American History Unit 8 Ch. 24 & 25

in 1961 berlin had become a city of great turmoil in the 11 years since the Berlin air lift __ million east Germans had fled into West Berlin to the freed from communist rule.

3

In the Bay of Pigs, Most of the invading exiles were either killed or imprisoned eventually Kennedy would negotiate with Castro for the release of the survivors and paid a ransom of __ million dollars in food and medical supplies. Huge embarrassment for Kennedy.

53

once Castro gained power in Cuba he seized 3 American and British oil refineries which worsened relations between the US and Cuba. He also broke up commercial farms into communes that would be worked by formerly landless peasants so American sugar companies which controlled ___% of the crop land in Cuba appealed to the US government for help.

75

In March of 1960, Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba. The US hoped it would trigger a massive uprising to overthrow Castro. Kennedy learned of the plan only __ days after his election and although he had doubts he still approved the invasion.

9

The democrats nominated the governor of Illinois ________. He runs against Eisenhower=Ike.

Adlai Stevenson

On April 17, 1961 about 1500 Cuban exiles supported by the US military landed on Cuba's southern post which was the Bay of Pigs. In the_______ nothing went as planned. An air strike had failed to knock out the Cuban air force. Small advanced group sent to distract Castro's forces never even landed. They lacked American air support and had to face 25,000 Cuban troops backed by Soviet tanks and jets. A huge defeat for America.

Bay of Pigs

______ wrote Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care. Guide books were published on the proper way to raise children

Benjamin Spock

In order to prevent the East Germans from escaping, Khrushchev initiated the building of the ______. It cut the city of Berlin in half. This wall greatly reduced the amount of exiles fleeing from East Germany into the democratic West Berlin. However the wall became an ugly symbol of communist depression.

Berlin wall

The new first family fascinated the public. They were especially intrigued with the new first lady Jacqueline Kennedy who became an icon for fashion and culture. Even the children Caroline and John were the subject of many newspaper and magazine articles. The Kennedy family reminded many of the stories of _____ and the mythical court of King Author.

Camelot

Nixon decided to respond to these allegations in a powerful speech on a new medium=television. It began known as the _______. Nixon denied any wrong doing in the speech but did admit to accepting one gift from a political supporter which was the dog. The speech saved his space on the ticket so he was still able to run. In 1952 Eisenhower and Nixon were elected to office.

Checker's speech

in the 1950's companies began expanding. ________- a major corporation that includes a number of smaller companies in unrelated industries. The advantage of that is that it protects against declines in individual industries. The international telephone and telegraph is an example of this.

Conglomerate

______- was the president of the Rockefeller foundation and became secretary of state during Kennedy's term.

Dean Rusk

after Truman is reelected he proposes an economic program called the ______. It is an extension of FDR's new deal program and included proposals for a nationwide system of compulsory health insurance and a crop subsidy system to provide a steady income for farmers. But congress defeated both measures.

Fair Deal

Two weeks before Kennedy took office president Eisenhower had cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba because of revolutionary communist leader _____who had seized power on the island and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union.

Fidel Castro

About 10% of Cuba's population went into exile. Mostly they went to the US and one community of Cuban exiles started a counter revolutionary movement in _____.

Florida

In 1944 it guaranteed veterans a years' worth of unemployment benefits while they were job hunting. And offered low interests federally guaranteed loans. Millions of young families used these benefits to buy homes, or farms, or to establish businesses.

GI bill of rights

In 1944 there are housing shortages, no jobs, lots of unemployment. Government comes up with ways to fix this. The purpose is to help veterans return to civilian life. It encouraged veterans to get an education by paying part of their tuition.

GI bill of rights

_______ were glorified in movies and on T.V. Time magazine: "the key figure in all suburbia, the thread that weaves between family and community- the keeper of the suburban dreams." Many women weren't happy with this. The number of women working outside the home increase steadily during the 50's but they did not get paid as much as men and were not treated equally.

Homemakers

The ____ original business was communications but then they bought car companies, insurance companies, and hotel and motel chains. The idea is that if one chain fails then they have another company lined up.

ITT's

24 million Americans watched the live television broadcast of Oswald being transferred between jails when ______ shot and killed Oswald

Jack Ruby

_______ was sworn in later that knight on Air Force one after the assassination of Kennedy.

Johnson

______ developed a vaccine for polio.

Jonas Salk

All the showdowns between Khrushchev and _______ made the world aware of how split second decisions separated us from Cold War peace or all out nuclear disaster.

Kennedy

The 1960 debate is especially significant because it shows _____ as young poised and professional, and showed Nixon as old sweaty and nervous.

