amh 2010 Unit 1

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Luján was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from what is now Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542.

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. The Incas created a highway and road system in Peru with over 18,000 miles of roads. The Incas had a type of postal system where relay messengers ran across rope bridges to deliver communications to the next team. ... The Incas performed successful skull surgeries. The Incas were the first to cultivate the potato in Peru.

Nathaniel Bacon

a planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land

Columbian Exchange

named after Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, the Old World, and West Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Albany Congress (1754)/ Albany Plan

of Union was a plan to place the British North American colonies under a more centralized government.

Deists

philosophical position that rejects revelation as a source of religious knowledge and asserts that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to establish the existence of a Supreme Being or creator of the universe.

"Headright system"

referred to a grant of land, usually 50 acres, given to settlers in the 13 colonies.

Pontiac's Conspiracy/Rebellion

was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of American Indians dissatisfied with British rule in the Great Lakes region following the French and Indian War (1754-1763).

Sons of Liberty/Samuel Adams

was most likely organized in the summer of 1765 as a means to protest the passing of the Stamp Act of 1765.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.

Salutary neglect

was the British Crown policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, especially trade laws, as long as British colonies remained loyal to the government of, and contributed to the economic growth of their parent country, England, in the 18th century

Enclosure movement

was the legal process in England of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms from the 13th century onward. Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted and available only to the owner, and it ceased to be common land for communal use.

Salem Witch Trials

were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693.

Royal colonies

were those that in the absence or revocation of a private or proprietary charter came under the direct, everyday governmental control of the English monarchy.

Quartering Act

were two or more Acts of British Parliament requiring local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with housing and food.

Powhatan

whose proper name was Wahunsenacawh, was the leader of the Powhatan, an alliance of Algonquian-speaking American Indians living in Tsenacommacah, in the Tidewater region of Virginia at the time English settlers landed at Jamestown in 1607.

William Shirley/Benjamin Franklin

writes a powerful letter to the Massachusetts Governor William Shirley, wherein Franklin cogently recapitulates his main arguments

Circular letter

written document that is addressed for circulation to a group of people. It is usually formal and official.

Exploration/Conquistadores

Christopher Columbus John Cabot Vasco Nunez de Balboa Ferdinand Magellan Hernando Cortez Francisco Pizzaro Hernando De Soto Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Amerigo Vespucci

Intolerable/Coercive Acts

"a series of laws passed by the British government in 1774 in response to the growing unrest in the colonies, particularly in Massachusetts after incidents such as the Boston Tea Party. Enforcement of the Acts played a major role in the outbreak of the Revolutionary War."

Aztec

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

English Slave Trade

1562 existed prior to the Roman occupation and until the 12th century, when chattel slavery disappeared, at least for a time, following the Norman Conquest. Former indigenous slaves merged into the larger body of serfs in Britain and no longer were recognized separately in law or custom

Hernando Cortez

1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

William Berkeley

A Governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I, of whom he was a favorite. He was governor from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677. Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Army Rangers

Army Rangers, according to the US Army's definition, are personnel, past or present, in any unit that has the official designation of "Ranger".

Pre-"New World" Native Populations

Aztec Inca Maya Olmec

George Grenville

British Whig statesman who rose to the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain. Grenville was born into an influential political family and first entered Parliament in 1741 as an MP for Buckingham

Charles Townshend/Townshend Acts

British chancellor of the Exchequer, imposed duties on British china, glass, lead, paint, paper and tea imported to the colonies. However, these policies prompted colonists to take action by boycotting British goods

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

Marquis Duquesne

French Governor General of New France, served from 1752 through 1755, and is best known for his role in the French and Indian War.

Acadians/Cajuns

French colonists in Nova Scotia brutally uprooted by the victorious British and shipped to Louisiana

Jeffrey Amherst

General, appointed by Pitt, Marched into Montreal, ending the French & Indian war

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India. visited Danish West indies

Cherokee

In response to the rapid expansion by the United States, this native tribal group formed a national government, sought to modernize their society, but were forcibly relocated in the 1830s. North American Indians of Iroquoian lineage who constituted one of the largest politically integrated tribes at the time of European colonization of the Americas. Their name is derived from a Creek word meaning "people of different speech"; many prefer to be known as Keetoowah or Tsalagi.

John Cabot

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)

John Rolfe/Pocahontas

John Rolfe was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia

John Winthrop

John Winthrop was an English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England following Plymouth Colony.

Religious colonies

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maryland, Pennsylvania Toward the end of the colonial era, churchgoing reached at least 60 percent in all the colonies. The middle colonies saw a mixture of religions,

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

1st Continental Congress

On September 1774, delegates from 12 colonies gathered in Philadelphia. After debating, the delegates passed a resolution backing Mass. in its struggle. Decided to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerance Act was canceled.

