American Yawp Chapter 7, American Yawp Chapter 4, Chapter 5 American Yawp, Chapter 5 - American Yawp: The American Revolution, American Yawp Chapter 4, Chapter 4 Vocabulary "The American Yawp", American Yawp Chapter 5, American Yawp Chapter 6, Americ...

How did we intend to pay back war debt?

It fell on to the states, to thank the lenders (who lent money to the Revolution) that had bought up their war bonds

Declaratory Act

It reserved Parliament's right to impose direct taxes

Louisiana Purchase

- Jefferson authorized the acquisition of Louisiana from France in 1803 in what is considered the largest real estate deal in American history.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

"Shot heard 'round the world'"

"Shot heard 'round the world.'"

Great Awakening

(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). The first cultural movement to unite the Thirteen Colonies. Associated with the democratization of religion.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Jesuits

(Society of Jesus) Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Haitian Revolt

- 1791-1804 -

Henry Moss

- A slave in Virginia - marketed himself as "a great curiosity" in Philadelphia. - Earned enough money to buy his freedom. - The most famous black man of the day when white spots appeared on his body in 1792. - It turned him visibly white within 3 years.

Thomas Jefferson

- Beat John Adams in election. - Wrote "Notes on the State of Virginia (1784)" - Believed in poly-genesis (a theory that black people were incapable of mental improvement and that they might even have a separate ancestry.) - A black surveyor, Benjamin Banneker, demanded that he "eradicate that rain of absurd and false ideas." - He worked to reduce taxes and cut the government's budget believing that this would cause the economy to expand and prosper.

Tenskwatawa

- Brother of Tecumseh. - A prophet.

James Madison

- Convinced by the War Hawks in his party, HE drafted a statement of the nation's disputes with the British and asked Congress for a war declaration on June 1, 1812. - After much negotiation in Congress over the details of the bill, HE signed a declaration of war on June 18, 1812. For the second time, the United States was at war with Great Britain.

Andrew Jackson

- Cut off the Red Sticks from the North in 1813. - His forces were joined by Lower Creek and Cherokee forces that helped defeat the Red Sticks. - Victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

Neolin

- Delaware prophet - Influenced Pontiac (Odawa War Chief) - Known as the Master of Life and the Great Spirit. - He advocated violence against British colonies and urged the Native people to push all white peoples ways and nature away.

Sally Hemmings

- One of Jefferson's female slaves.

William Penn

A devout quaker and founder of Pennsylvania as a place of religious freedom in 1787.

British and French

In their war Washington did not take sides and remained neutral

Which of the following resulted from Pontiac's War?

b. Creation of the Proclamation Line of 1763

Reparimiento

Made to replace the Ecomeinda, but essiantially changed nothing.

. What was the first English group to turn against slavery?

b. Quakers

Jamestown

Second English colony, that managed to survive and become a permenant settlement.

General Braddock

The French easily defeated the British when General Braddock of Britain attacked Fort Duquesne.

Embargo Act of 1807

- Jefferson's foreign policy. - Under this, American ports were closed to all foreign trade in hopes of avoiding war. - Hurt America's economy and Jefferson's personal finances. - This elicited the most outrage from Jefferson's Federalist critics.

New Light/Old Light

A divide appeared, New Lights were those who still believe in revived faith, and Old Lights were those who thought it was nonsense.

War Hawks

- Describes as "too young to remember the horrors of the American Revolution," and thus "willing to risk another British war to vindicate the nation's rights and independence." - This group included men who would remain influential long after the War of 1812, such as Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina.

Crispus Attucks

A former slave, and free dockworker who was killed in the Boston Massacre.

Cecilius Calvert

was given a charter by King Charles I, founded Maryland (also known as "Lord Baltimore")

Republican Motherhood

- Describes the early American belief that women were essential in nurturing the principles of liberty in the citizenry. - Women would pass along important values of independence and virtue to their children, ensuring that each generation cherished the same values of the - American Revolution. Because of these ideas, women's actions became politicized.

Impressment

- Is the practice of forcing American sailors to join the British Navy.

Red Stick Creeks

- Led by the prophet Hillis Hadjo. - Joined Tecumseh in his resistance movement while seeking to purge Creek society of its Euro-American dependencies. - Realized people cared little for Tecumseh's confederacy and the lack of allies spread the pan-Indian movement in the southeast. - They soon found themselves in a civil war against other Creeks. - Cut off from the North by Andrew Jackson in 1813. - FOLLOWING THEIR DEFEAT, they were forced to give up 14 million acres of land at the Treaty of Fort Jackson.

USS Chesapeake

- Many Americans called for war when the British attacked this ship in 1807, but the President and Congress was for peace. - Americans humiliated the British in single ship battles. In retaliation, Captain Phillip Broke, of the HMS Shannon attacked the USS Chesapeake captained by James Lawrence on June 1, 1813.

Battle of Tippecanoe

- Many Native leaders refused to join Tecumseh and instead maintained their loyalties to the American republic. After the failures of pan-Indian unity and loss at this battle in 1811, Tecumseh's confederation floundered. - The territorial governor of Illinois, William Henry Harrison eventually convinced the Madison administration to allow for military action against the Native Americans in the Ohio Valley.

Hartford Convention

- Newspapers accuse these delegates of plotting secession.

Sally Hemmings

- One of Jefferson's female slaves. he had a relationship with

John C. Calhoun

- One of the 'War Hawks" - Convinced Madison to ask Congress for a war declaration, which led to War of 1812.

James Callender

- Published accusations that Jefferson was involved in a sexual relationship with Sally Hemmings, one of his slaves. - Suggested that sex with a slave had somehow compromised Jefferson's racial integrity.

Tecumseh

- Shawnee Leader. - Brother of Tenskwatawa. -

Battle of Fallen Timbers

- The "Western Confederacy" suffered a defeat here in 1794.

Battle of New Orleans

- The British achieved a naval victory at Lake Borgne before losing the land invasion to Major General Andrew Jackson's troops in January 1815. - Proved to be a psychological victory that boosted American morale and affected how the war has been remembered.

Treaty of Ghent

- The US victory came at the Battle of New Orleans came after the US and the UK signed this treaty on December 24, 1814. - It essentially returned relations between the U.S. and Britain to their pre-war status.

Notes on the State of Virginia

- Thomas Jefferson wrote this in 1784. - Stated that black people were incapable of mental improvement and that they might even have a separate ancestry. - Sparked considerable backlash from antislavery and black communities. - The celebrated black surveyor Benjamin Banneker, for example, immediately wrote to Jefferson and demanded he "eradicate that train of absurd and false ideas" and instead embrace the belief that we are "all of one flesh" and with "all the same sensations and endowed...with the same faculties.

War of 1812

- U.S. vs. Great Britain - Had reinforced Americans' sense of the nation's importance in their political and economic life. Even when the federal government did not act, states created banks, roads, and canals of their own. - Stemmed from two sets of international issues. - 1st had to do with the nation's desire to maintain its position as a neutral trading nation during the series of Anglo-French wars, which began in the aftermath of the French Revolution in 1793. - 2nd had older roots in the colonial and Revolutionary era. - Three stages or theaters ( Atlantic Theater, Southern Theater, and the WHAT???)

James Lawrence

- USS Chesapeake captained by him. - Said "Tell the men to fire faster! Don't give up the ship!" - His words became a rallying cry for the Americans.

Francis Scott Key

- Watching from aboard a British ship, this American poet penned the verses of what would become the national anthem, "The Star Spangled Banner."

Monroe Doctrine

- What may have been the boldest declaration of America's postwar pride came in 1823. - President James Monroe issued an ultimatum to the empires of Europe in order to support several wars of independence in Latin America. - This DOCUMENT declared that the United States considered its entire hemisphere, both North and South America, off-limits to new European colonization.

Ft. McHenry

- When Americans gained naval victories on Lake Champlain near Plattsburgh, it prevented a British land invasion of the U.S. on the Chesapeake at this fort in Baltimore. - This fort repelled the nineteen-ship British fleet enduring twenty-seven hours of bombardment virtually unscathed.

Gabriel's Rebellion

- a plot - Slave was named Gabriel who planned to end slavery. - Sent several messages to Virginia's white residents (threats). - Suggested that slaves were capable of carrying out a violent revolution.

English in the New World

Colonization developed more out of necessity. They were more concerned with that colonization and gaining imperialism. They established Roanoke in 1587 and Jamestown in 1607.

Shays Rebellion

A group of farmers who wanted the Massachusetts government to protect them from their creditors, but the state supported the lenders instead. The farmers led by Daniel Shay, the armed farmers called "Shaysites" resorted to tactics like the patriots had used before the Revolution, forming blockades around courthouses to keep judges from issuing foreclosure orders. This group saw their cause and their methods as an extension of the "Spirit of 1776"; they were protecting their rights and demanding redress for the people's grievances.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

quilombos

Communities in the Brazilian hinterland formed by runaway slaves.

Coercive Acts (colonist referred to them as the intolerable acts)

1. Boston Port Act shut down the harbor and cut off all trade to and from the city. 2. The Massachusetts Government Act put the colonial government entirely under British control, dissolving the assembly and restricting town meetings. 3. The Administration of Justice Act allowed any royal official accused of a crime to be tried in Britain rather than by Massachusetts courts and juries. 4.Quartering Act, passed for all colonies, allowed the British army to quarter newly arrived soldiers in colonists' homes.

