AMH 2020 Chapter 23

55. Organized labor emerged as: a. a vocal critic of McCarthyism. b. a major supporter of the foreign policy of the Cold War. c. a radical wing of the Communist Party. d. a militant group willing to fight the Red Scare. e. the best informants for the FBI and HUAC.

b. a major supporter of the foreign policy of the Cold War.

28. In the 1950s, what did the term "totalitarianism" describe? a. Fascism and national socialism. b. Socialism and communism. c. Social democracy and the New Deal. d. Fascism, Nazism, and communism. e. Capitalism and conservatism.

d. Fascism, Nazism, and communism.

3. Overall, despite good intentions, the Marshall Plan was not very successful.

False

42. In 1948, the Progressive Party: a. advocated expanded social welfare programs. b. supported segregation. c. supported Truman's civil rights proposals. d. agreed with Truman's Cold War policies. e. did not allow socialists or communists to join.

a. advocated expanded social welfare programs.

49. During the Cold War, Americans: a. formed anticommunist groups who pressured public libraries to remove "un-American" books from their shelves. b. were united in their outrage over the jailing of Communist Party leaders. c. fired teachers who refused to sign loyalty oaths. d. remained generally unconcerned over the prospect of communists living in America. e. A and C

a. formed anticommunist groups who pressured the public libraries to remove "un-American" books from their shelves.

37. The Taft-Hartley Act: a. outlawed the closed shop. b. legalized sympathy strikes. c. strengthened the rights of organized labor. d. banned right-to-work laws. e. was supported by President Truman.

a. outlawed the closed shop.

22. Which long-held U.S. territory was granted independence in 1946? a. Puerto Rico. b. The Philippines. c. Wake Island. d. Guam. e.Samoa.

b. The Philippines.

19. In 1949, Mao Zedong: a. represented the Chinese at the United Nations. b. led a successful communist revolution in China. c. led a successful communist revolution in Taiwan. d. was an ally of the United States. e. cooperated with the Chinese nationalists.

b. led a successful communist revolution in China.

17. Why did France and other Europeans understand NATO as a form of double containment? a. The organization would keep both the United States and the Soviet Union in check. b. NATO would prevent the expansion of the British empire as well as of American imperialism. c. The pact would guard them against Soviet aggression as well as against the resurgence of a powerful Germany. d. NATO would contain communism but also contain the costs of defense for European nations. e. NATO would counterbalance Soviet influence and that of the United Nations.

c. The pact would guard them against Soviet aggression as well as against the resurgence of a powerful Germany.

52. Why did anticommunist Harry Truman veto the McCarran-Walter Act? a. The anticommunist measures targeting immigrants did not go far enough for Truman. b. The McCarran-Walter Act closely mirrored the Committee on Immigration's report, Whom Shall We Welcome, an investigative body commissioned by Truman's political enemies. c. Truman had become alarmed at the excesses of the anticommunist crusade. d. Truman did not actually veto the act, preferring to propose an alternative bill. e. The bill did not adequately address how to respond to illegal aliens.

c. Truman had become alarmed at the excesses of the anticommunist crusade.

56. The impact of the Cold War on the civil rights movement: a. was quite limited at the time. b. was beneficial because the Urban League accepted communists into its ranks. c. included government action against black leaders. d. caused the NAACP to enlist the aid of the Soviets. e. brought wider support for civil rights from southern Democrats who wanted to fight communism.

c. included government action against black leaders.

46. Why did Harry Truman's loyalty review system target homosexuals working for the government? a. The president was an outspoken homophobe. b. Joseph McCarthy's announcement that there were over fifty homosexuals in the State Department had forced Truman's hand. c. Homosexuals were legally prohibited from working for the government. d. Homosexuals were considered susceptible to blackmail and thought to be lacking the manly qualities necessary to fight communism. e. Truman was alleged to be gay himself and sought to deflect any suspicions.

d. Homosexuals were considered susceptible to blackmail and thought to be lacking the manly qualities necessary to fight communism.

48. The charges against which of the following organizations led to the downfall of Joseph McCarthy in 1954? a. The Defense Department. b. The Voice of America. c. The State Department. d. The army. e.The Communist Party.

d. The army.