Kennedy

in the election of 1960, it was really close. _____ didn't win by much. He was the youngest president to ever be elected. And his inauguration set the tone for a new era at the white house one of grace elegance and wit. Present at his inauguration were over 100 writers, artists, and scientists. His speech called for hope, commitment, and sacrifice. "And so my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country."

Kennedy

on November 22, 1963 the president and his wife arrived in Dallas to work out some differences with the Democratic Party. He was riding on the back of an air open limo and when the car approached the Texas School Book Depository (old warehouse) ______ was shot in the head.

Kennedy

He promised to defend Cuba with Soviet arms. The amount of Soviet nuclear weapons sent to Cuba greatly increased in the summer of 1962. Kennedy said that America would not tolerate offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba.

Khrushchev

the summer of 1962. Castro had a power ally in the Soviet Union and their new dictator _______.

Khrushchev

The police charged ______ with killing JFK. He is arrested because his palm print was found on the rifle.

Lee Harvey Oswald

_______ is from Texas and is a member of the house in Texas then becomes a member of the Senate and then becomes JFK's running buddy and then they won together. One of his first things he did was to get Kennedys civil rights legislation passed through congress

Lyndon B. Johnson

Kennedy asked for ______ he was a Harvard university dean, he is the national security advisor.

McGeorge Bundy

The effects of these crises are that 1) Cuban exiles withdrew their support of the democrats and switched their allegiance to the republicans. 2) Castro banned all flights to and from ____ basically shutting off the Cuban exiles from their families in Cuba.

Miami

Eisenhower's approach to governing was called ________. He called for government to be conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings. He avoided controversial issues and he was very popular and gained reelection in 1956

Modern Republicanism

Kennedy saw the Russians putting a man in space as a challenge and said the US would surpass the soviets and send the first man to the moon. In 1969 the US would achieve its goal of landing a man on the moon who is _______ "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind"

Neil Armstrong

During the war the ____ had put price caps on certain items in order to prevent inflation but had pulled them after the war. Eventually they put the price caps back to control inflation to protect the economy from during into a great depression like it did after WWI. Eventually demand caught up with prices and everything was okay.

OPA

On _______ photographs taken by American planes revealed Soviet missile bases in Cuba. Some contained missiles ready to launch that could reach the US in a matter of minutes.

October 14

On ______ Kennedy informed the nation of this and of his plans to remove them. It lasted 13 days. He made it clear that any missile attack from Cuba would trigger an all-out attack of the Soviet Union. For the next 6 days the world faced the terrifying possibility of nuclear war. In the Atlantic Ocean Soviet ships headed towards Cuba and the US navy prepared to quarantine Cuba and prevent the ships from coming within 500 miles.

October 22

_________- a marketing strategy to encourage consumers to buy more material goods by purposely designing products to become obsolete- outdated or worn out- in a short amount of time. Some Americans observe that America is on its way to a throwaway society, very wasteful.

Planned obsolescence

Reading became popular whether is was sports books, novels, cookbooks, magazines etc..._________ and sports illustrated, comic book sales also hit their peak in the 50's.

Readers digest

In 1951 Eisenhower's campaign hits a bump in the road when his VP running mate ______ was accused of profiting from a secret fund set up by wealthy supporters (illegal).

Richard Nixon

________is JFK's brother who became attorney general and JFK relied on him the most.

Robert Kennedy

______- was the president of ford motor company and secretary of defense during Kennedy's term.

Robert McNamara

In the 1948 election a lot of southern democrats weren't happy about Truman's fight for civil rights so to protest his actions they formed their own political party called the __________.

States Rights Democratic Party

_____ were big open lands without any trees and would build houses that all looked the same. You could purchase one for about 7,000 dollars. Most of them looked exactly alike; the first of these towns was in Long Island, NY. Called Levittown in 1957. Despite the rigid conformity Americans loved the openness of the suburbs as opposed to the cities.

Suburbs

In the 1948 election with this break in the Democratic Party, the republicans were able to take advantage of the opinion polls in the early campaign process. This upset Truman so he started working harder to get people on his side and he squeezed by with a victory over New York governor _______.

Thomas Dewey

During the 1950's President _____ is in office, and they said he was not prepared for the job, he was an honest leader and he had a famous saying "The Buck Stops Here". He is the final stop, ultimately it is his call. He faced 2 challenges dealing with the rising threat of communism and restoring the American economy. He didn't really do a good job with either. Social unrest persists

Truman

He did have some success; congress raised the hourly minimum raise from 40 cents an hour to 75 cents an hour. He also extended social security coverage to about 10 million more people.