4-Point Offensive Strategy

One where an interior defender has their weight forward to gain immediate leverage against an offensive lineman; another where an edge defender has their weight forward to improve their burst off the ball; and a third where a defensive lineman is leaning back

Currency Act

Paper Bills of Credit Act is one of many several Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain that regulated paper money issued by the colonies of British America.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Primogeniture

Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent's entire or main estate in preference to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative.

Redcoats & Provincials

Provincial soldier was one who was raised for a fixed period of time (the duration of the war), was paid, clothed, armed, fed, etc. Redcoats refer to British soldiers, especially during the American Revolutionary War, who were so-called because of their red coats and uniforms that were worn by the majority of regiments

North American Natives

Pueblo/Iroquois Cherokee/Creek Florida Natives

The Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Journal of the Times

Sam Adams creates this journal that is used as propaganda to rile up the colonists against the British.

Old Lights v. New Lights

The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established congregational church.

Timucua/Calusa

The Calusa lived on the coast and along the inner waterways. They built their homes on stilts and wove Palmetto leaves to fashion roofs, but they didn't construct any walls. The Calusa Indians did not farm like the other Indian tribes in Florida. Instead, they fished for food on the coast, bays, rivers, and waterways. friendly natives

Suffolk Resolves

The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts's Suffolk Resolves, which declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties.

Puritans/Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Colony, more formally The Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English settlement on the east coast of America around the Massachusetts Bay, the northernmost of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts

Mayflower Compact

The Mayflower Compact, originally titled Agreement Between the Settlers of New Plymouth, was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony.

Pueblo/Iroquois

The Puebloans mainly cultivated maize and cotton, while the the Iroquois grew "the three sisters:" corn, beans and squash, and tobacco. Both groups hunted many of the same animals including deer, antelope, and elk. 80,000 live in the US

Encomienda system

The encomienda was a Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of conquered non-Christian people. The laborers, in theory, were provided with benefits by the conquerors for whom they labored, the Catholic religion being a principal benefit

Separatists/Pilgrims

They believed that membership in the Church of England violated the biblical precepts for true Christians

Apalachee/Choctaw

They were a strong and powerful tribe living in widely dispersed villages. Other tribes respected the Apalachees because they belonged to an advanced Indian civilization, they were prosperous, and they were fierce warriors

Jonathan Edwards/George Whitefield

This theologian was an American revivalist of the Great Awakening. He was both deeply pious & passionately devoted to intellectual pursuits. His most popular sermon titled, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," appealed to thousands of re-awakened Christians; One of the preachers of the great awakening (key figure of "New Light"); known for his talented voice inflection & ability to bring many a person to their knees.

Name three native Florida tribes from the 1600's?

Timucua, Calusa (Caloosa), Apalachee

John Dickinson

a Founding Father of the United States, was a solicitor and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Wilmington, Delaware, known as the "Penman of the Revolution" for his twelve Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, published individually in 1767 and 1768.

Triangular trade

Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come.

internal v. external taxes

Unlike the Sugar Act, which was an external tax (i.e. it taxed only goods imported into the colonies), the Stamp Act was an internal tax, levied directly upon the property and goods of the colonists. Internal taxes had far wider effects.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Vasco Núñez de Balboa was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World

Sugar Act

also known as the American Revenue Act 1764 or the American Duties Act, was a revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on 5 April 1764.

Stamp Act Congress

also known as the Continental Congress of 1765, was a meeting held in New York, New York, consisting of representatives from some of the British colonies in North America.

Quebec/Montreal

are 2 of the most important settlements founded in Canada

Blue laws

are laws designed to restrict or ban some or all Sunday activities for religious or secular reasons, particularly to promote the observance of a day of worship or rest.

James Wolfe

as a British Army officer known for his training reforms and remembered chiefly for his victory in 1759 over the French at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Quebec as a major general.

Jamestown

home to the ruins of the first permanent English settlement in North America. It includes the remains of 18th-century Ambler Mansion. Artifacts from the region's settlers are on display in the Archaearium archaeology museum.

Declaratory Act

commonly known as the Declaratory Act, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765 and the changing and lessening of the Sugar Act.

John Locke/Essay on Human Understanding

concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. It first appeared in 1689 with the printed title An Essay Concerning Humane Understanding

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

created by delegates from nine colonies, set forth view of British power in colonies. Parliament didn't have right to tax colonists without their legislative consent and demanded repeal of Stamp and Sugar Acts

demise of tribes

disease like small pocks, measles, etc

Joint stock companies

is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders

Penal colonies

is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory.

Mercantilism

is an economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy. It promotes imperialism, colonialism, tariffs and subsidies on traded goods to achieve that goal

Sectionalism

is loyalty to one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole.

