AMERICAN LITERATURE I MODULES 1-6
What was Freneau's vision that appeared throughout many of his writings?
"Freneau and Brackenridge composed an ode, "On the Rising Glory of America," which Brackenridge read at commencement. It offers an early instance of Freneau's recurrent vision of a glorious future in which America fulfills the collective hope of humankind" (Levine 416).
What is "Self-Reliance," and why did Emerson write it?
"Self-Reliance" was an essay written by Emerson in 1841. In the essay, he argued that we should get to know our true selves rather than look to other people to prompt our thoughts and ideas for us. He wrote it because he wanted people to be themselves rather than worrying about what society thinks and wants for them.
As stated in the textbook, Rowlandson's closing reflections include some of the most moving passages about grief and acceptance in American literature. Cite a passage in the story about her acceptance of the terrible capture that happened to her and how she reconciles it according to her Christian beliefs.
"That we must rely on God Himself, and our whole dependance must be upon Him. If trouble from smaller matters begin to arise in me, I have something at hand to check myself with, and say, why am I troubled? It was but the other day that if I had had the world, I would have given it for my freedom, or to have been a servant to a Christian. I have learned to look beyond present and smaller troubles, and to be quieted under them. As Moses said, "Stand still and see the salvation of the Lord" (Exodus 14.13)"
In his own opinion, what was the first great mistake of Franklin's life?
Using money entrusted to his care for personal purposes.
Which of the following most closely resembles the meaning of Emerson's call "to look at the world with new eyes"?
We must recognize the miracles of spirit in the smallest details of nature.
For what reason did Phillis Wheatley find herself as the object of considerable public attention in her early adulthood?
Wheatley was either 19 or 20 years old when her Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral was published in London. She was a child prodigy, and she was also an African American slave at that time. This was unheard of for this time. (page 420)
What evidence does Wheatley provide that Africans may be redeemed?
Wheatley's own conversion to Christianity
When is John Smith taken prisoner by the Native Americans?
When he is searching for the source of the Chickahominy River
When Rip returns from the forest, no one seems to recognize him. When he describes himself as "a loyal subject of the King, God bless him!" he sends the town into an uproar. Why is his self-proclaimed loyalty a problem?
While Rip was asleep, the United States had been established, and the town wondered whether he was a spy sent from England.
Which of the following descriptions best explains women's roles in the literary marketplace during the antebellum period?
Women were very active in the antebellum literary marketplace, particularly through publication in newspapers and magazines.
How did the outcome of the Civil War and the aborted attempt at Reconstruction in the South affect American writers?
Writers became disillusioned with the ferocity of war and the failure to fulfill promises towards the freed slaves.
What comfort does Rowlandson have during her time in captivity?
a Bible
What metaphor does Winthrop employ to impress upon the Puritans the public nature of their mission and the extent to which the world would be watching the success or failure of their venture?
a city upon a hill
Which of the following committees was NOT formed by the Continental Congress in June 1776?
a committee to determine the guidelines for engaging in warfare
Winthrop uses what legal term to describe the Puritans' relationship with God?
a covenant
When Rip Van Winkle reaches the glen in the Kaatskills with the mysterious person whom he assists, what mysterious sight greets him?
a group of solemn men playing nine-pens in total silence
When describing the ideal Christian community, Winthrop makes extensive use of what metaphor?
a human body
Which of the following images does Edwards NOT use to portray God's wrath.
a tightrope walker
Why did the Native Americans die in large numbers after Europeans arrived in the Americas?
all of the above
According to Thomas Paine, how will the fate of America be decided?
armed combat.
How are Jefferson's claims about natural rights—the idea "that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights"—are presented in the Declaration?
as commonsense concepts that were already well-established and widely accepted
Which of the following does de Crèvecoeur NOT list as a characteristic of an American?
being well-educated and studious
What profession does Franklin's father originally intend for him to pursue?
clergyman
Which of the following adjectives best describes the relationship among writers in the antebellum era?
collegial
Those who view Negroes with a "scornful eye" see their skin color by what adjective?
diabolic
How long was Rowlandson a captive?
eleven weeks
Which the following reform movements WAS NOT influential in American antebellum literature?
environmental protection
Which of the following does de Crèvecoeur's narrator, "Farmer James," NOT claim immigrants will enjoy in America?
fantastic wealth
Which occupation does the narrator claim is most conducive to virtue?
farming
How does Columbus characterize Española in his letter to Luis de Santangel?
fertile and beautiful
How long will God's wrath last?
for eternity - it is never-ending
In closing Common Sense, which attribute does Thomas Paine suggest that "ye that love mankind" should receive into America, since it has been "expelled" from Africa and Asia, and Europe "regards her as a stranger"?
freedom.
With which New Englander was Rowlandson in most regular contact during her captivity?
her son
To whom does Franklin address Part I of his autobiography?
his son
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [A People of God in the Devil's Territories], what does Cotton Mather state as his role in the Salem witch trials?
historian
According to Winthrop, when is it permissible to lend money to another person?
if the person receiving the loan will be able to repay it
In the early years of contact, Europeans were ________________ by Native American orators.
impressed
Which of the of the following DID NOT contribute to the growth of the American publishing industry in the mid-nineteenth century?
increasing numbers of American writers
According to Winthrop, what forms the central connection that knits together the ideal Christian community?
love
What is defined as "the bond of perfection" in Winthrop's sermon?
love
According to Wheatley, what brought her out of Africa?
mercy
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [A People of God in the Devil's Territories], how many of the Salem witch trials did Cotton Mather state that he attended?
none of the trials
In his Common Sense introduction, what does Thomas Paine state he has studiously avoided?
personal details and concerns.
At one point during his description of God's wrath, Edwards quotes and then interprets Isaiah 63.3: "I will tread them in mine anger, and will trample them in my fury, and their blood shall be sprinkled upon my garments, and I will stain all my raiment." Which of the following is NOT one of the responses that people can expect from God according to this passage?
pity
The invention of the ___________________ became a major driving force in leading the European expansion in the Americas.
printing press
Which of the following is NOT one of types of people Thomas Paine names who might espouse the doctrine of reconciliation?
prisoners of the British who long for a return to normalcy
In Common Sense, which of the following does Thomas Paine claim NOT to use in his pamphlet?
private opinion.
What formal structure does Winthrop employ in the first part of his sermon?
question-and-answer
What structural units does Rowlandson use to divide her captivity narrative into chronological sequence?
removes
What are the guidelines Winthrop provides in the first section of his sermon guidelines for?
sharing resources and lending money
While avoiding the terrors of Dame Van Winkle one day in the Kaatskills, Rip hears a sound that begins his odd adventure. Which of the following best describes the sound?
someone crying his name.