51. The McCarran-Walter Act: a. removed immigration quotas based on nationality. b. made immigration law much more flexible for Asians and Latinos. c. recognized the need for political asylum for refugees from South Africa. d. authorized the deportation of communists, including naturalized citizens. e. was supported by President Truman.

d. authorized the deportation of communists, including naturalized citizens.

31. The principle of human rights—the idea of basic rights belonging to all persons because they are human—was introduced into international relations: a. after the Holocaust. b. after the dropping of the atomic bomb. c. when NATO was established. d. in the revolutionary period of the late eighteenth century. e. when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted.

d. in the revolutionary period of the late eighteenth century.

39. President Truman's civil rights plan called for all of the following EXCEPT: a. a permanent federal civil rights commission. b. national laws against lynching and the poll tax. c. equal access to jobs. d. reparations. e. equal access to education.

d. reparations.

25. The impact of the Cold War on American culture was: a. especially evident in the movies. b. limited in scope. c. discouraged in the public schools. d. widely criticized by the news media. e. felt mostly in the cities.

a. especially evident in the movies.

33. All of the following statements are true of the Fair Deal EXCEPT: a. the Fair Deal included a provision to expand public housing. b. Congress passed Truman's Fair Deal to raise the standard of living for Americans. c. the Fair Deal included a provision to increase the minimum wage. d. the Fair Deal included a provision to create a national health insurance program. e. the Fair Deal included a provision to expand Social Security coverage.

b. Congress passed the Truman's Fair Deal to raise the standard of living for Americans.

2. Truman was advised to "scare the hell out of people" as a means of gaining support for aid to Greece and Turkey.

True

26. "Militant Liberty" was the code name for a national security agency that: a. patrolled the border in search of illegal aliens. b. encouraged Hollywood to produce anticommunist movies. c. required labor unions to purge suspected communist leaders. d. forced schools to fire teachers and professors suspected of teaching Marxist ideas. e. encouraged artists to paint work in a Norman Rockwell style.

b. encouraged Hollywood to produce anticommunist movies.

10. To improve the image of American race relations abroad, the U.S. government sponsored trips of African-American jazz musicians to Africa.

False

6. Despite the communist victory in China's civil war and the Soviets' successful development of an atomic bomb, the Truman administration refused to endorse a permanent U.S. military buildup.

False

7. The United States won the Korean War.

False

9. Hollywood remained the one voice of protest during the McCarthy era, making films that glorified individualism, socialism, and the questioning of authority.

False

4. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was the first long-term military alliance between the United States and Europe since the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with France during the American Revolution.

True

5. The Berlin Airlift made it clear that Truman was determined to deny the Soviet Union any victories in the Cold War.

True

8. Generally speaking, economics and geopolitical interests motivated American foreign policy, but the language of freedom was used to justify America's actions.

True

58. What was so ironic about Dean Acheson's speech to the Delta Council in 1947? a. Acheson praised the president's defense of democratic institutions in the place that did not know democracy. b. Acheson was urging the gathering of cotton planters to automate production, while the Democrats were pushing for fair wages for black farmworkers. c. Acheson was delivering a speech meant for new African-American Democrats in Mississippi to a gathering of white supremacists. d. The Under Secretary of State was warning the same audience against the Cold War that had already heard Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech a month prior. e. Acheson had delivered the same speech to the council the year before.

a. Acheson praised the president's defense of democratic institutions in the place that did not know democracy.

24. Why did the United States back away from pressuring its European allies to grant self-government to colonies in Asia and Africa? a. American diplomats valued nations like France more highly for their alliance in the European Cold War. b. Since the United States was expanding its own empire, it was losing the moral high ground against European colonial powers. c. American strategists reasoned that national independence in Asia and Africa was likely to benefit the Soviet Union more than the United States. d. Southern Democrats in Congress did not want to inspire civil rights campaigns at home by supporting national independence in Asia or Africa. e. The United States depended on European nations to wage war against communists in the developing world.

a. American diplomats valued nations like France more highly for their alliance in the European Cold War.

