American History: Chapter Fifteen

What were Roosevelt's views on environmental issues?

He believed that natural resources must be conserved.

What was the purpose of the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902?

To irrigate and develop Western lands for business and habitation

How were women eventually granted the right to vote?

With the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution

What was the primary concern of female progressives?

Woman suffrage

Social Darwinism

A philosophy based on Charles Darwin's theories of evolution and natural selection, asserting that humans have developed through competition and natural selection with only the strongest surviving

What was progressivism?

A set of responses to the problems caused by economic expansion and industrialization

Indirect Tax

A tax levied on goods or services rather than on individuals or companies

Direct Tax

A tax levied on income or profits of the person who pays it rather than on goods or services

What was one effect progressivism had on the American public's opinion of government?

Americans expected government to regulate the economy and deal with social issues directly.

Insubordination

Disobedience to authority

In order to provide security for bank customers and oversight of U.S. banks, Wilson supported the creation of the

Federal Reserve

Wilson believed that the result of Roosevelt's policies toward trusts

Gave the government too much power over the economy

How did Roosevelt try to ensure that trusts were both fair to the public and allowed to operate efficiently?

He created the Department of Commerce and Labor to investigate their practices.

How did Woodrow Wilson gain a solid reputation as a progressive?

He enacted many progressive reforms as governor of New Jersey.

How did Governor La Follette reform the political party system in Wisconsin?

He helped pass a law requiring direct selection of political candidates through a primary.

During the 1902 coal strike, how did Roosevelt end the dispute between the union and coal mine owners?

He invited both groups to work together in arbitration.

How did Wilson attempt to prompt American businesses to become more efficient and competitive in the global market?

He lowered the tariff on imported goods by 30 percent.

How did President Roosevelt deal with what he saw as the creation of a monopoly by J. P. Morgan's Northern Securities?

He ordered the attorney general to file a lawsuit, which eventually reached the Supreme Court.

What was one of the great failures of progressivism as a social and political movement?

It failed to address racial, ethnic, and religious discrimination in the country.

What was the progressive stance toward municipal government?

It needed to be run more efficiently using business principles.

What was the primary goal of the Prohibition Movement?

Laws banning the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol

What was the significance of Taft signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff into law?

Many progressives felt betrayed and turned against him.

Journalists who exposed corruption and terrible social conditions were called

Muckrakers

How did Taft's handling of U.S. Steel differ from the policies of Theodore Roosevelt's?

Roosevelt encouraged regulation of trusts; Taft sought to destroy them.

One principle of progressivism was its strong belief that

Scientific principles could alleviate social problems

The Board of Governors of the regional banks had the power to

Set national interest rates and regulate the circulation of currency

Arbitration

Settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider

Theodore Roosevelt's progressive policies became known as

The Square Deal

What three political reforms did progressives push for in state legislatures to make elected officials more responsive to voters?

The initiative, the referendum, and the recall

One important provision in the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 that affected individuals directly was

The institution of an income tax on individual earnings

Referendum

The practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature

What event prompted Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act in 1906?

The publication and popularity of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle

What two ideas did progressives propose to help properly manage municipal government?

To appoint commissions with expert leaders and hire a city manager to oversee the city's operations

Wilson supported the creation of the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, in order to prevent companies from engaging in

Unfair trade practices that limited competition

Who was Roosevelt's desired successor to the presidency during the 1908 election?

William Howard Taft

How did Roosevelt and Wilson differ in their beliefs about how the government should handle monopolies?

Wilson believed monopolies should be destroyed while Roosevelt favored regulation.