measures?

They were created in response to the destruction of property in Boston Tea Party Massacre. The first of these was the Boston Port Act, which closed the port of Boston until Bostonians paid for the tea and uncollected duties. The Administration of Justice Act allowed any British soldier or official who was charged with a crime while performig his duties to be tried in England where he would almost certainly receive sympatheic treatments. The Massachusetts Government Act darastically modified that colonys charter of 1691.Therefore members of the governors council and sheriffs would be apoointed rather than elected. The Quartering Act permitted the army to lodge soldiers in any civilian building if necessary.

4. Explain this quote: "England discovered its colonies and their importance around 1650."

This quote is referring to the fact that the English government really took an interest in profiting from its colonial possession after the English Civil War. This time was also when the Dutch expanded to the new world and entered into a series of wars with the Netherlands. Parliament passed the Navigation Acts which were aimed at preventing Dutch ships from trading in English colonies. The English government sought to exert more power over the colonies in an effort to expand their strategic economic interests. This is entirely consistent with mercantilism, accelerated the growth of the Atlantic economy as well as English possessions in the New world.

Pilgrims

Those separatists from Scrooby left England for Holland and then struggled to make a living so they wanted to move to America. They were called Pilgrims because they thought of themselves as spiritual wanderers and were joined by other separatists and nonsperatists hired to help the colony started. 102 set sail on the Mayflower in September 1620.

Great Awakening

Tremendous religious revival in colonial America striking first in the Middle Colonies and New England in the 1740s and then spreading to the southern colonies. After the enlightenment there was a recommitment to religion. The great awakening caused the colonies to be less willing to accept authority and congregations were voting out ministers.

Roanoke

Walter Raleigh sponsor an expedition sending men to Roanoke, disease is spread and the men are unable to farm and unwilling to cook so Drake takes back the survivors. Another attempt is made in 1587 and this time families are involved. Governor John White gives birth to daughter (first English born on Americas) John white must go back to Europe to get more supplies but is impounded there because of war between Elizabeth and Spain and her impounding of the boats. When he returns everyone is gone. This puts settlement on hold for about 10 years.

Jonathan Edwards

Was a colonial minister with a different preaching style using imagery, and yelling. He was once a student of Enlightenment but says that you still need Gods saving grace. He was a large part of the great awakening.

5. Mercantilism and the Navigation Acts (3 concepts)

improve its competitive position in transatlantic trade, England adopted a policy of mercantilism. The goal was to achieve a favorable balance of trade within the empire as a whole, with exports exceeding imports. Colonies played a crucial roe, since they supplied commodities that British consumers would otherwise have to purchase from foreign competitors. Certain colonial products such as tobacco or rice could have been exported to foreign markets, further improving the balance of trade. Navigation Acts lasted from 1650s-1690s to form a cornerstone of colonies with the rest of the worlds. The first Navigation Act of 1651 said that all trade in the empire had to be conducted in English or colonial ships, with crews of which at least half were Englishmen this was to eliminate Dutch competition in overseas trade. The second Navigation Act of 1660 required all colonial trade to be carried in English ships and the master and ¾ of crew must be English. Created a list of enumerated goods, such as tobacco and sugar, that could only be shipped to England or another English colony. The last Navigation Act of 1696 plugged loopholes in earlier laws and created vice-admiralty courts in colonies to enforce trade regulations.