Stamp Act Took 3 Forms

1. Legislative resistance by elites, colonial elites responded with legislative resistance initially by passing resolutions in their assemblies 2.economic resistance by merchants, merchants in major port cities were preparing non-importation agreements, hoping that their refusal to import British goods would lead British merchants to lobby for the repeal of the Stamp Act 3.popular protest by common colonists, Violent riots broke out in Boston. Croweds burned the appointed stamp distributor for Massachusetts, Andrew Oliver, in effigy and pulled a building he owned "down to the Ground in five minutes"

Did Hamilton's Plan work?

1. President Washington and Congress both accepted Hamilton's argument. By the end of 1794, 98 percent of the country's domestic debt had been converted into new federal bonds. 2. Hamilton's plan for a Bank of the United States won congressional approval despite strong opposition.

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.

Vaso de Dama

1497-1499 Found a succesful trade route to India

Lords of Trade and Plantations

1670s, royal committee established to enforce the mercantile system in the colonies.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

English Bill of Rights

1689 Laws limiting the power of the English monarchy by granting more power to Parliament.

Coverture

18th century legal doctrine that deprived married women of any identity separate from that of their husbands.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788. Weaknesses: no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade.

Hamilton's Plan

1st Part: involved federal "assumption" of state debts, which were mostly left over from the Revolutionary War. The federal government would assume responsibility for the states' unpaid debts, which totaled about $25 million. 2nd Part: He wanted Congress to create a bank—a Bank of the United States. Goal: was to link federal power and the country's economic vitality. Under the assumption proposal, the states' creditors (people who owned state bonds or promissory notes) would turn their old notes into the Treasury and receive new federal notes of the same face value. Hamilton foresaw that these bonds would circulate like money, acting as "an engine of business, and instrument of industry and commerce. 2 Reason's Goal was Controversial: 1. many taxpayers objected to paying the full face value on old notes, which had fallen in market value 2.many southerners objected that they had already paid their outstanding state debts, so federal assumption would mean forcing them to pay again for the debts of New Englanders.

James Wilson

A delegate of Pennsylvania who argued that since the Virginia Plan would vastly increase the powers of the national government, representation should be drawn as directly as possible from the public. No government, he warned, "could long subsist without the confidence of the people. Also made the national executive to have a single person in power rather than a committee

Thomas Jefferson

A delegate of the Continental Congress from Virginia, considered a radical.

Hamilton's Plan

1st Part: involved federal "assumption" of state debts, which were mostly left over from the Revolutionary War. The federal government would assume responsibility for the states' unpaid debts, which totaled about $25 million. 2nd Part: He wanted Congress to create a bank—a Bank of the United States. Goal: was to link federal power and the country's economic vitality. Under the assumption proposal, the states' creditors (people who owned state bonds or promissory notes) would turn their old notes into the Treasury and receive new federal notes of the same face value. Hamilton foresaw that these bonds would circulate like money, acting as "an engine of business, and instrument of industry and commerce. 2 Reason's Goal was Controversial: 1. many taxpayers objected to paying the full face value on old notes, which had fallen in market value 2.many southerners objected that they had already paid their outstanding state debts, so federal assumption would mean forcing them to pay again for the debts of New Englanders.

Anne Hutchinson

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Pueblo Revolt of 1680

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Walking Purchase of 1737

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Yamasee War

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Barbados

A British colony and sugar plantation.

General Wolfe

A British general who won the Battle of the Plains of Abraham outside Quebec City.

Rodger Sherman

A Connecticut delegate that argued that members of Congress should be appointed by the state legislatures. Ordinary voters, Sherman said, lacked information, were "constantly liable to be misled," and "should have as little to do as may be" about most national decisions. He suggested a compromise thatCongress would have a lower house, the House of Representatives, in which members were assigned according to each state's population, and an upper house, which became the Senate, in which each state would have one vote. This proposal, after months of debate, was adopted in a slightly altered form as the "Great Compromise": each state would have two senators, who could vote independently. In addition to establishing both types of representation, this compromise also counted a slave as three-fifths of a person for representation and tax purposes.

Rodger Sherman

A Connecticut delegate that argued that members of Congress should be appointed by the state legislatures. Ordinary voters, Sherman said, lacked information, were "constantly liable to be misled," and "should have as little to do as may be" about most national decisions. He suggested the Great Compromise.

patroon system

A Dutch system where families that came to the New World got a land grant if they brought over 50 people

General Montcalm

A French general who lost the Battle of the Plains of Abraham outside Quebec City.

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur

A French immigrant who wondered why colonists were thinking of themselves like Americans, not like they were British. He thought America was a melting-pot of independent landholders, free of the European class system.

William Berkeley

A Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.

Roger William

A Massachusetts exile and founder of Providence, the beginnings of Rhode Island, in 1636.

Aztec

A Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico who created a strong empire that flourished between the 14th and 15th century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire.

Tunis Wortman

A New York Lawyer, demanded an "absolute independence" of the press

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Seven Years War

A bloody feud between France and Britain over their North American empires.

English Revolution

A civil war that broke out between those who supported Parliament and thse that supported the King. Parliament won and set up a commonwealth.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A colony established in 1629 by Puritans that supported political freedom and a representative government.

pueblo

A communal multistoried dwelling made of stone or adobe brick by the Native Americans of the Southwest

Shays Rebellion

A group of farmers who wanted the Massachusetts government to protect them from their creditors, but the state supported the lenders instead. The farmers resorted to tactics like the patriots had used before the Revolution, forming blockades around courthouses to keep judges from issuing foreclosure orders. This group saw their cause and their methods as an extension of the "Spirit of 1776"; they were protecting their rights and demanding redress for the people's grievances.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting where nine colonies sent delegates, and it said that allegiance was declared to the king, but also said that Americans have the same rights as those in Britain, and the only ones with the right to tax America, are those in their own elected assemblies.

Who were the Tories?

A member supported the British side in the Revolution. It was a Conservative party that opposed the Whigs group

Task System

A method of organizing enslaved labor in which workers were given specific set of jobs to accomplish every day, after which they were allowed to spend their time as they chose

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel

A missionary organization founded to evangelize Native Americans and limit Jesuit advances in converting them to Catholicism.

Salem Witch Trials

A period of supernatural suspicion between 1692 and 1693 in Massachusetts where women and men were accused of being witches.

James Oglethorpe

A philanthropist who founded Georgia, and originally banned slavery from the colony.

Who were the Whigs?

A radical (or patriotic) group based their imperial vision on trade and manufacturing instead of land and resources. Political opponents of Andrew Jackson. Leader was Henry Clay, mostly, and Daniel Webster

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Puritan

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

First Great Awakening

A revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 1730s and the 1770s. This, combined with the enlightenment and deist theory placed a focus on the importance of the individual.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

A sermon written by Jonathan Edwards (a puritan pastor) about God being angry and condemning non-Christians to Hell. This sermon also expressed the danger of being a non-believer and going to hell. Furthermore, only God's mercy is keeping the non-believers from their damnation, but God at any time can let the non-believers sink into the fiery pits of Hell.

Robert Johnson

A tax collector assaulted in the fall of 1761, by 16 men in western Pennsylvania, disguised in women's clothes

Iroquois

A term which designates a confederacy of five tribes originally inhabiting the northern part of New York state, consisting of the Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga and Mohawk.

Middle Passage

A trade route connecting West Africa to the West Indies that was used primarily for the transportation of African slaves.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

English Civil War

A war between the English Crown and Parliament over British governance. Concluded with the execution of King Charles I and the transformation of Britain into a republic and protectorate.

King Philip's War

A war between the New England colonies and Native American forces led by King Philip (Metacom) over European expansion that resulted in a decisive end to Indian power in New England.

Sarah Drummond

A woman involved in Bacon's Rebellion that advocated for independence from England and the formation of a Virginian Republic.

Abigail Adams

Abigail Adams addressed the difficulties she encountered while "minding family affairs" on their farm in Braintree, Massachusetts. Abigail managed the planting and harvesting of crops, in the midst of severe labor shortages and inflation, while dealing with several tenants on the Adams property, raising her children, and making clothing and other household goods. In order to support the family economically during John's frequent absences and the uncertainties of war, Abigail also invested in several speculative schemes and sold imported goods.

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

Colonial assemblies

After each colony was settled, assemblies were created and acted like the House of Commons in Britain. They taxed residents, managed the spending of the colony's revenue, and granted salaries to royal officers. Colonists liked the assemblies and wanted Britain to recognize them. Britain did not like them.

Declaratory Act

After repealing the Stamp Act, Britain said they had the full authority to make laws that bind people in the Americas.

Pontiac's War

After the French and Indian war a leader of Ottawa nation led an alliance of western Native Americans attacked British forts/settlements. Nearly half a dozen western british forts destroyed; at least 2,000 backcountry settlers killed. British killed Native Americans who had NOT attacked them

Structure of colonial governments

After the governor, a colony was broken down into the council and the assembly. The council was basically the governor's cabinet, and the assembly was a bunch of elected property-owning men whose job was to make sure that the colony's laws conformed to English law. The assembly approved new taxes and colonial budgets, while also checking the governor's power. Since they usually came from local districts, their constituencies could hold them accountable.

