American History Chapter 27 and 28

Battle of Saint-Lô

Battle in Northwestern France, not part of D-Day

Albert Einstein

German-born theoretical physicist

Election of 1944

Incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought his fourth term in office; he was challenged by Republican Thomas E. Dewey

Enola Gay

a Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, named for Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets, who selected the aircraft while it was still on the assembly line. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb

Neville Chamberlain

a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940

Winston Churchill

a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955

Admiral Chester Nimitz

a Fleet Admiral of the United States Navy. He played a major role in the Naval history of World War II as Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet (CinCPac), for U.S. naval forces and Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CinCPOA), for U.S. and Allied air, land, and sea forces during World War II

Erwin Rommel

a German field marshal of World War II

Ira Hayes

a Pima Native American and a United States Marine corporal who was one of the six flag raisers immortalized in the iconic photograph of the flag raising on Iwo Jima during World War II

Congress of Racial Equality

a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement

War Relocation Authority

a United States government agency established to handle the internment, i.e. forced relocation and detention of Japanese, German, and Italian Americans during World War II

Isolationism

a category of foreign policies institutionalised by leaders who asserted that their nations' best interests were best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance

Abyssinian Crisis

a crisis during the interwar period originating in the "Walwal incident." This incident resulted from the ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) and the Empire of Ethiopia (then commonly known as "Abyssinia" in Europe)

Rosie the Riveter

a cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies

Boeing B17F

a four-engine heavy bomber aircraft developed in the 1930s for the United States Army Air Corps

General George S. Patton

a general in the United States Army, best known for his command of the Seventh United States Army, and later the Third United States Army, in the European Theater of World War II.

Hideki Tojo

a general of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), the leader of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association, and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during most of World War II, from October 17, 1941 to July 22, 1944

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

a guarantee of non-belligerence by either party towards the other, and a commitment that neither party would ally with or aid an enemy of the other party

Korematsu v. US

a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship

A. Philip Randolph

a leader in the African-American civil-rights movement, the American labor movement and socialist political parties

Battle of the Bulge

a major German offensive campaign launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France and Luxembourg on the Western Front toward the end of World War II in Europe

Battle of Iwo Jima

a major battle in which the United States Armed Forces fought for and captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Japanese Empire

Battle of Stalingrad

a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad

World Economic Conference 1933

a meeting of representatives of 66 nations from June 12 to July 27, 1933, at the Geological Museum in London. Its purpose was to win agreement on measures to fight global depression, revive international trade, and stabilize currency exchange rates

Blitzkrieg

a method of warfare whereby an attacking force spearheaded by a dense concentration of armoured and motorized or mechanized infantry formations, and heavily backed up by close air support,[6] forces a breakthrough into the enemy's line of defense through a series of short, fast, powerful attacks; and once in the enemy's territory, proceeds to dislocate them using speed and surprise, and then encircle them

Washington Conference of 1921

a military conference called by President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations—the United States, Japan, China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal[1]—regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia

Strategic Bombing

a military strategy used in a total war with the goal of defeating the enemy by destroying their morale and their economic ability to produce and transport materiel to the theatres of military operations, or both

Tripartite Pact

a pact signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27, 1940, which established the Axis Powers of World War II. The pact was signed by representatives of Nazi Germany (Adolf Hitler), Fascist Italy (foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano), and Imperial Japan (Japanese ambassador to Germany Saburō Kurusu).

The Phony War

a phase early in World War II that was marked by a lack of major military operations by the Western Allies (the United Kingdom and France) against the German Reich

Atlantic Charter

a pivotal policy statement issued in August 14,1941 that, early in World War II, defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. It was drafted by the leaders of Britain and the United States, and later agreed to by all the Allies. The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations

Cash-and-Carry

a policy requested by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt at a special session of the United States Congress on September 21, 1939. It replaced the Neutrality Acts of 1939. The revision allowed the sale of material to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash, assuming all risk in transportation

Interventionists

a political term for significant activity undertaken by a state to influence something not directly under its control

Lend-lease

a program under which the United States supplied Great Britain, the USSR, Republic of China, Free France, and other Allied nations with materiel between 1941 and August 1945

The Manhattan Project

a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II

Braceros

a series of laws and diplomatic agreements, initiated by an August 1942 exchange of diplomatic notes between the United States and Mexico, for the importation of temporary contract laborers from Mexico to the United States

Zoot-Suit Riots

a series of riots in 1943 during World War II that broke out in Los Angeles, California, between Anglo American sailors and Marines stationed in the city and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored

Munich Conference

a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation "Sudetenland" was coined

Manchurian Crisis

a staged event engineered by rogue Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the Japanese invasion of the northeastern part of China, known as Manchuria, in 1931

Pearl Harbor

a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941

Nine-power pact

a treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China as per the Open Door Policy

Five-power Pact

a treaty among the major nations that had won World War I, which by the terms of the treaty agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction

Anti-Inflation Act 1942

allowed Pres to freeze prices and wages, set rations; enforced by the Office of Price Administration

General Douglas MacArthur

an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army who was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II

General George C. Marshall

an American soldier and statesman famous for his leadership roles during World War II and after. He was Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense

Charles Evans Hughes

an American statesman, lawyer and Republican politician from New York. He was the Republican candidate in the 1916 U.S. Presidential election, losing narrowly to Woodrow Wilson.