59. Civil rights initiatives after 1948: a. waned, given widespread American sentiment that any criticism of American society smacked of "disloyalty." b. continued in the same vein as those achieved during the Truman administration. c. included enforcement of bans on discrimination in employment and housing. d. remained a strong priority for the Democratic Party. e. became more important after the Soviets pointed out American hypocrisy.

a. waned, given widespread American sentiment that any criticism of American society smacked of "disloyalty."

20. Which statement best describes what NSC-68 called for? a. Patience on the part of the United States in dealing with the Soviet Union. b. A permanent military buildup and a global application of containment. c. Limited strategic goals, confronting the Soviets only at key industrial areas. d. A sole reliance on nuclear weapons in order to spare conventional forces. e. Limited strategic goals, confronting the Chinese only at key industrial areas.

b. A permanent military buildup and a global application of containment.

21. Which statement about the Korean conflict is FALSE? a. The United Nations authorized the use of forces to repel the North Koreans. b. Chinese troops threatened to enter the conflict, but never did. c. General MacArthur argued for an invasion of China and for the use of nuclear weapons. d. Truman removed General MacArthur from his command when he publicly criticized Truman. e. The war ended in a cease-fire, not with a formal peace treaty.

b. Chinese troops threatened to enter the conflict, but never did.

50. Which of the following does NOT accurately depict one of the uses of anticommunism? a. Businesses resisted government regulatory efforts as "socialism." b. Conservative Catholic congregations were investigated for enforcing "principles of communist conformity" among parishioners. c. Republicans accused New Deal Democrats of "subversion." d. Democrats supported the implementation of tough anticommunist measures as a defense against Republican charges of "disloyalty." e. The McCarran-Walter Act maintained immigration quotas and authorized the deportation of immigrants identified as communists.

b. Conservative Catholic congregations were investigated for enforcing "principles of communist conformity" among parishioners.

29. What did Eleanor Roosevelt do of particular significance several years after the war ended? a. She acted as the U.S. representative in attendance at the Nuremburg Trials. b. She chaired the committee that drafted the United Nation's "Universal Declaration of Human Rights." c. She became an outspoken critic of communist independence movements around the world. d. She traveled to China in an attempt to broker an end to the bitter civil war. e. She was the first U.S. official to visit Japan after the end of WWII.

b. She chaired the committee that drafted the United Nation's "Universal Declaration of Human Rights."

41. Who were the "Dixiecrats"? a. Members of the national press corps who covered the story of Strom Thurmond's breakaway from the Democratic Party. b. Southern Democrats who walked out of the 1948 convention to form the "States' Rights Democratic Party." c. Southern labor organizers who campaigned against passage of the Taft-Hartley Act. d. Republicans who favored maintaining segregation in the South in support of the principle of states' rights. e. Members of the Commission on Civil Rights.

b. Southern Democrats who walked out of the 1948 convention to form the "States' Rights Democratic Party."

35. Operation Dixie was: a. a postwar strike wave. b. the postwar union campaign in the South. c. an effort to increase black suffrage. d. the congressional effort to outlaw lynching. e. the mass return of African-Americans to the South after World War II.

b. the postwar union campaign in the South.

43. The 1948 presidential race: a. was a three-way race. b. was the last to occur before television forever changed campaigning. c. ended the movement of southern Democrats into the Republican Party. d. highlighted gender as a campaign issue for the Republican Party. e.had Strom Thurmond as a close second to Harry Truman.

b. was the last to occur before television forever changed campaigning.

32. How did the Soviet focus on social and economic rights in the Cold War human rights debate affect American attitudes? a. It caused millions of Americans to be jealous and get curious about the Soviet Union. b. It inspired American politicians to invoke the example of the Soviet Union in order to push for bolder reincarnations of the New Deal. c. In the climate of anticommunist hysteria, it prompted many Americans to condemn these rights as a first step to socialism. d. It gave Americans comfort to know that their own emphasis on social and economic rights placed them far ahead of the Soviet Union. e. It secured voting rights for women along with a quota system for political leadership positions.

c. In the climate of anticommunist hysteria, it prompted many Americans to condemn these rights as a first step to socialism.