Republican Motherhood

An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience. Educational opportunities for women expanded due to this. Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Paul Revere

Aided the spread of the news of the Boston Massacre, but he depicted bloodthirsty British soldiers with grins on their faces firing into a peaceful crowd.

The "Declaration of Rights and Grievances," produced by the Continental Congress included which of the following assertions:

All of the above

What was the purpose of the Tea Act?

All of the above

Which delegates opposed the mention of slavery in the Declaration of Independence?

All of the above

Alien Act

Allowed the federal government to deport foreign nationals, or "aliens," who seemed to pose a national security threat.

John Hancock

Also led the Bostons Sons of Liberty in agreeing to prevent the landing of any teas ships on a port, so the duty wouldn't have to be paid.

Spinning Clubs

Also, without new imports of British clothes, colonists took to wearing simple, homespun clothing. Spinning clubs were formed, in which local women would gather at one of their homes and spin cloth for homespun clothing for their families and even for the community.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Valley Forge

Americans celebrated their victory, but it came at great cost. Soldiers suffered through brutal winters with inadequate resources. During the single winter at Valley Forge in 1777-8, over 2,500 Americans died from disease and exposure.

Consumer Revolution

Americans were able to spend money on consumer good as their wages rose, and the prices of commodities fell. This led to a sign of respectability.

Powhatan

An Indian chieftain who dominated the peoples in the James River area. All the tribes loosely under his control came to be called Powhatan's Confederacy.

Algonquian

An Indian nation in the Northeast that included the Lenape, Montauk, Machican, and Adirondack, people were believed to have spoken the Algonquian language.

Pontiac

An Ottawa leader, that listened to Neolin's sermons, and talked about Pontiac's War, and was influential in the actions of it developing.

Dominion of New England

An administrative union of the New England colonies, New York, and New Jersey created by Charles II as a counter to French Canada.

Virginia Resolves

An anti-Stamp Act resolution passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses that said the colonies were entitled to all the rights of those in Britain. When these resolves were passed around changes were made to them, like only the colonial assemblies have a right to tax the colonies, and this made people more radical.

Olaudah Equiano

An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement.

Bacon's Rebellion

An armed rebellion by the frontiersman (led by Nathaniel Bacon) against the governor of Virginia (Sir William Berkeley) in Jamestown over the colony's position on Native relations.

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa following Columbus's voyage.

Hessians

An expeditionary force on the British side, of tens of thousands of German mercenaries.

Huguenot

French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.

Bartolomeu Dias

Another prtuguese explorer, who rounds the Cape of Good Hope in 1487-1488.

Loyalist

Approximately 60,000 loyalists ended up leaving America because of Revolution. Loyalists came from all ranks of American society, and many lived the rest of their lives in exile from their homeland. The Loyalists had come out on the losing side of a Revolution, and many lost everything they had and were forced to create new lives far from the land of their birth

Federalist Papers

Arguments in favor of adopting the constitution. written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. It was published in various New York newspapers in 1787 and 1788.

Pequot War

Armed conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in the region.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Patriot Whigs

Based their imperial vision on trade and manufacturing instead of land and resources. They said that the colonies should have equal status to Britain. Thought economic growth would solve the national debt.

What turning point convinced the French to join the war against Britain?

Battle of Trenton

Smuggling

Before 1763, Britain did not enforce their regulatory laws very well, so many colonists found it easy to trade with foreign nations, pirates, or smugglers. Customs officials were also easily bribed, and pirates would create a buffer between foreign and merchant ships. If they got caught, their peers would just acquit them.

Albany Plan of Union

Benjamin Franklin suggested a plan of union to coordinate colonial defenses on a continental scale.

"Join or Die"

Benjamin Franklin wrote "Join, or Die."

Boston Tea Party

Colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians and dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston harbor and didn't damage in any of their ships

Boston Massacre

Britain sent soldiers to Boston to enforce the new acts and quell the resistance, and a group of Bostonians gathered outside a Customs House, and started throwing things at a young sentry. A group of soldiers came to the sentry's side, and then people got hostile, and violence broke out, five civilians were killed.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

Britain's 1st major postwar imperial action concerning North America. King George 3rd forbade settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains in an attempt to limit costly wars with Native Americans, however colonist protested and demanded access to the territory for which they had fought alongside the British

Townshend Acts

Britain's next attempt to draw revenues from the colonies, they were passed in June 1767 creating new customs duties on common items, like lead, glass, paint, and tea, instead of direct taxes. The Acts also created and strengthened formal mechanisms to enforce compliance, including a new American Board of Customs Commissioners and more vice-admiralty courts to try smugglers.

Most members of the Shawnee, Creek, Cherokee, and Iroquois sided with which side during the war?

British

Which side was the first to offer freedom to slaves willing to fight for their side?

British

Proclamation line of 1776

British law saying American colonists could not settle West of Appalachian Mountains after winning the French and Indian War.It was passed to avoid conflict with Indians in Ohio Valley following Pontiac's Rebellion

Whigs

British officials. Old Whigs and their Tory supporters envisioned an authoritarian empire, based on conquering territory and extracting resources. They sought to eliminate Britain's growing national debt by raising taxes and cutting spending on the colonies. The radical (or patriot) Whigs based their imperial vision on trade and manufacturing instead of land and resources. They argued that economic growth, not raising taxes, would solve the national debt. Instead of an authoritarian empire, "patriot Whigs" argued that the colonies should have equal status with the mother country.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

British regiments set out to take away the local militias' arms and powder stores in Lexington and Concord. The town militia met them at the Lexington Green, and Britain told them to disperse. Someone fired, and this battle went all the way to Concord. The British were trapped.

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

Sons of Liberty

By November 16, all of the original twelve stamp distributors had resigned, and by 1766, groups calling themselves the Sons of Liberty were formed in most colonies to direct and organize further resistance.

Tenonchtitlan

Capital of Aztec Empire until captured by Spanish in 1521

Samuel de Champlain

Cartographer, explorer, governor of New France. The major role Champlain played in the St Lawrence River area earned him the title of "father of New France."

John Jay

Chief justice of the Supreme Court, he sailed to London to negotiate a treaty that would satisfy both Britain and the United States. John Jay signed a "treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation" with the British. Jay's Treaty, as it was commonly called, required Britain to abandon its military positions in the Northwest Territory (especially Fort Detroit, Fort Mackinac, and Fort Niagara) by 1796. Britain also agreed to compensate American merchants for their losses. The United States, in return, agreed to treat Britain as its most prized trade partner, which meant tacitly supporting Britain in its current conflict with France. Unfortunately, Jay had failed to secure an end to impressment. Jay's Treaty gave the United States, a relatively weak power, the ability to stay officially neutral in European wars, and it preserved American prosperity by protecting trade.

South America

Chocolate, coffee and other spices were found here. Slaves were worked to death on sugar plantations.

Ganet Affair

Citizen Ganet began making plans to use US ports for a campaign against British Commerce. President Washington found this as an infringement of US national sovereignty and ordered him to stop.

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina

Co-authored by philosopher John Locke, explicitly legalized slavery from the beginning.

Committees of Correspondence

Colonies created these to keep each other informed of the resistance efforts throughout the colonies.

Pequot War

Conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut

Continental Association

Continental Congress issued this saying that they were unhappy with how the British were treating them, and that it should be inspected who touches this document. This was a radical document at the time, that united the colonies and established economic and moral grounds.

How did colonists respond to the repeal of the Stamp Act?

Creating the Constitutional Congress to coordinate future action

Declaration of Independence

Designed as a measured justification for the severing of ties with Britain, the document has also functioned as a transformative piece of political philosophy. Most of the conflicts of American history from this point forward emerged from attempts to understand and implement what it means to believe "all men are created equal."

Continental Association

Document issued by Congress that declared that "the present unhappy situation of our affairs is occasioned by a ruinous system of colony administration adopted by the British Ministry about the year 1763, evidently calculated for enslaving these Colonies, and, with them, the British Empire."

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherlands. This later became "New York City"

Patroonships

Dutch system of settlement. Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property.

3/5 Compromise

Each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

Continental Congress Voting

Each state had a single vote in the Continental Congress. Small states wanted to keep things that way, but large states preferred the Virginia Plan, which would give their citizens far more power over the legislative branch.

Lords Proprietors of Carolina

Eight powerful favorites of King Charles II tasked with establishing the Carolinas.

Constatine the Great

Emperor of Roman empire (306-337 AD), First Christian ruler. Edict of Milan, 313 AD.

Charles 1

Enforced Divine Right. Bring more Absolutist policies to England .Also brought too much Catholic influence. Tried and Executed in 1649 as a "tyrant,traitor, murderer, and public enemy"

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania. They were the first to advocate abolitionism.

Oliver Cromwell

English general and leader of Parliament during the English Civil War, after which he became the protectorate of Britain.

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Virginia Company

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.