In the introduction to Nature, Emerson divides the universe into which two components?
soul and nature
At the end of the narrative, who gives Rowlandson and her family a place to live?
the South Church in Boston
Which of the following is NOT a grievance listed in the Declaration?
the compulsion of colonists to join the Anglican Church
What causes Rip Van Winkle to fall asleep?
the liquor he drank from the flagon
Emerson states that one class of person is best able to see the "integrity of impression" made by the land. Who is this person?
the poet
What phrase does Edwards use to describe the force that stays God's hand from smiting us in his wrath?
the sovereign pleasure of God
How long did Columbus's first voyage take from the Canary Islands in Europe to his initial landing in the Americas?
thirty-three days
According to John Winthrop, there are a number of reasons God created both wealthy and impoverished classes. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?
to demonstrate the compassion of Christians to non-Christians in New England
Why do the Native Americans hold a three-day ceremony involving both dancing and chanting around John Smith?
to determine what Smith's intentions are towards them
What favor did Columbus initially ask of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella on an earlier expedition prior to his letter concerning his fourth voyage?
to grant him the authority of both admiral and governor of the islands
According to Thoreau, what is the goal of life?
to live life freely and uncommitted
According to Thoreau, what is the best method for students to learn about life?
to live life from beginning to end
To what cause does Bradford attribute the weakening of the Plymouth community, starting about 1632?
too much prosperity
Territorial expansion to the West and the increasing accessibility of the West through the development of roads, canals, and railroads sparked the popularity of what literary genre?
travel writing
What charge was levied against Columbus when he was imprisoned on the island of Hispañola?
treason
What is the one feature that Thoreau most wants out of life?
truth
How long is Rip asleep in the woods?
twenty years
After establishing their colony at Plymouth, the Pilgrims faced a difficult first winter. How many of the approximately one hundred people who landed survived this first season?
twenty-four
What payment must Smith make to the Native Americans for his freedom?
two cannons and a grindstone
How long did Henry David Thoreau live at Walden Pond?
two years and two months
Thoreau examines the essential components for life as he details the simplified life he constructs for himself at Walden Pond. According to his list, what is the most requisite element man needs to survive?
warmth
According to the Declaration, when do citizens have the right to abolish their government?
when the government no longer protects people's rights
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [A People of God in the Devil's Territories], the devil decided to make a most surprising and snarled attempt at ruling over the territories once again by introducing what sin into the Puritan colony?
witchcraft
What were John Smith's main arguments (reasons) for encouraging the Pilgrims to settle in the "New World"? List and number at least 3 found in the Introduction information.
1. A large amount of land was available for plantations. 2. Land might be bought for a very low price. 3. If they didn't seize the land first, they would be betraying their nation and religion.
Explain/List some differences between the Pilgrims and the Puritans of this time in the early 1600s. List and number at least 4 in your answer.
1. The Puritans wanted to convert the Native Americans to Christianity. 2. More people from lower social classes made up the Pilgrims. 3. The Puritans were more educated than the Pilgrims, who were less so. 4. The Puritans migrated to Massachusetts, while the Pilgrims settled in Plymouth.
In what year did Christopher Columbus set sail for the voyage to the "New World"?
1492
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [A People of God in the Devil's Territories], how many confessed to signing the devil's book to agree to be used for his witchcraft purposes?
21
How many colonists died in the summer of 1607?
50
What was the Young Ladies' Academy, and why was it such a profound establishment at that time in America's history?
A group of women called the Young Ladies' Academy battled for women's equality, which was unheard of at the time.
As described in William Bradford's biographical information in the textbook, who were the "Separatists" and what was their belief?
A separatist is a person who supports the separation of a particular group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender. Compared to the Puritans, the Separatists were very different. Both parties believed that the Church had become so corrupt, so they wanted to separate. The Puritan's desire was to fulfill the church. On the other hand, the Separatist's desire was to cut all ties with the church because they did not believe it to be a "true church" anymore.
Which of the following best describes the production of the text printed in The Norton Anthology of American Literature as "The Iroquois Creation Story"?
A transcription and translation of an oral tale, written down by a nineteenth-century member of the Tuscarora tribe.
What explicit assumption of Americans is this poem working actively to dispel?
Africans cannot be Christians.
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], who was Allin Toothaker?
Allin Toothaker testified out for Richard, who was the son of Martha Carrier. He had some differences with Richard and he pulled Allin down by the hair of his head. When he tried to strike back at Richard, he fell down flat and was unable to move his hands or feet until he told Richard that he would not fight back. After he said that, "he saw the shape of Martha Carrier go off his breast" (Levine, A-330).
Although the Pilgrims were religiously motivated to relocate to the "New World," discuss why this was not the only factor involved in their decision to set sail.
Along with religion, the "New World" movement also promoted the idea of wise investments.
Why were American authors undervalued by literary critics in the early twentieth century?
American literature was not taught at the university level.
Explain how Anne Bradstreet uses references to the sun, seasons, and the zodiac signs to represent her feelings about her husband's extended absence as written in her poem, "A Letter to her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment." Be sure to include specific references to the poem and explain those references in your own words.
Anne Bradstreet uses several references to the sun, seasons, and the zodiac signs to represent her feelings about her husband's extended absence in her poem "A Letter to her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment." For example, she says, "I, like the Earth this season, mourn in black, My Sun is gone so far in's zodiac." This statement means that Anne is referencing herself to the Earth, which is cold during this season; and referencing her husband to the Sun, which is warm because he's in the zodiac but he has gone so far away from her. Also in the poem, she says, "Return, return, sweet Sol from Capricorn." By this statement, she is saying that her husband is out traveling in the sun through the Capricorn. She wants him to return to her to warm her because she is referencing that it is the winter days and he is her warmth.
What term does Emerson use to describe man's creation of beauty?
Art
Possibly, the biggest introduction of slavery was begun by Columbus when he first decided to capture Natives upon landing in the "New World" for the first time. According to the "Introduction" in the textbook, what is the origination of the word "slave"? In addition, how did this first act of Columbus' decision to enslave Natives result in future instances of race-based slavery? Write 3-4 sentences explaining this historical evolution of slavery in your own words.
As stated in the "Introduction" of the textbook, "The rapid introduction of slavery of Native Americas by Europeans, which Columbus helped initiate, reflects both historical practices and contemporary developments. The word "slave" derives from "Slav," which refers to speakers of Slavic language, in central and eastern Europe. Originally, slavery started long before Columbus set sail. Africa has already seen slavery by the early to mid-1400s. Pope Nicholas V approved the enslavement of non-Christians in 1452; these people were mainly Africans and Native Americans. However, Columbus attempted to create markets for purchasing and exchanging Native American slaves. They didn't succeed in doing this because so many people died from diseases, but they did start bringing African slaves as soon as they got there.
Where is it understood that Christopher Columbus first landed in 1492?
Bahamas
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], who were Benjamin and Sarah Abbot?
Benjamin Abbot was a man who gave his testimony about Martha Carrier. He stated that "this Carrier was very angry with him" (Levine, A-330). She cursed him and he came down with a sore in his foot that had to be drained. After that, he came down with another sore in his groin. He almost died and had to have the sores lanced several times by Dr.Prescot. He felt better immediately when Carrier was taken into custody. Sarah Abbot was Benjamin's wife. She testified with him and even mentioned that Martha Carrier killed their cattle.
Which of the following people joined Jefferson on the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence?
Benjamin Franklin
Which city does Thomas Paine use as an example of the grievous harm the British have already inflicted on the colonies?
Boston.
In lines 21-36 in the poem, "Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666," Bradstreet seems to be walking by the ruins at some later point after the fire has consumed her house. How does Bradstreet feel as she walks by? What material items does she miss in particular? Do you recognize the Biblical allusion in the phrase "all's vanity"? What does that mean? Be sure to address each question.