Robert Oppenheimer

an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is among the persons who are often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for their role in the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons

Adolf Hitler

an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party

Pietro Badoglio

an Italian general during both World Wars and a Prime Minister of Italy, as well as the first viceroy of Italian East Africa.

Benito Mussolini

an Italian politician, journalist, and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country as Prime Minister from 1922 until his ousting in 1943

War Production Board

an agency of the United States government that supervised war production during World War II

Dawes Plan

an attempt following World War I for the Triple Entente to compromise and collect war reparations debt from Germany

Lebensraum

an important component of Nazi ideology in Germany. The Nazis supported territorial expansionism to gain Lebensraum as being a law of nature for all healthy and vigorous peoples of superior races to displace people of inferior races; especially if the people of a superior race were facing overpopulation in their given territories

League of Nations

an intergovernmental organisation founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace

Four-power Pact

an international treaty initialed on June 7, 1933, and signed on July 15, 1933, in the Palazzo Venezia, Rome, smaller nations would have less of a voice in Great Power politics

Enigma

any of a family of related electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used in the twentieth century for enciphering and deciphering secret messages

Baby Boom

any period marked by a greatly increased birth rate

Militarization of the Rhineland

by the German Army took place on 7 March 1936 when German military forces entered the Rhineland. This was significant because it violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles

National socialists

commonly known in English as the Nazi Party, was a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945

WAVEs

established as a World War II division of the U.S. Navy, that consisted entirely of women in the 1940s, but on 12 June 1948, women gained permanent status in the armed services of the United States

Office of Price Administration

established within the Office for Emergency Management of the United States government by Executive Order 8875 on August 28, 1941. The functions of the OPA were originally to control money (price controls) and rents after the outbreak of World War II

Battle of Okinawa

fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific War of World War II

Battle of Leyte Gulf

generally considered to be the largest naval battle of World War II and, by some criteria, possibly the largest naval battle in history

Revenue Act 1942

increased individual income tax rates, increased corporate tax rates (top rate rose from 31% to 40%), and reduced the personal exemption amount from $1,500 to $1,200 (married couples). The exemption amount for each dependent was reduced from $400 to $350

Vichy France

officially the French State (l'État français), was France during the regime of Marshal Philippe Pétain, during World War II, from the German victory in the Battle of France (July 1940) to the Allied liberation in August 1944

Battle of Midway

one of the most important naval battles of World War II. Between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor

Neutrality Acts

passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I

Code-Talkers

people who used obscure languages as a means of secret communication during wartime. The term is now usually associated with the United States soldiers during the world wars who used their knowledge of Native-American languages as a basis to transmit coded messages

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act 1934

provided for the negotiation of tariff agreements between the United States and separate nations, particularly Latin American countries

Sudetenland

refer to those northern, southwest, and western areas of Czechoslovakia which were inhabited mostly by German speakers, specifically the border districts of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia located within Czechoslovakia

Internment Camps

relocation camps for Japanese Americans

Fair Employment Practices Commission

requiring that companies with government contracts not discriminate on the basis of race or religion. It was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the homefront industry during World War II

Emperor Hirohito

the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order, reigning from December 25, 1926, until his death in 1989

Harry S. Truman

the 33rd President of the United States of America (1945-1953)

Dwight D. Eisenhower

the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe; he had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942-43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944-45 from the Western Front

Thomas E. Dewey

the 47th Governor of New York (1943-1954). In 1944 and 1948, he was the Republican candidate for President, but lost both times

Luftwaffe

the aerial warfare branch of the German Wehrmacht during World War II

U-Boats

the anglicized version of the German word U-Boot [ˈuːboːt] ( listen), a shortening of Unterseeboot, which means "undersea boat"

Gee System

the code name given to a radio navigation system used by the Royal Air Force during World War II

Francisco Franco

the dictator of Spain from 1939 to his death in 1975. He came to power through his role as the Generalísimo of the Nationalist faction as it overthrew the elected Spanish government during the Spanish Civil War

Burke-Wadsworth Act

the first peacetime conscription in United States history. This Selective Service Act required that men between the ages of 21 and 35 register with local draft boards. Later, when the U.S. entered World War II, all men aged 18 to 45 were made subject to military service

Policy of Appeasement

the foreign policy of the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany between 1937 and 1939

Good Neighbor Policy

the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries of Latin America

America First Committee

the foremost non-interventionist pressure group against the American entry into World War II

D-Day

the invasion and establishment of Western Allied forces in Normandy, during Operation Overlord in 1944 during World War II, the largest amphibious invasion to ever take place

The Holocaust

the mass murder or genocide of approximately six million Jews during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, throughout the German Reich and German-occupied territories

Anschluss

the occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938

Victory in Europe

the public holiday celebrated on 8 May 1945 (7 May in Commonwealth realms) to mark the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces

Free French

the resistance organisation founded by Charles de Gaulle in 1940 in London to continue the struggle against the Axis powers

WACs

the women's branch of the United States Army

Bernard Montgomery

was a British Army officer