Edenton Ladies Tea Party

Fifty-one women in Edenton, North Carolina, for example, signed an agreement—published in numerous newspapers—in which they promised "to do every Thing as far as lies in our Power" to support the boycotts.27 The ladies of Edenton were not alone in their desire to support the war effort by what means they could. Women across the thirteen colonies could most readily express their political sentiments as consumers and producers. Because women often made decisions regarding household purchases, their participation in consumer boycotts held particular weight.

James II (1685-1688)

Final Stuart ruler; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy.

Bill of Rigths

First 10 amendments to the constitution limiting the federal government: include- freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, bear arms, no harassment by police, right to fair trial plea the fifth, ban cruel and unusual punishment, rights not explicitly given to federal government are rights of state

Arawaks

First Amerindians to have contact with Spanish

Roanoke

First English colony. Disappeaeard and no one knows what happened to the people there. Only evidence left behind was carved into a tree, the word Croatoan.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

First war fought in 1614, ended with peace settlement by the mairrage of Pochahantas to John Rolfe. In 1622 the Indians attack leaving 347 settlers dead including John Rolfe. Raids drove the Indians farther west. The second war was fought in 1644, was a last ditch effort to dislodge the Virginians, the Indians were again defeated.

"Devine Wind"

Fluke storm that destroyed most of the remaining Spanish armada.

Santa Fe

Founded in 1610 as the first European permanent settlement in the Southwest region. Before arrival, there were up to 60,000 indigenous people, after the Spanish arrival it was up to 17,000.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

Founder of Maryland in 1632.

Thomas Hooker

Founder of Newtown, the beginnings of Connecticut, in 1636.

Coercive Acts

Four Acts passed by Parliament. Boston harbor was shut down, and all the trade around it stopped, Massachusetts government was put under British control, royal officials in Massachusetts tried of a crime would be tried in Britain, and Britain could quarter newly arrived soldiers in colonists' homes. Britain was trying to end Boston's rebellion.

The aid of which European nation proved most helpful to the American cause?

France

Jay's Treaty

Gave the United States the ability to stay officially neutral in European wars, and it preserved American prosperity by protecting trade

Hessians

German mercenaries, In the summer of 1776, the British forces that had abandoned Boston arrived at New York. The largest expeditionary force in British history, including tens of thousands of German mercenaries

The Coercive or Intolerable Acts included four specific laws. The first was the Boston Port Act. The other three are all of the following EXCEPT

Glass Act

Edmond Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Great Awakening

Grandchildren of colonists felt inferior to the ancestors, as they had been born into the wealth of American, so they looked to religion for a reinvigorated experience.

encomiendas

Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.

Sons of Liberty

Groups that directed and organized popular resistance in the colonies against the Stamp Act.

Assumption

Hamilton's Plan; federal government would assume responsibility for the state's unpaid debts

National Bank

Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way.

Richard Henry Lee

He basically said that all connection between Britain and the US were completely gone.

Paul Revere

He created a piece of propaganda about the Boston Massacre, that sparked anger from both Americans and the British. He wanted authoritarian rule to stop.

John Locke

He had a great influence on colonial thinking, saying that people were influenced by their environments. He also said that the aristocracy were wealthy or successful because they had greater access to wealth, education, and patronage and not because they were innately superior. Because of this he pressed the importance of education.

Benjamin Franklin

He helped make Philadelphia the printing capital of colonial America in 1770. He was a scholar and a businessman, revolutionizing the book trade and also creating public learning initiatives like the Library Company and the Academy of Philadelphia. His Autobiography details the life of a print shop.

What did Madison think of Shays Rebellion?

He said that it was a prime example of why the country needed a strong central government. "Liberty," Madison warned, "may be endangered by the abuses of liberty as well as the abuses of power."

What did Jefferson think of Shays Rebellion?

He thought "a little rebellion now and then" helped keep the country free, others feared the nation was sliding toward anarchy and complained that the states could not maintain control.

Neolin

He was a prophet, who received a vision from his religion's main deity, the Master of Life, telling him that the only way he could get into Heaven would be to expel the British from Indian country. He preached no alcohol, a return to traditional rituals, and pan-Indian unity.

George Whitefield

He was one of the most popular heartfelt preachers. He felt he had to be the voice preaching against sin and praising Jesus. His preachings became very popular and he travelled from New York to South Carolina preaching, and he converted many.

James Otis

He wrote that colonists should have the same rights as those in Britain, and sometimes even more.

Daniel Shays

Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy" (rule or domination by the masses).

Pope'

Head of the Roman Catholic Church

Equiano

His autobiography depicted the horrors of slavery and helped influence British lawmakers to abolish the slave trade

John Locke

In "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" Locke argued that the mind was originally a blank state (or tabula rasa) and that individuals were formed primarily by their environment. Followed the essay with "Some Thoughts Concerning Education" which introduced radical new ideas about the importance of education, which cause human beings to think for themselves and question authority

Slave Codes

In 1705, the House of Burgesses passed slave codes that stated slave owners could not be convicted for murdering or killing a slave, and that any black Virginian who hit a white colonist would be severely whipped. These codes in Virginia maximized the profitability of slaves and regulated slaves lives's. Many early settlers in Carolina came from the British Caribbean sugar islands, and brought their brutal slave codes with them.

Rev. George Whitefield

In 1739-40, he was an enigmatic, itinerant preacher, who traveled the colonies preaching Calvinist sermons to huge crowds, unlike John Locke, Rev. Whitefield's sermons were designed to appeal to his listeners' emotions, but they both empowered people to question authority and take life into their own hands

James Otis Jr.

In 1764 wrote "The colonists are entitled to as ample rights, liberties, and privileges as the subjects of the mother country are, and in some respects to more"

Daniel Dulany of Maryland

In 1765 he wrote "A right to impose an internal tax on the colonies, without their consent for the single purpose of revenue, is denied, a right to regulate trade without their consent is admitted." He also wrote "It is an essential principle of the English constitution, that the subject shall not be taxed without his consent."

British General John Burgoyne

In 1777, in an effort to secure the Hudson River he led an army from Canada through upstate New York. There, he was to meet up with a detachment of General Howe's forces marching north from Manhattan. However, Howe abandoned the plan without telling Burgoyne and instead sailed to Philadelphia to capture the new nation's capital. The Continental Army defeated Burgoyne's men at Saratoga, New York. This victory proved a major turning point in the war.

Bank of the United States

In 1791 Congress approved a twenty-year charter for the Bank of the United States. The bank's stocks, together with federal bonds, created over $70 million in new financial instruments. These spurred the formation of securities markets, which allowed the federal government to borrow more money and underwrote the rapid spread of state-charted banks and other private business corporations in the 1790s.

Hamilton's Excise Tax (Whisky Rebellion)

In 1791, Hamilton proposed a federal excise tax on the production, sale, and consumption of a number of goods, including whiskey. Hamilton's whiskey tax thus placed a special burden on western farmers. It seemed to divide the young republic in half—geographically between the East and West, economically between merchants and farmers, and culturally between cities and the countryside.

Hamilton's Excise Tax

In 1791, Hamilton proposed this on the production, sale, and consumption of a number of goods, including whiskey. It placed a special burden on poor western farmers and seemed to divide the young republic in half—geographically between the East and West, economically between merchants and farmers, and culturally between cities and the countryside.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Plattsburgh

In 1814, Americans gained naval victories on Lake Champlain near HERE.

Disestablishment

In 1833, the final state, Massachusetts, stopped supporting an official religious denomination. Historians call that gradual process "disestablishment." In many states, the process of disestablishment had started before the creation of the Constitution.

"Citizen" Edmond-Charles Genêt

In April 1793, a new French ambassador,arrived in the United States. During his tour of several cities, Americans greeted him with wild enthusiasm. Citizen Genêt encouraged Americans to act against Spain, a British ally, by attacking its colonies of Florida and Louisiana. When President Washington refused, Genêt threatened to appeal to the American people directly. In response, Washington demanded that France recall its diplomat. In the meantime, however, Genêt's faction had fallen from power in France. Knowing that a return home might cost him his head, he decided to remain in America. Genêt's intuition was correct. A radical coalition of revolutionaries had seized power in France. They initiated a bloody purge of their enemies, the "Reign of Terror." As Americans learned about Genêt's impropriety and the mounting body count in France, many began to have second thoughts about the French Revolution.

David Bradford

In July 1794, he led the attacks on federal marshals and tax collectors, burning down at least 2 tax collectors' homes with a group of armed farmers. Washington responded quickly he dispatched a committee of three distinguished Pennsylvanians to meet with the rebels and try to bring about a peaceful resolution, then he gathered an army of thirteen thousand militiamen in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. On September 19, Washington became the only sitting president to lead troops in the field, though he quickly turned over the army to the command of Henry Lee, a Revolutionary hero and the current governor of Virginia.

Stamp Act

In March 1765, Parliament passed the Stamp Act. The act required that many documents be printed on paper that had been stamped to show the duty had been paid, including newspapers, pamphlets, diplomas, legal documents, and even playing cards. the Stamp Act directly affected numerous groups throughout colonial society, including printers, lawyers, college graduates, and even sailors who played cards. This led, in part, to broader, more popular resistance.