Bradstreet feels sad as she walks by the house and sees what used to be her things. She says, "Where oft I sate and long did lie. Here stood that trunk, and there that chest." By this phrase, she is saying she misses where she sat down and ate and where she laid down to rest. She looks and knows that there used to be a trunk and chest over there and she misses not seeing it. She misses her personal belongings that were in the chests and trunks. She kept her favorite things in there and now they are just ashes. I did recognize the Biblical allusion in the phrase "all's vanity." That phrase means that all life on earth is just temporary, but she knows that her permanent home resides in heaven.
In Paine's Common Sense, which of the following is NOT a reason provided by the proponents of a union between England and America?
Britain is America's sole ally on the European continent.
Wheatley makes one allusion to the Old Testament in the poem. To whom in the Old Testament does Wheatley refer?
Cain
In a paragraph of 4-5 sentences, explain who Canassatego was and his significance in early American history.
Canassatego was an Onondaga Indian. Originally, Canassatego had no connection to the leaders of Onondaga, but he rose as a negotiator of several treaties between the Iroquois and the English colonies. He achieved that status because he was a skilled orator and political tactician. In 1742, he played a significant role in negotiating with Pennsylvania government officials over compensation for land. He also played a significant role in the Lancaster Treaty proceedings in 1744. He had meetings at Albany in 1745 and Philadelphia in 1749. He died in 1750, possibly from being poisoned.
Where did Columbus initially believe he'd landed when he first sighted what is now modern-day Cuba?
China
Who is the explicit audience of this short poem?
Christians
According to Emerson, all of the uses of the world can be divided into which four categories?
Commodity, Beauty, Language, and Discipline
Explain what occurred in Cotton Mather's home life concerning his immediate family situation. On top of that tragic situation, what responsibilities did he incur from his extended family? Did he "cave" under this pressure or thrive despite it?
Cotton Mather experienced some difficulties in his home life concerning his immediate family situation. In the textbook, it states, "His first two wives died, and his third wife became mentally ill" (p. A-325). Also, he had fifteen children but only six of them made it to adulthood, and only two of them lived to his death. He experienced lots of death in his family with his wives and children. On top of those tragedies, he had problems with his extended family. His extended family put ultimatums on his financial assets. He did not cave under the pressure but instead, he thrived despite it. He was committed to being a good person and he took great content in "organizing societies for building churches, supporting schools for the children of slaves, and working to establish funds for indigent clergy" (Levine, A-325).
Although Cotton Mather wrote over 400 works, what did some of the more engaging writings concern? Why were they more popular and engaging for that time period? Explain what was going on at that time with the Puritans.
Cotton Mather wrote over 400 works, but his more engaging writings concerned "the witchcraft trials at Salem" (Levine, A-326). The Salem Witch Trials were a popular and engaging topic during this time period because the topic brought tension between the Puritan worldview and a science-based worldview that was beginning to emerge. The Puritans believed that when strange things started happening around them, it was their job to turn to their religion and have God take care of it. When the people started acting like witches, the Puritans believed it was their right from God to get rid of them. So, the Puritans took help in the Salem Witch Trials because they were for getting rid of the indifferent people around them.
Identify Cotton Mather's grandfathers (2), and his father, and why each man was important. How did their success affect Cotton Mather's life, career, and livelihood?
Cotton Mather's grandfathers were Richard Mather and John Cotton. Cotton Mather's father was Increase Mather. His grandfathers were some of the leading first-generation ministers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. His father was a prominent minister. All of the men published frequently on "theology, church polity, history, and the natural sciences" (p.A-325). To him, he believed that their success was an inheritance to him. He felt like he had to live up to their standards because that was the way he was viewed. With that, came great nervous disorders and it caused him to struggle with feeling like he had to live up to their expectations.
How did the events related to the Salem witch trials of the late 1600s seem to be tied to (and maybe even influence?) some of the social and economic changes during the late colonial period?
Due to the lack of education among many of the population, they reacted in anger and fear to what they did not comprehend. They did not support some of the more educated people's actions because they did not comprehend them.
What personal challenges did Anne Bradstreet endure during her young adulthood? Include at least three in your answer.
During her young childhood, Anne Bradstreet endured a lot of personal challenges. The first challenge is that she "endured a bout of rheumatic fever" which led to several periods of fatigue. Another challenge was that her husband was the secretary of a company and a governor of the colony, therefore he stayed gone a lot while she was at home caring for their eight children. Lastly, in 1666, her house burned and she lost a lot of her personal belongings including some manuscripts.
Explain the events that took place that led up to the drafting of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Be sure to include the names of the major figures that helped to bring about this historical occasion.
During the French and Indian War, a sizable war debt was building up. The British started heavily taxing the colonies in 1763 after winning the war. The colonists had had enough of the escalating taxes in April 1775, triggering the Battles of Lexington and Concord, which kicked off the American Revolutionary War against Britain. The Second Continental Congress, which was formed that summer to oversee the war effort, was composed of members from every colony. Virginian Richard Henry Lee proposed that these colonies become free, sovereign states. John Adams of Massachusetts and Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania served on a committee led by Thomas Jefferson, also from Virginia. These men created the Declaration of Independence and published on July 4.
Emerson is largely known for his works entitled Nature and "Self-Reliance." Based on these writings, what fact is interesting regarding his father's career, as well as his own matching career for a short time? Be sure to include specifics about the careers, as well as the contrasting ideas of these two major works of literature. Also, what caused the contrasting ideas? Be sure to write a good, detailed paragraph of 5-6 sentences.
Emerson's father was a Unitarian minister. At the age of nine, Emerson's aunt sent him to Boston Public Latin School. And then, he was sent to Harvard college at the age of about fourteen. He graduated from Harvard and was studying theology as he began preaching as a Unitarian. Emerson's poem Nature discusses people's spirituality, which contrasts with his earlier career, which was centered on religion. Contrastingly speaking, Emerson wrote a poem titled "Self-Reliance" in which he discussed independence, being one's own self, and, in general, not going with the flow. In comparison to "Self-Reliance," which promotes doing what you want rather than what other people want you to do, "Nature" advocates the idea that individuals should become one with nature.
According to Thoreau's philosophy, why is it a misfortune for a man to become a farmer or to inherit a farm?
Farming requires too much work, so man is unable to have enough time to think and develop his mind.
How did the lives of Native Americans change in the nineteenth century after the American Revolution? Also, who was Tecumseh, and what role did he play?
Following the American Revolution, a number of social movements were formed to combat wrongdoings such as the abuse of jails, the death penalty, the existence of war, and the treatment of the blind and disabled. Tecumseh was a revered Shawnee chief. In the War of 1812, he served as the leader of the confederacy that fought alongside Britain in an effort to prevent the colonists from annexing his area.
How does Franklin become the sole owner of his own printing press?
Franklin buys out his printing partner who wants to return to farming.
Why does Franklin submit his first articles for his brother's newspaper anonymously?
Franklin knows his brother will think he is too young to write well.
What happens to Franklin's relationship with Miss Read?
Franklin marries her after she has been separated from her first husband.
After two years working for the family business as a candle- and soap-maker, Franklin is apprenticed to his older brother James as a printer. Why does Franklin's father apprentice him to the printing trade?