Truman

He initiated flood control and irrigation projects. He also provided financial support for cities to clear out slums and build 80010 for low income families

Truman

In the 1948 election even though most Americans blamed _____ for the problems after WWII, the democrats nominated him for reelection.

Truman

_______ approval ratings sank to 23% in 1951. A lot of this had to do with the stalemate in Korea, McCarthyism, and the investigation of loyalty in government employees. He decided not to run for reelection.

Truman's

The first break in the crises occurred when soviet ships stopped suddenly to avoid confrontation at sea. Dean Rusk said, "We are eyeball to eyeball and the other fellow just blinked." A few days later Khrushchev's offered to remove the vessels in return for the US to pledge not to invade Cuba. They also agreed to remove missiles from _____ the crises ended and the world could breathe again.

Turkey

In 1963 the _____________ investigated and concluded Oswald shot the President acting alone. In 1979 a reinvestigation concluded Oswald was part of a conspiracy and that 2 persons may have fired at the president.

Warren Commission

Many families lived in cramped apartments or moved in with relatives in response to the housing crises developers like ______ offered homes in small residential communities surrounding cities which were called suburbs.

William Levitt

on April 12, 1961, Soviet __________ was the first human in space.

Yuri Gagarin

another foreign aid program created by Kennedy. It offered economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries. The big purpose of helping these countries was to deter them from picking up Castro's revolutionary ideas. A

alliance for progress

this is a growth in birth rates. Is after WWII from the late 1940's to the early 60's.

baby boom

Kennedy and Khrushchev's images were hurt by the crises. Khrushchev lost prestige in the Soviet Union and around the world. Kennedy was criticized for practicing __________ while others said he missed an opportunity to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro.

brinkmanship

During the 1950's Truman even put his presidency on the line. He asked congress to pass several measures for ____, but they refused.

civil rights

even before Kennedy was elected to the office of the president, he made efforts to support ______. For example, Martin Luther King Jr. and a group of peaceful protestors were arrested and sentenced to jail during Kennedy's campaign. Kennedy called the King's wife to express his sympathy and JFK's brother Robert Kennedy persuaded the judge to release King on bail.

civil rights

Kennedy thought that the Eisenhower administration had not done enough about Soviet threat especially because ______ had now developed in many countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America including Cuba.

communism

buying material goods. This became equated with success. Blenders, dishwashers, fridges, casual clothes, record players, televisions, power lawn mowers, barbecue grills, swimming pools, lawn decorations.

consumerism

Kennedy turns to ________- spending money that you don't have. He increased the budget for nuclear missiles, nuclear submarines, and the arms services. He also increased the minimum wage and provided assistance to cities with high unemployment.

deficit spending

the birth of the credit card. The _______ was the first credit card to be issued in 1950, American express followed in 1958. People were also still taking advantage of the installment plan- buy big ticket items (cars, houses).

diners club

Most women did give their jobs up, but by 1950 more than 1million war marriages ended in ______.

divorce

In the 1948 election the states rights democratic party members were known as ________.

dixiecrats

It was a pretty big deal that they were leaving. It represented the failure of East Germany's communist government and weakened the ______ of East Germany.

economy

Congress was mostly republican in the 1946 election. Finally he took things into his own hands and issued an _______ for the integration of the military and an end to discrimination in hiring government employees.

executive order

Negative: noise and ____ polluted the air, automobile accidents claim more lives every year, traffic jams raised peoples stress levels. The heavy use of cars damaged the roads, public transportation declined. Poor people in the cities were left without jobs and services because jobs and businesses are following middle class Americans to the suburbs which widened the gap between middle class and the poor.

exhaust

The Eisenhower administration had relied on a policy of massive retaliation to deter soviet aggression and imperialism. Kennedy thought that threatening to use nuclear arms over a minor conflict was not a risk he wanted to take. Instead he and his team developed a policy called _____.

flexible response

This allowed the US to deal with conflicts without using a nuclear threat.

flexible response

The other idea is a ______- a company that offers similar products or services in many locations; also refers to the right, sold to an individual, to do business using the parents company's name and the system that the parent company developed. McDonald's got started with the McDonald brothers who developed an unusually efficient service; they used assembly line methods at their small drive through in California.

franchise

The sells man Ray Croc bought the _____ rights and opened the first McDonalds restaurant in Illinois. Where he offered 15 cent hamburgers and the golden arches

franchise

As part of flexible response Kennedy increased defense spending to boost our conventional military forces (tanks, ships, guns) he also created a new branch of Special Forces in the army called the_____. He still tripled our nuclear arsenals to keep up with the soviets.