Stamp Act Congress

In New York City in October 1765, created because of the spread of these extra resolves throughout the colonies helped radicalize the subsequent responses of other colonial assemblies. Nine colonies sent delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, John Dickinson, Thomas Hutchinson, Philip Livingston, and James Otis. The "Declaration of Rights and Grievances" declared allegiance to the King and "all due subordination" to Parliament, but also reasserted the idea that colonists were entitled to the same rights as native Britons.

Gen. Charles Cornwallis

In October, Washington marched his troops from New York to Virginia in an effort to trap the British southern army under the command of Gen. Charles Cornwallis. Cornwallis had dug his men in at Yorktown awaiting supplies and reinforcements from New York. However, the Continental and French armies arrived first, quickly followed by a French navy contingent, encircling Cornwallis's forces and, after laying siege to the city, forcing his surrender. The capture of another army left the British without a new strategy and without public support to continue the war.

Ethiopian Regiment

In Virginia, the royal governor, Lord Dunmore, issued a proclamation declaring martial law and offering freedom to "all indentured servants, Negros, and others" if they would leave their masters and join the British. Though only about five hundred to a thousand slaves joined Lord Dunmore's "Ethiopian regiment," thousands more flocked to the British later in the war, risking capture and punishment for a chance at freedom.

John Dickinson

In his "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer," wrote, "That we may legally be bound to pay any general duties on these commodities, relative to the regulation of trade, is granted; but we being obliged by her laws to take them from Great Britain, any special duties imposed on their exportation to us only, with intention to raise a revenue from us only, are as much taxes upon us, as those imposed by the Stamp Act."

Thomas Jefferson

In his first inaugural address he offered an olive branch to the Federalists. He pledged to follow the will of the American majority, whom he believed were Republicans, but to respect the rights of the Federalist minority. His election set an important precedent.

X.Y.Z. Affair

In response to Jay's Treaty, the French government authorized its vessels to attack American shipping. To resolve this, President Adams sent envoys to France in 1797. The French insulted these diplomats and hinted that negotiations could begin only after the Americans offered a bribe. American Citizens were furious and wanted Adams to pledge their support against France.

X.Y.Z. Affair

In response to Jay's Treaty, the French government authorized its vessels to attack American shipping. To resolve this, President Adams sent envoys to France in 1797. The French insulted these diplomats. Some officials, whom the Americans code-named "X," "Y," and "Z" in their correspondence, hinted that negotiations could begin only after the Americans offered a bribe. American Citizens were furious and wanted Adams to pledge their support against France.

Non-importation agreements

In response to the Stamp Act, merchants in colonial ports refused to import British goods, hoping that it would make British merchants lobby for the repeal of the Stamp Act, which they eventually did.

Samuel Adams

In the Boston Gazette described the colonies as each being a "separate body politic" from Britain

Where did the ideas of the "country party," that is the emphasis on the ideology of republicanism, have the most influence?

In the colonies

Constitutional Convention

In the end, the Constitutional Convention proposed a government unlike any other, combining elements copied from ancient republics and English political tradition, but making some limited democratic innovations—all while trying to maintain a delicate balance between national and state sovereignty.

Internal vs external taxes

Internal taxes are directly placed by Parliament, while an external tax is the colonies contributing to the empire with something like customs duties.

What did the Board of Trade do?

It attempted to limit the power of the assemblies, but their power only grew

What did the revolution do?

It built institutions and codified the language and ideas that still define Americans' image of themselves.

Where did the colonial political culture inspiration draw from?

It came from the "country" party in Britain the ideas generally referred to as the ideology of republicanism

What did the American Revolution directly result from?

It directly resulted from attempts to reform the British Empire after the Seven Years' War

The Atlantic Slave Trade

It resumed until 1808 then outlawed for 3 reasons: 1. Britain was also in the process of outlawing the slave trade in 1807, and the United States did not want to concede any moral high ground to its rival. 2. the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804), a successful slave revolt against French colonial rule in the West Indies, had changed the stakes in the debate. The image of thousands of armed black revolutionaries terrified white Americans. 3. the Haitian Revolution had ended France's plans to expand its presence in the Americas, so in 1803, the United States had purchased the Louisiana Territory from the French at a fire-sale price. This massive new territory, which had doubled the size of the United States, had put the question of slavery's expansion at the top of the national agenda.

Tea Act

It was passed to help the failing East India Company, colonists resisted paying for the duty even though it was cheaper and paid when the ship unloaded, because they would be admitting that Britain had a right to tax them.

Virginia Resolves

It was the most famous of the anti-Stamp Act resolutions, passed by the House of Burgesses on May 30, 1765, which declared that the colonists were entitled to "all the liberties, privileges, franchises, and immunities . . . possessed by the people of Great Britain"

Christopher Columbus

Italian Explorer, who thought the earth was smaller and could reach Asia through the Atlantic Ocean. Commisioned by Spain, he landed in the America's thinking he was in the Indies, he would believe this until his death.

Puritan Migration

Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population.

"Revolution of 1800"

Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer

John Dickinson wrote in this that it was ok to pay duties for the regulation of trade, but when America only is asked to pay duties for revenue to Britain, that is not right.

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649) who was a Catholic sympathizer and whose power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War, which ended with his execution.

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism.

James II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685-1688) who was a Catholic and French sympathizer, characteristics that resulted in his disposition during the Glorious Revolution.

Spanish Colonial Hierarchy

King/Catholic church- King controlled soldiers, Church controlled the missionaries, Council of the Indies, Viceroys, regional based, then the Govenors

Rice Plantations

Largely present in South Carolina, these were run by African slaves and saved most of South Carolina's economy

Inca

Largest civiliazation in pre-Columbian America in the Andean mountain range of South America

Navigation Act of 1651

Law requiring English colonies to ship goods directly to England using English ships in order to bind the colonies more closely to England.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. Theses laws promoted mercantilism.

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Samuel Adams

Led by him, the Boston Sons of Liberty agreed to prevent the landing of any tea ships on a port, so the duty wouldn't have to be paid.

What did the revolution fight for?

Liberty, but allowed slavery (the war was self-contradicting)

The Dutch (from Netherlands) in the New World

Looking for Northwest passage. 1609 Henry Hudson sailed the entire length of the Hudson River, this led to the success of New Amersterdam (Manhatten) and New York City. They enjoyed much more freedom than other countries, except in the area of religion. They also treated slaves better.

The French in the New World

Looking for the Northwest Passage. The main goal was to trade. Established Port-Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia) in 1603. Established Quebec in 1608. By 1673 they had explored all of the Mississippi River. 1608 Reached the Gulf of Mexico. Kept good relations with the Natives.

Lord Dunmore's Proclamation

Martial law saying that all indentured servants and slaves who joined the British army would be given freedom. This drove many white Southerners to rebellion.

Charter colonies

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut were charter colonies. The system of government of charter colonies was formed by political corporations or interest groups who made a charter and decided about what the executive, legislative, and judicial branches would do. The property owning men in the colony would then vote on a governor.

Lenapes/Delaware Indians

Matrilineal tribe in present-day Pennsylvania and New Jersey

Pok ta Pok

Mayan game played with a rubber ball.

Quakers

Members of the Religious Society of Friends that are devoted to peaceful principles.

Boston Tea Party

Men disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians, and dumped all the tea of ships in Boston.

Matrilineal

Most native American cultures traced their family through mothers.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North for jobs.

Metacom

Native American chief who fought against English colonists in the King Philip's War

Two Spirit

Native that was not considered a man or woman, but both. Sacred to them, held high positions in the tribe.

Dirty Compromise

New England and the Deep South agreed to it at the Constitutional Convention in 1787, New Englanders agreed to include a constitutional provision that protected the foreign slave trade for twenty years; in exchange, South Carolina and Georgia delegates had agreed to support a constitutional clause that made it easier for Congress to pass commercial legislation. As a result, the Atlantic slave trade resumed until 1808

Francophopia

New Englanders were some of the most outspoken opponents of France. In 1798, they found a new reason for Francophobia. An influential Massachusetts minister, Jedidiah Morse, announced to his congregation that the French Revolution had been hatched in a conspiracy led by a mysterious anti-Christian organization called the Illuminati. The story was a hoax, but rumors of Illuminati infiltration spread throughout New England like wildfire, adding a new dimension to the foreign threat.

Provincial or Royal colonies

New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were provincial colonies. The king would appoint the governor of the colony, and the governor could veto any legislative decision voted on by the colony's assembly. The crown had the most power over these types of colonies.

Non-importation agreements

New forms of resistance emerged in which elite, middling, and working-class colonists participated together. Merchants reinstituted nonimportation agreements, and common colonists agreed not to consume these same products. Lists were circulated with signatories promising not to buy any British goods. These lists were often published in newspapers, bestowing recognition on those who had signed and led to pressure on those who had not.

Romanus Pontifex

Proclamation of Pope Nicholas in 1455. This proclamation gave Portugal the authority to seize non-Christians lands and possessions.

Disestablishment

Separation of church and state; no religion is officially supported by the state/government; opposed tax-supported church

Did James Madison want to revise the Articles?