Franklin shows a great aptitude for reading.
According to Bradford, what did the Pilgrims use to sustain them in their trials upon their arrival on Cape Cod?
God and his abundant grace
If He is so wrathful, why doesn't God smite the wicked now instead of waiting?
God is waiting for some sign that people believe in Christ, but he is ever ready to smite those who turn out not to believe.
What did Winthrop believe would happen if the Puritan community in America failed to live up to its ideals?
God would punish them harshly for their failure.
What is the only alleviation in God's anger that people can expect?
God's wrath will only be what justice requires.
How did Emerson view slavery and women's rights? How did he seek to make his views known?
He argued in favor of women's rights and he loathed slavery. In 1855, he spoke before a women's rights convention about how he supported women's rights to vote. He also spoke about women having property the same as men did and entering schools as freely as they entered the churches.
Why is Edwards giving this sermon, if everyone is in such mortal peril from God's wrath?
He believes we must be awoken to our peril so that we may experience conversion.
What point did Jefferson make about slavery in his first draft of the Declaration?
He complained that the king had imposed the slave system on American colonists against their wishes.
After building his house and cultivating a few crops, why does Thoreau ultimately leave Walden Pond?
He decides it is time to lead other lives.
How was Columbus able to take possession of the islands he encountered on his first voyage to the Western Hemisphere?
He found no opposition from the islanders upon his landings, so he simply claimed the islands for Spain.
How does John Smith avoid execution when he's first captured by the Native Americans?
He impresses the natives with his ability to use a compass to describe the world.
What does the narrator of "Rip Van Winkle" describe as "the great error in Rip's composition"?
He is unwilling to work for monetary profit.
How did Franklin learn to write well?
He read the Spectator.
How does Thomas Paine refute the idea that there is more materially to be gained by staying with Britain than by revolting against it?
He shows how British wars with other European countries hurt American trade in Europe.
What does Crèvecoeur's narrator do when he encounters a slave being tortured?
He walks away.
Once Rip tells the townspeople what happened to him, they consult old Peter Vanderdonk, who confirms that the Kaatskills are haunted. Whom does Peter name as the Dutch explorer who periodically appears in the mountains?
Hendrick Hudson
In Bradstreet's poem, "Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666," contrast her first reaction (lines 7-10) and her second reaction (lines 11-15) concerning the burning of her house. How were her two reactions different?
Her first reaction was that of sadness and crying out to God for help. She says, "And to my God my heart did cry to strengthen me in my distress." She was asking God to help keep her calm amidst the distress that was going on in her life. Her second reaction was that of her thanking God. She says, "And when I could no longer look, I blest His name that gave and took." She was thanking God for turning all of her possessions to ashes. She believed that it was God's will and that God would help her with everything that she needed.
Since Anne Bradstreet is known to have been a pious Puritan, why is the poem "A Letter to her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment" unlike one that would be expected from a Puritan wife and mother? What lines include some "worldly" or intimate details that might not be expected?
Her poem is unlike one that would be expected from a Puritan wife and mother because of various reasons. She plainly is stating that she misses her husband and that she wants him home because he's her warmth in life. In the poem, it says, "Within the Cancer of my glowing breasts." Most puritans were not one to usually use language such as "breasts." They were very pure and clean and it was unlikely for them to talk in that language.
According to Smith, what did President Edward Maria Wingfield, the first leader of the Jamestown colony, do with the food supply for the settlers?
Hoard most of the supplies for his personal use
Why does humanity need Nature, according to Thoreau?
Humanity must be refreshed and renewed by the sights in nature.
Did Anne Bradstreet conform to her Puritan faith wholly? Why or why not? Explain Bradstreet's thoughts about the Puritan religion and her faith.
I do not think that Anne Bradstreet conformed to her Puritan faith wholly. On pages A-212 in the textbook, it states, "she never saw any convincing miracles, and she always wondered if the miracles she read about "were feigned."' This statement leads me to believe she was questioning her Puritan faith. She wasn't sure if what she was believing in was actually true. She eventually came to believe that her eyes were to give her the best evidence on God's existence.
Does the poem successfully balance Bradstreet's love for her husband and her love of God? Can you see her struggle to do so?
I think Anne struggles with loving her husband more than she loves God. In the poem it says, "The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray." By saying this, Anne is stating that she hopes by loving her husband rightfully and wholly, that God will reward her in heaven for it. In the poem, she does not mention loving God the way that she loves her husband.
How do you understand the final two lines of the poem? What do you think Bradstreet means when she enjoins her husband to "persever" in love so that they "may live ever"?
I understand the final two lines of the poem as Anne is saying that while they are alive, they should stay true to each other so that when they do die, they will live forever. She enjoins her husband to "persever" in love so that they "may live ever" because she believes that if they stay true together and love each other rightfully, that they will live forever.
How would you describe the tone of the poem "On Being Brought from Africa to America"? Grateful? Rebellious? Measured? Humble? Outraged? Apologetic? A mixture of these? Explain your answer with references to the literature to support your claim.
I would describe the tone of the poem as grateful and humble. In the poem, "On Being Brought from Africa to America," Wheatley was grateful that she had the chance to come to America and be saved. In the poem, she says, "Taught my benighted soul to understand That there's a God, that there's a Savior too" (Levine, A-715). This statement was showing that she was thankful to be saved and know that there was a God who saved her.
After reading "The Wild Honey Suckle," explain the ways that Freneau compares the honey suckle plant to a life cycle. Be sure to include specific references from the poem.
In "The Wild Honey Suckle" Freneau compares the honeysuckle plant to a life cycle. In the first line of the poem, he uses the words "Fair" and "comely" (Levine, A-708). Those two words are most of the time used to describe an infant when it is first born. In lines 3 and 4, he uses the words "Untouched" and "Unseen" (Levine, A-708). These two words are used to describe how when an infant is born, the mother protects it from being seen or touched by people on the outside. Also, in lines 3 and 4, he talks about how "thy honeyed blossoms blow" and "thy little branches greet" (Levine, A-708). In those statements, Freneau is explaining how the honeysuckle grows just as an infant does. Towards the end of the poem, in line 13, Freneau says "Smit with those charms, that must decay" (Levine, A-708). Here, he is saying that the honeysuckle must die just as humans must die.
After reading Anne Bradstreet's biographical information in the textbook, explain why her poem "Before the Birth of One of Her Children" seems rather melancholy in tone, rather than what would normally be a joyous occasion. Be sure to include one or two specific references of this melancholy tone in the poem.
In Anne Bradstreet's "Before the Birth of One of Her Children," the tone of the poem is showing more sadness than joy. Her poem is written this way because this poem was written in the 17th century when women often died trying to give labor. In the poem, it says, "But with death's parting blow is sure to meet." Saying this, she knows that she is possibly facing death because she is pregnant and is about to give birth. She knows that death is a possibility in this case because it is so common during this time period that she is in. Also in the poem, she says she sheds "salt tears." This phrase means that she herself is not sad about the thought of dying but instead is sad for her children and husband who she would leave behind.
How does J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur define an American in his 1782 book Letters from an American Farmer? Write your answer in 2-3 sentences.