green berets

Positive effects of Auto mania: Towns along new highways prospered while towns on older roads hit hard times. Helped ______ the nation. More and more Americans took vacations. Simulated production and provided jobs. Drive-ins, diners, fast food, shopping malls.

homogenize

He wanted to ease the tension between the 3 countries so in 1963 he announced that the 2 nations had established a _____ between the White House and the Soviet Government (direct phone line) that would allow the 2 countries to communicate immediately should another crises evolve.

hotline

in 1945 and 1946 many returning veterans faced a ____ shortage.

housing

The result of the baby boom is the ______ generation in American History. The reunion of husbands and wives, they desired larger families because they had the money to support them, they had confidence in the economy, and there was a decrease in the marriage age, and advances in medicine.

largest

The interstate highway system also made ________ possible which contributed to the decline in the railroad industry.

long haul trucking

Tension between ___&____ come up after WWII and this is created by the changing roles of men and women during that time.

men and women

With the _______ Kennedy wanted to provide medical care for the aged, rebuild urban areas, and aid education. But he could not get enough votes and lacked a popular mandate.

new frontier

Kennedy thought his most urgent task was to redefine the nation's _____ strategy.

nuclear

is a clear indication that voters approved of his plan. This would make it difficult for Kennedy to pass any reform measures.

popular mandate

There is increased unemployment, prices soared when price caps were removed, ______ were put back in place and eventually demand caught up with prices.

price caps

ads were everywhere in the 1950's it is the same tactic that we use now. Advertisers try to convince people to buy things they didn't even need using the _______ a sense of belongingness or to keep up with the Jones'.

psychology of needing

during WWII people had to _____ gasoline which gave American's an abundance after the war was over. It was also really cheap. So many Americans bought their first automobiles in the 50's.

ration

No depression happens after WWII. People had been saving and ______- now had money to spend and wanted to spend. Could buy cars, houses. After a brief period of economic adjustment the economy was booming in the 1950's. More jobs opened up and that made more money so people bought more.

rationing

in 1960 the economy was in ______ (economic downfall. Not good)

recession

In 1951 the ______ used the threat of communism, the fall of china to communism, and the alleged bribery and corruption among Truman's political allies to their advantage.

republicans

After WWII as over the government canceled contracts they had with factories that were producing war time goods. This led to increased unemployment and with people out of jobs they were not buying as much so prices ____.

rose

a lot of _______ erupted after WWII as many African Americans in southern cities demanded their rights after fighting in the war.

social unrest

Even though a lot of people resented having to conform, these new jobs did provide them with the opportunity to provide "the good things in life" for their families. One of these good things was a nice house in the _____, with good schools, a safe, healthy environment for children, and friendly neighbors, just like themselves.

suburbs

In the 1950's Owning a car was a necessity if you lived in the ____. Most people had to drive to the city for work. Doctors, offices, grocery stores, churches, and schools were not within walking distance. The interstate highway system was created because of the increase of cars on the road. Also to link cities to their suburbs. All under Eisenhower's administration. More suburbs popped up across the country.

suburbs

in the 1960 election it was the first to have a nationally _____ debate. This makes a difference because the majority of America had never been able to witness a debate before.

televised

Kennedy's domestic policy which is a plan for progress.

the new frontier

JFK created this new organization which is a program of volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It is a huge success. People worked as agricultural advisors, teachers, health aids, or did whatever work the host country needed.

the peace corps

In response, congress placed a ____ against Cuban sugar. Castro continued to rely heavily on Soviet aid and he sharply oppressed anyone who didn't agree with him or his policies. Some Cubans supported Castro and his willingness to stand up to the United States. There was also a group that saw him as an oppressive tyrant.

trade barrier

In the 50's the work week hours decreased to 40 hours, more vacation time with jobs, and labor saving devices such as __________, dishwashers, mowing machines. Spectator sports became very popular. People were able to watch the sports on T.V's and on the news.

washing machines

A lot of people in the 1950's started to move away from blue collar jobs (industrial work) to ______ jobs (office work or professional occupations.) Most businesses did not want creative thinkers, rebels, or anyone who would "rock the corporate boat" so lots of Americans had to give up their individuality and conform to what society wanted.

white collar

During the war about 8 million ____ went to work (Rosie's) they were paid and were able to make decisions for their households. Many were reluctant to give up this independence after the war was over and their husbands had returned.

women

This tension between men and women after WWII led to an increase in divorce rate. Men were used to being breadwinners in the family while the _____ were expected to stay home and care for the children in the households.

women