Not only simply revising it, but intended to produce a completely new national constitution

Battle of Bunker Hill

On April 19, 1775, British regiments set out to seize local militias' arms and powder stores in Lexington and Concord. The town militia met them at the Lexington Green. The British ordered the militia to disperse when someone fired, setting off a volley from the British. The battle continued all the way to the next town, Concord. News of the events at Lexington spread rapidly throughout the countryside. Militia members, known as "minutemen," responded quickly and inflicted significant casualties on the British regiments as they chased them back to Boston. Approximately 20,000 colonial militiamen lay siege to Boston, effectively trapping the British. In June, the militia set up fortifications on Breed's Hill overlooking the city.

Boston Massacre

On the evening of March 5, 1770, a crowd gathered outside the Custom House and began hurling insults, snowballs, and perhaps more at the young sentry. When a small number of soldiers came to the sentry's aid, the crowd grew increasingly hostile until the soldiers fired. After the smoke cleared, five Bostonians were dead, including one of the ringleaders, Crispus Attucks, a former slave turned free dockworker. The soldiers were tried in Boston and won acquittal, thanks, in part, to their defense attorney, John Adams.

Aaron Burr

One of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New York, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. Also created the Tammany Society.

Ratification Debate

Opponents (anti-federalists) feared central power and wanted Bill of Rights; Constitution ratified at conventions; ultimately ratified b/c support of Washington and Franklin (Federalists), Federalist Papers, promise to add Bill of Rights

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

Sentimentalism

Originated in Europe as part of the Romatic movement, and spread into all classes of American society after 1800. It celebrated the importance of "feeling"- a physical, sensuous appreciation of God, nature, and other human beings. This movement led more and more young women and men to chose their own partners in a new cultural attitude.

Virtual representation

Parliament and Ministry said that the colonies were virtually represented, just like those in Britain, which the colonists did not believe in.

Virginia Plan

Proposed that the United States should have a strong federal government. It was to have three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—with power to act on any issues of national concern. The legislature, or Congress, would have two houses, in which every state would be represented according to its population size or tax base. The national legislature would have veto power over state laws.

Which of these systems of slave labor offered enslaved people the greatest independence in the use of their time?

b. Task system

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

Parliament passed four acts known collectively, by the British, as the Coercive Acts. Colonists, however, referred to them as the Intolerable Acts. First, the Boston Port Act shut down the harbor and cut off all trade to and from the city. The Massachusetts Government Act put the colonial government entirely under British control, dissolving the assembly and restricting town meetings. The Administration of Justice Act allowed any royal official accused of a crime to be tried in Britain rather than by Massachusetts courts and juries. Finally, the Quartering Act, passed for all colonies, allowed the British army to quarter newly arrived soldiers in colonists' homes. Boston had been deemed in open rebellion, and the king, his advisors, and Parliament acted decisively to end the rebellion. Rather than isolating Massachusetts, the Coercive Acts fostered the sense of shared identity created over the previous decade. After all, if the Crown and Parliament could dissolve Massachusetts's government, nothing could stop them from doing the same to any of her sister colonies.

Stamp Act

Parliament required that documents be printed on paper to show that duty had been paid. This was the first direct tax by parliament. Because this affected many people it lead to more colonial resistance.

Currency Act

Parliament restricted colonies from producing paper money, which made it hard as they didn't have many gold or silver coins there, and they were going through a postwar recession.

Provincial Congress

Patriots created this group in Massachusetts 1774, they seized control of local and county governments and courts.

Funding at Par

Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit.

John Locke

Philosopher and author of Essay Concerning Human Understanding in which the mind was a blank slate and individuals were formed by their environment; followed with another essay Some Thoughts Concerning Education which introduced new ideas about the importance of education.

Declaratory and Townshend Acts

Pressure on Parliament grew until, in February 1766, it repealed the Stamp Act. But to save face and to try to avoid this kind of problem in the future, Parliament also passed the Declaratory Act, asserting that Parliament had the "full power and authority to make laws . . . to bind the colonies and people of America . . . in all cases whatsoever." However, colonists were too busy celebrating the repeal of the Stamp Act to take much notice of the Declaratory Act

Sir Francis Drake and John Hawkins

Privateers that were also called Sea Dogges, they were sponsored by Queen Elizabeth to raid and Plunder the Spanish Ships and towns in the America's.

bull Inter Caetera

Proclamation by Pope Alexander VI in 1493. Granted to Spain (the Crowns of Castile and Aragon) all lands to the "west and south" of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde islands.

papal bull Dum Diversas

Proclamation of Pope Nicholas V in 1452. This proclamation gave Portugal the authority to "reduce Muslims, pagans, and other non-believers to perpetual slaves.

Anglicization

becoming more culturally similar to Britons

Virginia Plan

Proposed that the United States should have a strong federal government. It was to have three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—with power to act on any issues of national concern. The legislature, or Congress, would have two houses, in which every state would be represented by population size or tax base. The national legislature would have veto power over state laws.

Both John Locke and George Whitefield encouraged which of the following values?

Questioning authority

New York slave rebellions

Rebellion threats were increased by the high density of slaves in New York and a lot of European diversity as well. One rebellion broke out and resulted in the deaths of 9 white colonists. Authorities also discovered another rebellion plan with enslaved and free blacks, as well as poor whites, that lead to a huge witch hunt.

Stamp Act 1765

Required many documents be be printed on paper that had been stamped to show the duty had been paid, including newspapers, pamphlets, diplomas, legal documents, and even playing cards. Parliament had never directly taxed the colonists before this

Currency Act 1764

Restricted colonies from producing paper money, the lack of currency impeded the colonies' increasingly sophisticated transatlantic economies, but it was especially damaging in 1764 because a postwar recession had already begun

Declaration of Independence

Richard Henry Lee's statement was the actual Declaration of Independence, but Thomas Jefferson wrote a public one, just in case it would be passed, saying that people got natural rights. It outlined a list of grievances to the British.

King Philip (Metacom)

Ruler of the Wampanoag tribe and the leader of the Natives in King Philip's War.

Governor James Bowdoin

Saw the Shaysites as rebels who wanted to rule the government through mob violence. He called up thousands of militiamen to disperse them. A former Revolutionary general, Benjamin Lincoln, led the state force, insisting that Massachusetts must prevent "a state of anarchy, confusion and slavery."3 In January 1787, Lincoln's militia arrested more than one thousand Shaysites and reopened the courts.

Stono Rebellion

Since Low Country slaves had some autonomy, about 80 slaves set out for Spanish Florida while white planters were at church, and they burned plantations and killed at least 20 white settlers as they marched. They were heading for Fort Mose, a free black settlement on the Florida-Georgia border, but the local militia defeated them. The rebellion was unsuccessful, but it reminded many that slaves would fight for freedom.

Sugar Act 1764

Sought to combat widespread smuggling of molasses in New England by cutting the duty in half but increasing enforcement

Sugar Act

Sought to stop widespread smuggling of molasses in New England by cutting the duty in half but increasing enforcement. Smugglers would be tried in vice-admiralty courts.

South Carolina

South Carolina had been nominally Anglican before the Revolution, but it had dropped denominational restrictions in its 1778 constitution. Instead, it now allowed any church consisting of at least fifteen adult males to become "incorporated," or recognized for tax purposes as a state-supported church. Churches needed only to agree to a set of basic Christian theological tenets, which were vague enough that most denominations could support them. South Carolina continued its general establishment law until 1790, when a constitutional revision removed the establishment clause and religious restrictions on officeholders.

Articles of Confederation

The Continental Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation in 1781. The Articles allowed each state one vote in the Continental Congress. But the Articles are perhaps most notable for what they did not allow. Congress was given no power to levy or collect taxes, regulate foreign or interstate commerce, or establish a federal judiciary.

criollos

Spaniards born in the New World

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish explorer. In 1502 he lived in Hispaniola. 1508 he was the governor of San Juan Bautista (Puerto Rico). 1513 he was the first to arrive in "La Florida". 1521 returned to Florida, this would be his last trip here, he was killed by a poison arrow here. St. Augustine would be his greatest accomplishment. Possibly searching for Fountain of Youth.

peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Resistance to the Townshend Acts

Spinning clubs formed, in which local women would gather at one their homes and spin cloth for homespun clothing for their families and even for the community. At the same time, British goods and luxuries previously desired now became symbols of tyranny. Committees of Inspection monitored merchants and residents to make sure that no one broke the agreements. Offenders could expect to be shamed by having their names and offenses published in the newspaper and in broadsides.

How did women participate in protesting the Townshend Acts?

Spinning homespun clothing to aid the trade boycott

Chinese Exploration

Started in 1405. Seven of its naval expeditions were led by Adm Zhang.

Portuguese Exploration

Started in the 1430's

Edenton Tea Party

Tea was dumped or seized in Edenton.

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Currency Act

The Board of Trade restricted the use of paper money in 1751 and 1763, as paper money lost value quicker and British merchants didn't want to accept this form of currency. This hampered trade between the colonies as there was no standardized money.

Battle of Saratoga

The British came down from Canada to upstate New York, and were supposed to meet more marching northward from Manhattan, but the latter never came, so the Continental Army defeated the British in Saratoga, New York. This was a turning point, and lead to the French siding with the Americans.

Proclamation of 1763

The British issued this during Pontiac's War, and it said that the Appalachian Mountains were the boundary between Indian and British land.