In Letter III, Crevecoeur described "the American" as a "new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions." The American people were "a mixture of English, Scotch, Irish, French, Dutch, Germans, and Swedes," he wrote, emphasizing that they farmed their own land and peacefully practiced various faiths, including Roman Catholicism, Quakerism, and several forms of Protestantism" (Levine 4).
In a paragraph of 4-5 sentences, briefly explain who the Cherokee women were, and include an explanation of the Cherokee Women's Council's letter to then Governor Benjamin Franklin and its significance in early American history.
In a traditional matriarchal Cherokee society, women held all the authority within their families. They were also over land usage, they occupied political offices, and they participated in diplomacy. The rhetoric of the Cherokee women often focused on the physical and emotional bonds between mothers and children as a reason to keep peaceful relations with the rival powers. On September 8, 1787, they wrote a letter to Governor Benjamin Franklin asking Congress to pay attention to their desire for peace.
At what point in the poem does Bradstreet introduce spiritual concerns and ideas about the afterlife? What is the relationship between her passion for her husband and her commitment to a Puritan ideal of a union with God?
In line 10, Anne says "The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray." By saying this, she thinks that she and her husband will be joined together in the afterlife, or at least she prays that they will. She loves her husband endlessly and she thinks that if they stay true to one another, then they will live together forever in the afterlife. For most puritans, it was not known to speak of the husband the way she did in this poem. She uses intimate phrases, which most Puritans did not believe in. So, she wants to express her love for her husband but she also wants to stay committed to the Puritan ideal of a union with God.
In the poem "On the Religion of Nature," who are the "Sophists" and what does Freneau think of them? Why?
In the footnote on page 419, Sophists are teachers of philosophy. (He may have been referring to all Puritans, Congregationalists, Quakers, and any other denomination really.) For example, Puritans thought nature (how we were born) was evil. Enlightenment thinkers were opposite. Freneau thinks it's pointless to ponder on or believe in such things. Nature makes us good. Evil comes from somewhere else (society?).
Compare the last two stanzas of Freneau's "On the Religion of Nature" to Jonathan Edwards' "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." What stark contrast is revealed between the two schools of thought?
In the last two stanzas of Freneau's "On the Religion of Nature," he states that it will not matter if one does or does not believe in God. In the poem, Freneau says, "It damns them not for unbelief" (Levine, A-713). He believed that they would not be sent to hell or wherever for not being a believer in a certain religion. In contrast, in Jonathan Edwards' "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," he believed that they would be punished for not believing in God. He talks about how sinners will be punished by God and that the punishment will be worse than they could ever comprehend.
In the poem "On the Religion of Nature," what evidence do you see of Freneau's religious beliefs? Include at least one example as evidence in your answer.
In the poem, "On the Religion of Nature," Freneau's religions beliefs are made very clear. From the poem, one can see that he was a firm believer in the ideas and the nature of enlightenment. He was against religion that was tied to one single belief. In the poem, it states, "That power of nature, ever blessed, Bestowed religion with the rest" (Levine, A-713). From this statement, one can see how Freneau believed that there was religion and peace in nature. He did not believe that religion was of God, but of nature.
In the poem "The Indian Burying Ground," how does Freneau characterize the difference between how Indians and Europeans are buried? How does this relate to each group's (stereotypical) beliefs about the afterlife? *Be sure to read the footnote in the text before answering.
In the poem, "The Indian Burying Ground," Freneau characterizes the difference between how the Indians and how the Europeans are buried. In line 1, he says, "In spite of all the learned have said" (Levine, A-709). When saying "the learned", he is referring to the Europeans. He says that the Europeans are buried in a "posture" that "Points out the soul's eternal sleep" (Levine, A-709). When saying this, he was meaning that the Europeans are buried flat on their backs in a sleeping position. On the other hand, he says that the Indians are "seated with his friends" and "shares again the joyous feast" (Levine, A-209). When saying this, he was meaning that the Indians are buried in a way that conveys activity and vitality for the afterlife. Freneau concludes the poem by saying that the way the Europeans approach death, leaves a small amount of room for them to live on in the afterlife. Contrastingly, the Indians believe heavily in the afterlife considering the way that they buried their people.
In Wheatley's "To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth," what great comparison is made between two unlikely entities? Give some examples of this comparison and explain the meaning.
In the poem, "To the Right Honourable William, Earl of Dartmouth," she is comparing the colonies' relationship with England to a slave's relationship with a slaveholder. Wheatley says, "Fair Freedom rose New England to adorn" (Levine, A-716). By this statement, she was comparing how when freedom came to New England it was a happy adorned day. On the other hand, she starts talking about how she became free. She says, "Wonder from whence my love of Freedom sprung" (Levine, A-716). At this point in the poem, she starts mentioning how she became a slave and did not have freedom.
How was Cotton Mather involved in the natural sciences?
In the textbook, it declares, "Mather embraced the natural sciences warmly enough to earn election in 1713 into London's prestigious Royal Society, an organization founded in 1660 to promote scientific investigation of the natural world" (Levine, A-326). During this time period, being involved in natural sciences was not very popular so he was graced with scornfulness over his decision to be involved.
In your own words, summarize Anne Bradstreet's feelings about her husband in her poem, "To My Dear Loving Husband." Be sure to use specific references to the poem in your answer.
In this poem, Anne Bradstreet is explaining the passionate love that is shown between her and her husband. In her poem, Anne says, "I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold." This line shows that Anne values her and her husband's love for each other so much. She loves the way that they love each other. Also, Anne states, "My love is such that rivers cannot quench." In this line, she is saying that her love is like a thirst that is so strong that rivers could not even quench the thirst. In this poem, Anne truly shows her true feelings about her husband.
How did Columbus finally learn that he'd landed on an island instead of in China?
Islanders from other Caribbean islands inform him of the geography of the area.
Which of the following is NOT a reason Franklin became a vegetarian?
It allowed him to avoid family arguments about his diet.
According to Edwards, what is the pace of redemption during the Great Awakening?
It is accelerating and nearing its end.
Which of the following descriptions best describes de Crèvecoeur's attitude toward slavery?
It is unnatural and cruel to remove people from their homes and enslave them with violence.
Which of the following best describes Transcendentalism as a literary movement?
It was a shared belief among a group of writers in the creative powers of the individual mind and the need to questoin established institutions and traditions.
According to the narrator, where was the manuscript of "Rip Van Winkle" discovered?
It was discovered in the posthumous papers of Diedrich Knickerbocker.
How did the influential twentieth-century literary critic F. O. Matthiessen characterize the writing of American authors from the 1830s to the 1850s?
It was seen as a literary Renaissance
How did most American literary nationalists of the mid-nineteenth century characterize the relationship between American and British literature?
It was seen as a sibling relationship, in which both forms of literature informed and influenced each other.
Which of the following does Crèvecoeur's narrator NOT name in his accounting of "all nations" that are "melted into a new race of men" in America?
Italian
What United States president was Freneau's college roommate and friend?
James Madison.
What is the name of the first long-lived American settlement in the New World?
Jamestown
List and discuss some ideals of the Enlightenment period. Include names of influential leaders during this time as well.