Walter Raleigh/Roanoke

refers to two attempts by Sir Walter Raleigh to found the first permanent English settlement in North America. The English, led by Humphrey Gilbert, had claimed St. John's, Newfoundland, in 1583 as the first North American English colony by royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I. Roanoke was second. The first Roanoke colony was established by governor Ralph Lane in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is now Dare County, North Carolina, United States.[1]:45, 54-59 Following the failure of the 1585 settlement, a second colony led by John White landed on the same island in 1587, and became known as the Lost Colony due to the unexplained disappearance of its population.

Virtual Representation/James Otis

taxation without representation he was famous for

William Pitt

the Younger was a prominent British Tory statesman of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He became the youngest prime minister of Great Britain in 1783 at the age of 24 and the first prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as of January 1801.

Edward Braddock

was a British officer and commander-in-chief for the Thirteen Colonies during the start of the French and Indian War, which is also known in Europe and Canada

Roger Williams

was a Puritan minister, theologian, and author who founded Providence Plantations, which became the Colony of Rhode Island.

Anne Hutchison

was a Puritan spiritual advisor, religious reformer, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy which shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638.

St. Augustine/Pedro Menendez de Aviles

was a Spanish admiral and explorer from Avilés, in Asturias, Spain. He is notable for planning the first regular trans-oceanic convoys, which became known as the Spanish treasure fleet, and for founding St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. This was the first successful Spanish settlement in La Florida and the most significant city in the region for nearly three centuries. St. Augustine is the oldest continuously inhabited, European-established settlement in the continental United States. Menéndez de Avilés was also the first governor of Florida

Francisco Pizzaro

was a Spanish conquistador, best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of Peru. Born in Trujillo, Spain to a poor family, Pizarro chose to pursue fortune and adventure in the New World.

Pensacola/Tristan de Luna

was a Spanish explorer and Conquistador of the 16th century In August of that year, he established an ephemeral colony at modern-day Pensacola, the earliest multi-year European settlement in the continental United States.[4][5

Hernando De Soto

was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who was involved in expeditions in Nicaragua and the Yucatan Peninsula, and played an important role in Pizarro's conquest of the Inca Empire

Boston Massacre

was a confrontation on March 5, 1770, in which British soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in Boston.

Navigation Acts

was a long series of English laws that developed, promoted, and regulated English ships, shipping, trade, and commerce between other countries and with its own colonies.

Gaspee Affair

was a significant event in the lead-up to the American Revolution. HMS Gaspee was a British customs schooner that had been enforcing the Navigation Acts in and around Newport, Rhode Island in 1772.

John Hancock/Liberty

was a sloop owned by John Hancock, an American merchant. Seized by customs officials in Boston in 1768, it was commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS Liberty, and was burned the next year by American colonists in Newport, Rhode Island in one of the first acts of open defiance against the British crown by American colonists.

Proprietor colonies

was a type of English colony mostly in North America and in the Caribbean in the 17th century.

Stamp Act

was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which imposed a direct tax on the British colonies in America and required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp.

Tea Act

was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The principal objective was to reduce the massive amount of tea held by the financially troubled British East India Company in its London warehouses and to help the struggling company survive.

Patrick Henry

was an American attorney, planter, politician, and orator best known for his declaration to the Second Virginia Convention: "Give me liberty, or give me death!"

George Washington

was an American political leader, military general, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797.

Crispus Attucks

was an American stevedore of African and Native American descent, widely regarded as the first person killed in the Boston Massacre and thus the first American killed in the American Revolution.

East India Company

was an English and later British joint-stock company founded in 1600. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies, and later with Qing China.

Plymouth Colony

was an English colonial venture in America from 1620 to 1691 at a location that had previously been surveyed and named by Captain John Smith.

Myles Standish

was an English military officer hired by the Pilgrims as military adviser for Plymouth Colony. He accompanied them on the Mayflower journey and played a leading role in the administration and defense of Plymouth Colony from its inception

Henry Hudson

was an English sea explorer and navigator during the early 17th century, best known for his explorations of present-day Canada and parts of the northeastern United State

Amerigo Vespucci

was an Italian-born merchant, explorer, and navigator from the Republic of Florence, from whose name the term "America" is derived. He became a Castillian citizen in 1505.

Bacon's Rebellion

was an armed rebellion held by Virginia settlers that took place in 1675 through 1676.

Enlightenment

was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.

"Ft. William massacre"

was conducted in August 1757 by French General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm against the British-held Fort William Henry.

American Board of Customs Commissioners

was created in 1767, raising the number of customs officials, constructing a colonial coast guard, and providing money to pay informers.

Proclamation Line of 1763

was issued by King George III on October 7, 1763. It followed the Treaty of Paris, which formally ended the Seven Years' War and transferred French territory in North