Ethiopian Regiments

The British were the first to recruit black (or "Ethiopian") regiments, as early as Dunmore's Proclamation of 1775 in Virginia, which promised freedom to any slaves who would escape their masters and join the British cause. At first, Washington, a slaveholder himself, resisted allowing black men to join the Continental Army, but he eventually relented.

Continental Congress

The Committees of Correspondence sent over delegates from each colony to coordinate and inter-colonial response. They said that they had all the rights of British people, like trial by jury, and the right to be only taxed by their own elected representatives.

Articles of Confederation

The Continental Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation in 1781. The articles allowed each state one vote in the Continental Congress. But the articles are perhaps most notable for what they did not allow. Congress was given no power to levy or collect taxes, regulate foreign or interstate commerce, or establish a federal judiciary. These shortcomings rendered the postwar Congress weak and largely ineffectual.

Battle of Yorktown

The Continental and French Armies went to Virginia, and then met with the British army waiting for supplies. They surrounded them, with a French navy contingent coming too, and forced them to surrender. Britain had no new strategy, and this ended the war.

Smuggling

The English government did not enforce trade laws. Many colonists engaged in this in trades with other nations such as the Dutch for tea and sugar. It was estimated by colonial authorities that 83 percent of tea in Boston and 90 percent in New York and Philadelphia were obtained through this.

Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774. Over the next six weeks, elite delegates from every colony but Georgia issued a number of documents, including a "Declaration of Rights and Grievances." This document repeated the arguments that colonists had been making since 1765: colonists retained all the rights of native Britons, including the right to be taxed only by their own elected representatives as well as the right to trial-by-jury. By the time the Continental Congress met again in May 1775, war had already broken out in Massachusetts.

Outcome of Shay's Rebellion

The Massachusetts governor called the militia to stop the insurrection. More than one thousand people were arrested (most later pardoned) and a debate about the strength of the national government ensued.

Native Americans

The Revolution affected Native Americans by opening up western settlement and creating governments hostile to their territorial claims.Many Native American groups, such as the Shawnee, Creek, Cherokee, and Iroquois, had sided with the British. They had hoped for a British victory that would continue to restrain the land-hungry colonial settlers from moving west beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Unfortunately, the Americans' victory and Native Americans' support for the British created a pretense for justifying rapid, and often brutal expansion into the western territories. Native American peoples would continue to be displaced and pushed further west throughout the nineteenth century. Ultimately, American independence marked the beginning of the end of what had remained of Native American independence.

What was the most important difference between the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act?

The Stamp Act was a direct tax while the Sugar Act modified a pre-existing duty

Vice Admirality Courts

The Townshend Acts created them to try smugglers.

George Mason

The author of Virginia's state Declaration of Rights, proposed for a national bill of rights but was voted down by the Constitutional Convention

Proprietary colonies

The colonies were Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey. A proprietary colony is like a royal colony, except someone buys the colony from the crown, and the governor is appointed by the lord proprietor. People in proprietary colonies usually had more freedoms or liberties than people in the other colonies.

"Paternal Dominion"

The concept that the husband should rule the household.

Glorious Revolution

The relatively peaceful coup of James II and installment of William of Orange in 1688 that effectively altered the alignment of power.

Jonathan Edwards

The first signs of religious revival appeared in Edwards' congregation in Northampton, Massachusetts. He was a theologian who believed in the old Puritan ideas, and said that predestination told that God had already decided the fate of people. He preached against worldly sins and told his congregation to look inward for God's signs of saving grace, and not just to do good to prove you were saved. In his congregation, the known sinners began to have spasms. His sent around a pamphlet to showcase his preachings all over.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Prince Henry the Navigator

The main Portuguese explorer.

Olive Branch petition

The moderates created this, stating that the colonies wanted harmony with Britain.

Virginia Resolves

The most famous of the anti-Stamp Act resolutions were the Virginia Resolves, passed by the House of Burgesses on May 30, 1765, which declared that the colonists were entitled to "all the liberties, privileges, franchises, and immunities . . . possessed by the people of Great Britain."

Virginia

The most high-profile convention was held in Richmond, Virginia, in June 1788, when Federalists like James Madison, Edmund Randolph, and John Marshall squared off against equally influential Anti-Federalists like Patrick Henry and George Mason. Virginia was America's most populous state, it had produced some of the country's highest-profile leaders, and the success of the new government rested upon its cooperation

Consequences of the Revolution

The most important immediate consequence of declaring independence was the creation of state constitutions in 1776 and 1777. Also unleashed powerful political, social, and economic forces that would transform the new nation's politics and society, including increased participation in politics and governance, the legal institutionalization of religious toleration, and the growth and diffusion of the population, particularly westward.. Even more broadly, the Revolution ended the mercantilist economy, opening new opportunities in trade and manufacturing.

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to Spanish. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

Marbury v. Madison

The night before leaving office in early 1801, Adams had appointed several men to serve as justices of the peace in Washington, D.C. By making these "midnight appointments," Adams had sought to put Federalists into vacant positions at the last minute. Upon taking office, however, Jefferson and his secretary of state, James Madison, had refused to deliver the federal commissions to the men Adams had appointed. Several of the appointees sued the government and the case was argued before the Supreme Court. It established judicial review (where the court can determine a law constitutional)

Marbury v. Madison

The night before leaving office in early 1801, Adams had appointed several men to serve as justices of the peace in Washington, D.C. By making these "midnight appointments," Adams had sought to put Federalists into vacant positions at the last minute. Upon taking office, however, Jefferson and his secretary of state, James Madison, had refused to deliver the federal commissions to the men Adams had appointed. Several of the appointees, including William Marbury, sued the government, and the case was argued before the Supreme Court.

Virginia + Kentucky Resolutions

The nullification of the Alien and Sedition Act. First time state overpowered federal government.

John Adams

The soldiers of the Boston Massacre won acquittal, in part because of their defense attorney.

How did the nation intend to pay back war debt?

The states had to pay the lenders that had bought up their war bonds.

William and Mary of Orange

The successors to King Charles II and England's first constitutional monarchs installed during the Glorious Revolution.

Election of 1800, tie, Jefferson and Burr

The two Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr defeated Federalist John Adams, but tied with each other. The final decision went the House of Representatives, where there was another tie. After a long series of ties in the House, Jefferson was finally chosen as president. Burr became vice-president. This led to the 12th Amendment, which requires the president and vice-president of the same party to run on the same ticket.

What caused the revising of the Articles of Confederation?

The uprising in Massachusetts convinced leaders around the country to act. Delegates from twelve of the thirteen states met at the Pennsylvania state house in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787. Only Rhode Island declined to send a representative

Northwest Indian War

The war between the Confederacy of Indians and White settlers

Patrick Henry

There was Patrick Henry.

Sugar Trade

There was a high demand for this product in Europe, and it caused a vast amounts of slaves from Africa to be work force on plantations. These were the most profitable trade.

Colonial colleges

There were colonial colleges.

Homespun Protest

There were imports on British clothes, so colonists decided to wear clothing made at home.

State Constitutions

These new state constitutions were based on the idea of "popular sovereignty," i.e., that the power and authority of the government derived from the people. Most created weak governors and strong legislatures with more regular elections and moderately increased the size of the electorate. A number of states followed the example of Virginia and included a declaration or "bill" of rights in their constitution designed to protect the rights of individuals and circumscribe the prerogative of the government

Charter Colonies

These were generally self-governed, and their charters were granted to the colonists via a joint-stock company When created, the British King granted these colonies a charter establishing the rules of government, but he allowed the colonists a great amount of freedom within those rule. Rhode Island and Connecticut. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was a royal province are examples of these

William and Mary of Orange

They signed the English Bill of Rights and began a new co-operation between the Parliament and the monarchs, leading to a greater measure of personal liberty and democracy in Britain. This action both signaled the end of several centuries of tension and conflict between the crown and parliament, and the end of the idea that England would be restored to Roman Catholicism.

Why did the founding fathers instigate the revolution?

They wanted to secure independence from Britain, but they did NOT fight the war to create a democracy.

Townshend Acts

This created customs duties on lead, glass, paint, and tea. It also created formal mechanisms to enforce compliance. Revenues from customs seizures would go to customs officers and other royal officers, so that they would want to enforce it.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This ended the war, and had a clause that was supposed to compensate for the Loyalists' lost property and protect them, but property was still seized from them anyway after this. The treaty also said that British troops must leave runaway slaves behind, but British military commanders took them away to different places anyways.

Treaty of Paris 1763

This helped end the Seven Years War.

Why was the Boston Massacre significant?

Tied the colonies together through shared sympathy for Boston

Why did King George III issue the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and limit settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains?

To limit wars with Native Americans

King George 3

Took the crown in 1760 and brought Tories into his Ministry after 3 decades of Whig rule. The Tories represented an authoritarian vision of the empire where colonies would be subordinate

George Whitefield

Traveling Calvinist preacher. Gave emotional sermons and said that salvation came from taking responsibility of your relationship with God,. Advocated a "conversion" experience. Also argued that too many ministers had never had this "conversion," and that this stood between the individual and God.

Seven Years' War

Truly a world war because it was fought between multiple empires on multiple continents. At the end Britain controlled the North American continent east of the Mississippi River, including French Canada. Britain doubled the national debt to 13.5 times its annual revenue, these factors led Britain in the 1760s to attempt to consolidate control over its North American colonies that led to resistance.