John Locke and Isaac Newton are two guys who are renowned for being the foremost philosophers and scientists of their day in England. They sought to settle disagreements between their job and Christian beliefs. Because a natural order might be independent of supernatural authority, Newton's research of the principles of motion and gravity was deeply at odds with Christian beliefs. Due to the idea of original sin being questioned, Locke's theory that the human mind is a blank slate led to conflict with traditional forms of Christianity.
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], what did John Rogger and Samuel Preston accuse Carrier of doing wrong?
John Rogger and Samuel Preston accused Carrier of messing with their cattle. For Rogger, he said that she bewitched his cattle. For Preston, he testified that one of his cows started acting weird and that Martha Carrier told him he lost one cow and would lose another, and one day the cow fell down and died.
According to Jefferson, who is primarily responsible for the wrongs and injustices the American colonists were experiencing in the 1770s?
King George III of England
What purpose does language have in relation to Nature, according to Emerson in Chapter IV?
Language is the vehicle by which nature is symbolized in words to reveal the spirit.
As Thoreau describes his process of building his house, he makes several comparisons between the shelters built by civilized society and the shelters built by primitive societies. In Thoreau's estimation, what is the most surprising factor about shelters in civilized society?
Less than half of the families in a civilized society own their own home.
In a paragraph of 4-5 sentences, explain who Logan was and his significance in early American history.
Logan was a man who was known as Chief Logan. He was a Mingo of either Oneida or Cayuga background. In 1774, Lord Dunmore provoked a "war" with the aim of the Native Lands. A brutal event of this war was the Yellow Creek Massacre. During this time, nine Indians were killed and scalped including Logan's pregnant sister. At the end of it, Logan was asked to attend a meeting with Dunmore, but he refused. He sent a message through John Gibson that was transformed into an English speech. Thomas Jefferson heard his speech through Gibson and he wrote it in his memo book. The speech first appeared in the Pennsylvania Journal based on a copy sent in by James Madison. Madison's version was almost identical to what Jefferson had in his memo book. How Madison got the speech is unknown. Logan claimed to have no surviving kin, but he was killed later on by a nephew.
Why were passages censuring English citizens omitted from the final draft of the Declaration?
Many colonists still had English friends.
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], who was Martha Carrier?
Martha Carrier was a Puritan who was accused during the Salem Witch trials. She was "indicted for the bewitching certain persons" (Levine, A-330). Carrier pleaded not guilty, but she was executed by being hung.
For what reason did Emerson write Nature? What was its premise?
Nature was not written as a Christian book, but instead as an influencing book by a range of idealistic philosophies. He wrote it to influence people that each and everyone must have their own idea of nature. He felt that people were so caught up with other things that they were not fully understanding what nature had to offer them.
Which was the last colony to approve the Declaration?
New York.
According to Cotton Mather in The Wonders of the Invisible World [A People of God in the Devil's Territories], what was the devil's reaction when "a people of God [the Puritans] settled in those, which were once the devil's territories [New England]"?
On page A-327, it says, "The New Englanders are a people of God settled in those, which were once the devil's territories; and it may easily be supposed that the devil was exceedingly disturbed." Cotton Mather was saying that the devil was not happy with the Puritans moving in on what was once his territory.
In the Introduction of the textbook, what are some positive and negative insights J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur provides concerning the new America in his 1782 book Letters from an American Farmer? Write your answer in 2-3 sentences.
One advantage was that people could exercise their views openly without worrying about being persecuted for not adhering to the ideals of their nation. People were able to form their own beliefs on how to spend their lives because there was no established government and hence no set of rules. The unfavorable features were the unestablished administration and the fact that many nationalities were starting to settle there. The phrase "melting pot" alludes to the fact that numerous immigrants from various nations came to this area and had to coexist as one community. However, this did not work out well because each group aspired to be the dominant one, which led to several battles.
According to Emerson, how does a person find solitude for reflection?
One finds solitude by going out into nature.
Why, according to Edwards, is God wrathful toward the Puritan people of New England?
People are wicked sinners, and God's wrath is absolute and arbitrary.
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], what strange occurrence did Phebe Chandler relay to the trial attendees?
Phebe Chandler relayed some strange occurrences to the trial attendees. It started out when Carrier was asking her questions about who she was and where she lived when she knew that Phebe lived beside her father. A few days later, she heard a voice that she knew to be Martha Carrier's and it was telling her that she would be poisoned in two to three days. Shortly after that, her hand and face became swelled up and it was painful. It continued and she also gained pain in her breasts and her legs. As she was trying to go to Church, Richard looked upon her and her hand became to "pain her greatly" along with "a strange burning at her stomach" (Levine, A-331). She then became deaf in her ear and could not hear the prayer or the singing up until the last few words.
Who did Phillis Wheatley marry, and why did the Wheatleys not like him? In addition, add in your answer how she died.
Phillis Wheatley married a man by the name of John Peters. The Wheatley family did not like him because "he petitioned for a license to sell liquor in 1784" (Levine, A-714). Phillis Wheatley died due to complications from the childbirth of her third child. That child ended up dying as well and they buried them together in an unmarked grave.
In a paragraph of 4-5 sentences, explain who Pontiac was and his significance in early American history.
Pontiac was an Ottawa India. He was born in the area between Lake Erie and Lake Huron, which today is near Detroit. In the eighteenth century, the Ottawas had strong trading and alliances with the French. But, the British defeated the French and so the British started being awful to the Indians. This led Pontiac to give a speech in 1763 to the Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomi leaders. He relates to the vision of Neolin who was a Delaware prophet. He urges them to resist the expansion of the British. He gave this speech to persuade other tribes to join the Ottawas in his resistance movement.
Why were there few professional American writers before the Civil War?
Publishers were reluctant to pay American writers when they could publish pirated European texts more cheaply.
Which of the following best describes the narrator's sense of the role religion plays in America?
Religious indifference is prevalent, created by diffusion of congregants.
After returning to Spain, where does Columbus state that he intends to travel?
Rome
"To His Excellency General Washington" Why did Wheatley address a poem specifically to George Washington in October of 1775? After reading the poem, what was Washington's response to her in early 1776? What turning point in American history occurred later that same year (1776)?
She addressed a poem specifically about the Independence of Americans from the colonies, and this caught Washington's eye. Therefore, he invited her to meet him in Cambridge, Massachusetts in February of 1776 (pg. A-723). She possibly could have written this in the hope that African Americans might have freedom as well. The turning point in 1776 in America, was the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], what did the devil promise to Martha Carrier?
She could be the Queen of Hebrews.
While Rip Van Winkle was asleep, what happened to his wife, Dame Van Winkle?
She died shortly before Rip awoke.
How is Dame Van Winkle characterized by the narrator?
She is a nag.
What happens to Rowlandson's eldest sister?
She is shot and killed during the raid on the village.
Explain how Abigail Adams helped to bring awareness to women's rights and equality.
She urged him to consider the ladies and campaigned for them to be equal partners with the same rights in a letter to her spouse.
What kind of figurative language does Bradstreet use to describe her feelings for her husband?
She uses hyperbole a lot throughout her poem. For example, "I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold Or all the riches that the East doth hold." That statement is hyperbole. The statement is an exaggeration that she probably does not mean literally. During this time period, hyperbole was widely used in love poems.
Which of the following descriptions most closely characterizes Thoreau's view of solitude?
Solitude is a friend.
Why was the contractual agreement known as the Mayflower Compact necessary?
Some members of the company sought to take advantage of the fact that their charter had been for Virginia, and the ship had landed outside of that jurisdiction.
If the colonists agree that common sense makes independence inevitable, what last argument does Thomas Paine provide why they should revolt and form a constitution immediately rather than waiting?
Some unsavory or uneducated person might seize power if they do not act.
What are some other notable early North American settlements that are not discussed as much as the first known settlement? In a paragraph of at least 3-4 sentences, list and explain at least 5 of the earliest known North American cities, as well as who founded them.
Spanish founded present-day St.Augustine, Florida (1565). Spanish founded Santa Fe, New Mexico (1610). Dutch established New Netherland (1614), which became New York City and Albany Boston, MA (1630). Jamestown, VA (1607).
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], who was Susanna Sheldon?
Susanna Sheldon was a woman in open court during the prisoner's trials. She said, "her hands unaccountably tied together with a wheel-band so fast that without cutting it, it could not be loosed" (Levine, A-331). She believed that it was caused by Martha Carrier.
Who was responsible for helping Wheatley begin her education? What was Wheatley's early home life like? Include details about her early life as is stated in the textbook.
Susanna Wheatley was sympathetic to Wheatley's frail demeanor but highly intelligent mind. Because of this Wheatley was allowed to receive an education, even when few white women were allowed to have one (much less a slave). She was taught to read and write, and even studied Latin, the Bible, and poetry. The Wheatleys were among an "enlightened" group of Boston Christians who came to realize that enslaving others was not a proper Christian way of life. For this reason, Phillis was awarded more liberties than typical slaves during this time (page 420).
In a paragraph of 4-5 sentences, explain who Tecumseh was and his significance in early American history.
Tecumseh was a part of the Shawnees Tribe. He was called "the most extraordinary Indian that has appeared in history" by the historian Henry Trumbull. He was very aggressive toward the White Americans who kept trying to take the lands from his people. The Shawnees gave huge parts of their land to the United States. In response, Tecumseh attempted to organize a multi-tribal resistance to the Americans. There was a battle, in which Tecumseh was not present and he had no further success in bringing the tribes together. He fought in the War of 1812 and was killed at the Battle of the Thames.
What is the "Junto"?
The "Junto" refers to friends of Franklin's who meet to discuss intellectual matters.
Who were the "Transcendentalists," and for what reason/purpose did they create this group?
The "Transcendentalists" was a group of Emerson's friends that was composed of mainly ministers. They all rejected the view of the Philosopher John Locke. His view was that the mind was a merely passive receptor of sense impressions. The group endorsed Samuel Coleridge's and other Romantics' alternative conception of the mind as actively intuitive and creative. The group created its own journal titled The Dial. The group members included Bronson Alcott, Elizabeth Peabody, Theodore Parker, Orestes A. Brownson, Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau, and of course Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Why did the Pilgrims originally break away from the Church of England according to William Bradford?
The Church of England had become corrupt and the ministers held too much power.
After the American Revolution, the United States established itself through the Declaration of Independence has having independence and freedom. What contradiction to this fact existed in the American society in the late 1700s?
The Declaration of Independence, however, asserts that all men are entitled to independence, freedom, and equality, but the reality was exactly the contrary. Only white men were permitted to vote, women were only suitable for "homemakers," African Americans were subjected to slavery, and Native Americans were being driven off their lands, killed, or subjected to slavery as well. Actually, only white men were able to live in freedom and equality.
What happens to the body of her six-year-old daughter Sarah after she dies of wounds and malnourishment?
The Indians bury her without Rowlandson's knowledge and show her the grave.
Why does Rowlandson leave the house in which she was hiding during the Indian raid?
The Indians set the house on fire.
What happened the first time the Pilgrims' search parties, who were seeking suitable land and a harbor for settlement, saw Native Americans?
The Native Americans ran and hid from the search parties.
What was the name of the major literary work written by Washington Irving that included tales such as "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"?
The Sketch Book
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], what offenses did the alleged "victims" say that Martha Carrier committed upon them?
The alleged "victims" basically said that Martha Carrier quite literally tortured them. In the textbook on page A-330, it says, "that grievously tormented them, by biting, pricking, pinching and choking of them." Some of them also said that she twisted their necks all the way around.
In the chapter on spirit, Emerson explains how the world differs from the physical body in one important respect. What is this essential difference?
The body is subjected to human will, but the world is not.
Which of the following was NOT a reason Jamestown settlers fall ill during their first summer in Virginia.
The colonizers contract malaria from the marshes.
Despite apprenticing Benjamin Franklin to the printing trade, Franklin's father refuses to finance his son's printing shop. For what reason does the elder Franklin refuse to pay for the establishment of his son's business?
The elder Franklin believes Benjamin is too young to start a printing business of his own.
In Thomas Paine's refutation to the claim that all Americans are descended from the English, why does he say the same logic of this argument would lead to England being ruled by a French king?
The first English king was of French origin.
What was the main reason that Cotton Mather remained in his father's shadow for much of his adult life? Why was not well suited to follow in his father's footsteps as a Puritan minister? As a result, what did he do instead?
The main reason that Cotton Mather remained in his father's shadow for much of his adult life was that he felt as if he had to follow in his footsteps and keep up the legacy. He tried so hard to do the things that his father did because he felt like that was his only option. Although he tried hard to do the things that his father did, he knew he could never live up to do what all his father did. What his father did was very remarkable and it would be hard for any child to live up to that. On page A-325 of the textbook, it states, "He studied medicine when it seemed that his stammer would prevent him from taking a pulpit." Mather stuttered and at first, he thought that he could not be a minister and have a speech impediment at the same time. As a result, Cotton Mather decided to study medicine before he ended up deciding to join his father in being an assistant pastor at Boston's Second Church.
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], who were other possible witches and what did these ladies claim about Carrier?
The other possible witches were one named Foster, one named Lacy, and another named Lacy. They all claimed that they seen Carrier at the witch-meetings.
What was Sagoyewathe's (Red Jacket's) Native perspective on the colonization efforts of Europeans as stated in 1805? Explain in your own words in a good paragraph of 4+ sentences.
The outsiders were welcomed by Sagoyewathe's men with open arms and compassion. Because the men claimed to be fleeing the fear that their own country had instilled in them, the indigenous were eager to share their territory with them. These men exploited the Natives by bringing over an increasing number of men, and they hurt them by introducing ways of living that they weren't accustomed to. He questioned the need to impose Christianity on them given that even "white guys" did not comprehend it. They all adhered to the same text, but they all understood its content in various ways.
When Smith sends several native messengers to Jamestown while he is being held captive, the messengers are amazed that what Smith foretells them will happen does in fact occur. How do the messengers think Smith is able to know that will happen in the future?
The paper upon which Smith writes can speak.
In his chapter on idealism, Emerson describes how feelings of the sublime result from a recognition of the difference "between man and nature." When he continues by discussing the activities and abilities of the poet, how does he express the function of the poet?
The poet indulges his imagination to present nature in a new perspective to man.
For what reason(s) has it been said that Freneau failed at almost everything he attempted to accomplish in his life?
The printing market in the United States had not matured enough to be a booming business yet. AND His writing style includes conflicting political agendas, subjects, and traditions.