Robert Livingston

U.S. minister in france who helped aquire the Louisiana purchase

Quasi War

Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796.

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

Alexander Hamilton

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists.

Ecomeinda

Used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas, whereby conquistadors (conquerors) were granted the towns of the native people they conquered, ultimately making natives slaves.

George Hay

Virginia judge, called for "any publication whatever criminal" to be exempt from legal punishment

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

Was signed on February 6, 1778, the treaty effectively turned a colonial rebellion into a global war as fighting between the British and French soon broke out in Europe and India.

American Economy

Was weighed down by war debt and depreciated currencies, would have to be rebuilt following the war. State constitutions had created governments, but now men would have to figure out how to govern. The opportunities created by the Revolution had come at great cost, in both lives and fortune, and it was left to the survivors to seize those opportunities and help forge and define the new nation-state.

Alexander Hamilton

Washington chose Alexander Hamilton to be his Secretary of the Treasury. He believed that self-interest was the "most powerful incentive of human actions." Self-interest drove humans to accumulate property, and that effort created commerce and industry. In other words, a wise government would harness its citizens' desire for property so that both private individuals and the state would benefit.

Battle of Trenton

Washington needed something to encourage morale and reinforce enlistment, so he launched a surprise attack against the Hessians at Trenton, and it was successful.

Sons of Liberty

Were formed in most of the colonies to direct and organize further popular resistance. They were a violent protest group that created a stir in the colonies and in England itself.

Regulating Act

Which effectively put the troubled company under government control.

Tea Act

Which would allow the Company to sell its tea in the colonies directly and without the usual import duties. This would greatly lower the cost of tea for colonists, but, again, they resisted.

Which of the following colonies generated the most revenue?

b. Barbados

Did Hamilton's Plan work?

Yes. President Washington and Congress both accepted Hamilton's argument. By the end of 1794, 98 percent of the country's domestic debt had been converted into new federal bonds. The plan for a Bank of the United States won congressional approval despite strong opposition.

What is the name for the practice whereby a married woman loses all of her political and economic rights to her husband?

b. Coverture

Bill of Rights (Women)

Women found no special protections or guarantee of a voice in government. Many states would continue to restrict voting only to men who owned significant amounts of property.

Women in the Revolution

Women on both sides of the conflict were frequently left alone to care for their households. In addition to their existing duties, women took on roles usually assigned to men on farms and in shops and taverns. As the leader of the state militia during the Revolution, Mary Silliman's husband, Gold, was absent from their home for much of the conflict. On the morning of July 7, 1779, when a British fleet attacked nearby Fairfield, Connecticut, it was Mary who calmly evacuated her household, including her children and servants, to North Stratford. When Gold was captured by loyalists and held prisoner, Mary, six months pregnant with their second child, wrote letters to try to secure his release. When such appeals were ineffectual, Mary spearheaded an effort, along with Connecticut Governor, John Trumbull, to capture a prominent Tory leader to exchange for her husband's freedom.

Federalist Papers

Written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. It was published in various New York newspapers in 1787 and 1788. Some of the most famous, and most important, arguments came from it.

Discourse on Western Planting

Written by Richard Hakluyt in 1584, this document was written to convince Queen Elizabeth I to support the colonization schemes of Walter Raleigh and to encourage English merchants and gentry to invest in those enterprises.

"Common Sense"

Written by Thomas Paine, a small 46 page pamphlet published in Philadelphia and written by a recent immigrant from England captured the American conversation. It argued for independence by denouncing monarchy and challenging the logic behind the British Empire, saying, "There is something absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island."

Thomas Paine

Wrote pamphlet, Common Sense, which denounced the monarchy and challenged the logic of the British Empire. This spread quickly, with easy language, biblical references, and fiery rhetoric.

Bartoleme de las Casas

a Spanish priest who spoke out against the encomienda system and suggested slavery of Africans as an alternative

John Randolph

a Virginia planter, named two of his favorite horses "Jacobin" and "Sans-Culotte" after French revolutionary factions

Royal Colony

a colony in which the monarch appointed both the governor and the council of advisors. These governments carried out the orders and wishes of the Crown as opposed to private or local interests By 1775 the Royal Colony system of government was in the Carolina's, Virginia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Hampshire and New York

Print culture

a growing concern with the secular as opposed to the religious issues during the Enlightenment led to this, in which books and newspapers achieved a status of their own.

Wampanoag

a member of the Algonquian people of Rhode Island and Massachusetts who greeted the Pilgrims

privateer

a privately owned ship that has government permission during wartime to attack an enemy's merchant ships

How did the culture of rice cultivation reach colonial Carolina?

a. Enslaved Africans

Where did the Great Awakening begin?

a. New England

Which of the following colonies had a majority enslaved African population?

a. South Carolina

Improvements in all of the following increased opportunities for colonists to purchase consumer goods EXCEPT

a. Standardized currency

What were the major political parties in colonial America?

a. There were no major political parties in colonial America

Sedition Act

allowed the government to prosecute anyone found to be speaking or publishing "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government.

Pueblo Revolt

also known as Popé's Rebellion-was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. They were revolting due to the unethical treatment they were receiving. If they did not convert to Christianity they were made to work until death. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Spanish became the Lingua franca- common tongue. The indigiounous people managed to learn enough of this language to communicate with each other.

Berdache

among some Native North American peoples, somebody, usually a man, who takes on the dress, role, and status of the opposite sex

Byzantium

an ancient Greek colony in early antiquity that later became Constantinople, and later Istanbul. Byzantium was colonized by the Greeks from Megara in c. 657 BC.

Proprietary colonies

an individual, or small elite group, essentially owned the colony, controlling all of the actions and institutions of government, for which they would receive political or financial favors. The governors of these reported directly to the king. By 1775 Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania were these

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

argued that the national government's authority was limited to the powers expressly granted by the U.S. Constitution. More importantly, they asserted that the states could declare federal laws unconstitutional. For the time being, these resolutions were simply gestures of defiance. Their bold claim, however, would have important effects in later decades.

What portion of residents in 1700 New York City was enslaved?

c. 40%

What is the name of the prophet who inspired Pontiac's Rebellion?

c. Neolin

What was the largest American city during the late eighteenth century?

c. Philadelphia

What was the "commodity money" used in Virginia?

c. Tobacco

Which colony outlawed slavery in 1750?

d. Slavery was legal in every North American British colony at that time

Tar and Feathering

extreme punishment; While extreme acts like the tarring and feathering of Boston's Commissioner of Customs in 1774 propagated more protest against symbols of Parliament's tyranny throughout the colonies, violent demonstrations were regarded as acts of terrorism by British officials.

New York

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eZM63Aemvs

Commodity money

objects that have value in themselves and that are also used as money, in colonial times tobacco and whiskey were commonly used for currency.

Bills of credit

paper money

mestizos

people of Native American and European descent

"City on a Hill"

phrased used by John Winthrop in his sermon "A Model of Christian Charity" to describe how the American colonists and colonies would serve as an example for Europe and the rest of the world

Revolutionaries justified their new nation with

radical new ideals that changed the course of history and sparked a global "age of revolution"

Washington's Cabinet

secretary of state: Thomas Jefferson secretary of the treasury: Alexander Hamilton secretary of war: Henry Knox

Sugar Act

sought to combat widespread smuggling of molasses in New England by cutting the duty in half but increasing enforcement. Also, smugglers would be tried by vice-admiralty courts and not juries. The Sugar Act of 1764 was an attempt to get merchants to pay an already existing duty, but the Stamp Act created a new, direct (or "internal") tax. the Sugar Act, which primarily affected merchant

Decree of Sanctuary

spanish king's decree offers sanctuary and possible freedom to slaves in english colonies who flee to Florida st Augustine, had to brome catholic

Britain's next attempt to draw revenues from the colonies

the Townshend Acts, were passed in June 1767, creating new customs duties on common items, like lead, glass, paint, and tea, instead of direct taxes. The acts also created and strengthened formal mechanisms to enforce compliance, including a new American Board of Customs Commissioners and more vice-admiralty courts to try smugglers.

Cahokia

the largest and most influential settlement of the Mississippian mound building culture

Consumer revolution

time period during which the desire for exotic imports increased dramatically due to economic expansion and population growth

French "Quasi-War"

was fought on the Atlantic, mostly between French naval vessels and American merchant ships. During this crisis, however, anxiety about foreign agents ran high, and members of Congress took action to prevent internal subversion. The most controversial of these steps were the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Constantinople

was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine (330-1204 and 1261-1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204-1261), and the later Ottoman (1453-1923) empires. It was reinaugurated in 324 AD from ancient Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was named, and dedicated on 11 May 330 AD

Crusades

was to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims, get economic gains, and to expand the Popes power.

John Dickinson / Letters from a Farmer

wrote, "That we may legally be bound to pay any general duties on these commodities, relative to the regulation of trade, is granted; but we being obliged by her laws to take them from Great Britain, any special duties imposed on their exportation to us only, with intention to raise a revenue from us only, are as much taxes upon us, as those imposed by the Stamp Act." Hence, many authors asked: once the colonists assented to a tax in any form, what would stop the British from imposing ever more and greater taxes on the colonists?