When Columbus later returns to the Western Hemisphere, in what condition does he discover the new Spanish settlements?
The settlements are weak and ruined.
How does the speaker describe her relationship with her husband? What aspects of her feelings does she seem to emphasize?
The speaker describes her relationship with her husband as true love. She is expressing over and over again just how much she truly loves him. She is heavily emphasizing the love part. She says that no other woman loves their husband as much as she loves hers.
What foundational difference did the large Massachusetts Bay Colony possess that made this settlement a little different from others of this time? In contrast, what were some similarities?
The textbook states on page 13, "Much larger than either Plymouth of Ma-re Mount was the Massachusetts Bay Colony, founded in 1630 by Puritans under John Winthrop. The Massachusetts Bay colonists initially wanted to retain their ties with the Church of England, leading to their designation as non-Separating Congregationalists, which distinguished them from the more radical Separatists at Plymouth. On other issues, they shared basic beliefs with the Pilgrims: both agreed with the Protestant Reformation leader Martin Luther that no pope or bishop had the right to impose any law on a Christian without consent, and both accepted the Reformation theologian John Calvin's view that God freely chose (or "elected") those he would save and those he would damn eternally" (Levine 13).
Which of the following was a common belief among white Americans in the antebellum period about the plight of Native Americans?
The vanishing of Native American populations was a divinely ordered extinction to fulfill the destiny of European settlers.
What lesson from the Bible does Wheatley say she has learned?
There is a Christian God and Savior.
In the 1820s, why was there a spike in the number of (and the urgency of) Native American speeches given?
There was a spike in the number and urgency of Native American speeches given in the 1820s because there were lots of debates over Indian Removal.
What is one ironic fact concerning Jefferson's legacy that caused tension related to slavery?
There was an ironic fact concerning Thomas Jefferson's legacy that caused tension related to slavery. In the text, it states, "Admired as a prophet of equality and liberty, he is also widely recognized as an owner of some two hundred enslaved people" (Levine, A-621). Thomas Jefferson was all for liberty and for everyone being equal. To most, it did not seem like he would be for owning slaves because he was so for equality. This created tension among Jefferson and many others.
In The Wonders of the Invisible World [The Trial of Martha Carrier], how did her children react during the trial?
They agreed that she was a witch.
At the end of Nature, how does Emerson compare the prospects of Adam and Caesar to those of the common man?
They are equally good, since for the common man, just as it was for Caesar, nature is always available and ready to be shaped for whatever end he wishes.
When Smith and his colleagues undertake their first trading expedition with the Native Americans, what do the Kecoughtans, the first tribe they encounter, initially assume about the Englishmen?
They are miserable beggars who need to be fed.
What happened after the Pilgrims discovered that they had landed on Cape Cod?
They attempted sailing to the Hudson River, but were blocked by rocks and rough seas.
Why were American authors trying to create "American works" of literature?
They believed that a great nation deserved great literature.
At the beginning of Edwards' sermon, he compares his congregation to the Israelites whose "foot shall slide in due time." Which of the following is NOT among the things that Edwards lists as things that can happen to people who walk in "slippery places."
They can catch themselves on nearby rocks.
How did antebellum writers create an American literary tradition?
They claimed colonial literature as American literature.
Which of the following WAS NOT a shortcoming of F. O. Matthiessen's and his fellow critics' assessment of antebellum American literature?
They devalued the language and literary techniques employed by authors.
How did the native populations of the Caribbean islands first react to Columbus and his fellow sailors?
They fled and hid so Columbus could not make contact with them.
Which of the following was one of the most substantive changes the Continental Congress made to Jefferson's draft of the Declaration?
They removed his denunciation of the slave trade.
What happens shortly after the Englishman Mr. John Hoar invites the Sagamores to dinner?
They steal from him.
How did the settlers who survived the first summer in Jamestown avoid starvation in the fall of 1607?
They were given ample provisions by the local native population.
Explain the religious belief system of the Puritans and why they might have had a "grim reputation" to non-Puritans (outsiders) but overall were seeking to live exemplary and pure lives.
They were seen as religious zealots, prudes, and killjoys because the rest of the world viewed their faith as extreme. Although most thought that the Puritans believed that certain people were damned before birth, this is not the case. They believed that whoever believed in Jesus Christ will have eternal life.
In lines 43-50 in the poem, "Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666," Bradstreet refers to another house that she hopes to inhabit one day. Where is this house? Who is the "Mighty Architect" who designed it? Who "purchased and paid for" this house? What was the price? Be sure to explain each question.
This house that she is referring to is in Heaven. The "Mighty Architect" that designed it is God himself. She is saying that her house in Heaven has already been bought and paid off by God. She believes that God has done everything and paid the price for her to be able to join him in Heaven. She says, "A price so vast as is unknown, Yet by his gift is made thine own." The price of it is so high it's unknown, but she believed that it was God's gift to us if we chose to follow him. Anne believed that the price of it was free as long as she followed God.
What was Thomas Jefferson's role in "The Declaration of Independence"? How and why was he chosen for this role?
Thomas Jefferson had a big role in "The Declaration of Independence." He was chosen to be a drafter of a statement that congress would have to vote on. Jefferson was "an awkward speaker but a talented prose stylist." (Levine, A-621). In 1776, John Adams chose him to head the committee that was charged with the drafting of "The Declaration of Independence." On June 28, it was presented to congress where it passed on July 4.
Which person established a settlement of "mad Bacchinalians" at Merrymount that disgusted Bradford with its lewd and shiftless behavior?
Thomas Morton
Who was Thomas Morton of Merrymount?
Thomas Morton of Merrymount was a colonist that founded the colony of Merrymount. He was also known to be a lawyer, writer, and social reformer. He was famous for his studies concerning Native American Culture. According to William Bradford's biography, there was a conflict between the Plymouth colonists and Thomas Morton's settlement.
Read Thomas Paine's biographical information on pages 337-339. In a good paragraph of at least 5 sentences, explain Thomas Paine's influence in the American Revolution and ultimately America's independence.
Thomas Paine was born in England in 1737. He became a journalist in Philadelphia. He was a spokesman against slavery and became an anonymous author of a Common Sense pamphlet. The pamphlet was published to "urge immediate independence from Britain" (Levine, A-599). Paine became the man who was considered at the right place at the right time due to the reasoning of relations with England being at their lowest. Paine also enlisted in the Revolutionary army. He then made a pamphlet titled The Crisis which was read to some troops to up their spirits. Thomas Paine was to receive rewards for his services after the war, but he ended up losing those opportunities. He then went back to England and wrote Rights of Man. He then was charged with treason and fled to France but he ended up being imprisoned. He was saved by James Monroe, who offered him American citizenship and a safe passage back to New York. He spent his last few years there before he died. Thomas Paine did not have a whole lot of resources and power, but he used his writing skills and became one of the most influential people during the American Revolution.
As the textbook states, what was Benjamin Franklin's experience with slavery?
Throughout his life, he had owned slaves, but near to the end, he became an antislavery activist. He served as the first abolitionist group's president.
How does Puritan doctrine view marriage and romantic love?
To most puritans, marriage was seen as a relationship where a couple came together to love together and aid one another. They also believed that couples married for love and they did not believe in arranged marriages.