38. How had the political climate changed in the South during World War II in the early Cold War years? a. The mass exodus of African-Americans for the West Coast and Northeast left the region almost exclusively white. b. The high concentration of prisoner-of-war camps in the region had made these southerners savvy in foreign affairs. c. The number of African-Americans in the region that were registered to vote increased sevenfold. d. In light of the fight against an enemy with a racial ideology, the states of the upper South abolished segregation and Jim Crow rule. e. The region's central role in the development of the atom bomb made it the capital of militant Cold War politics.

c. The number of African Americans in the region that were registered to vote increased sevenfold.

57. How did black organizations employ the language of the Cold War? a. Most black activists shied away from any nod to Cold War language for fear of government reprisals. b. Organizations such as the NAACP used phrases such as "freedom versus slavery" to rally support for desegregation. c. They noted how the Russians could use racism to damage America's image abroad, given its hypocrisy about the meaning of "freedom" at home. d. The NAACP in particular copied the tactics of communist strategists in labor organizations such as the Southern Conference for Human Welfare. e. The NAACP adopted and translated slogans from the Soviet Union.

c. They noted how the Russians could use racism to damage America's image abroad, given its hypocrisy about the meaning of "freedom" at home.

27. To wage the cultural Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Department: a. promoted the work of artist Norman Rockwell. b. censored the work of modern artists. c. funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits. d. sought to censor the work of painter Jackson Pollock. e.imposed artistic conformity.

c. funded artistic publications, concerts, performances, and exhibits.

53. Operation Wetback: a. was the code name for a CIA operation conducted on the border between Texas and Mexico. b. was how leftist news organizations described the McCarran-Walter Act. c. was a military operation that rounded up illegal aliens found in Mexican-American neighborhoods for deportation. d. was opposed by President Truman. e. deported very few illegal aliens.

c. was a military operation that rounded up illegal aliens found in Mexican American neighborhoods for deportation.

40. Why did southern Democrats fear losing their position in the Democratic Party following its national convention of 1948? a. The numbers were ever shrinking in proportion to northern Democrats. b. The strong migration westward had significantly reduced the southern Democratic constituency. c. President Truman used the convention to bolster the position of his fellow Democrats from the northeastern establishment. d. Party liberals under the leadership of Hubert Humphrey had added a strong civil rights plank to the party platform. e. The success of Republicans in the South was eroding the constituency base for southern Democrats.

d. Party liberals under the leadership of Hubert Humphrey had added a strong civil rights plank to the party platform.

36. Why did nearly 5 million workers walk off their jobs over the course of 1946? a. Returning veterans had been given preferential treatment in hiring and promotion. b. The millions of women who had worked in defense industries were refusing to leave their jobs. c. The postwar wave of deflation was dramatically reducing the value of worker's wages. d. The removal of price controls resulted in a drop in workers' real income. e.American workers had accumulated months of vacation and overtime during the war years.

d. The removal of price controls resulted in a drop in workers' real income.

18. Why did the United States allow West Germany to become part of a defensive alliance less than ten years after the defeat of Nazi Germany? a. East Germany had positioned nuclear missiles along the border to the west. b. The United States depended heavily on the expertise of German rocket scientists. c. The United States made this concession in order to win access to lucrative German consumer markets. d. The successful Soviet detonation of a nuclear bomb underlined the importance of a militarily united West. e. The United States had thoroughly "de-nazified" the country.

d. The successful Soviet detonation of a nuclear bomb underlined the importance of a militarily united West.

54. How did white supremacists take advantage of anticommunist rhetoric? a. They pointed to the interracial society of the Soviet Union as a warning sign. b. They stressed the fact that African-Americans were twenty times more likely to be communist than whites. c. They pointed out that the United States' only reliable ally against the Soviet Union was the apartheid regime of South Africa. d. They charged African-American civil rights leaders with a communist agenda. e. They proposed deputizing the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) as an anticommunist paramilitary unit.

d. They charged African American civil rights leaders with a communist agenda.

16. The Berlin Blockade was: a. a barrier erected by Allied forces in postwar Berlin to shield them from angry protests of starving residents. b. a means for the United States to justify its threat to mobilize Allied forces stationed in Turkey. c. erected because the United States threatened to invade the Soviet Union. d. the reaction by the Soviet Union to the establishment of a separate currency in western Berlin's occupied zones. e. a temporary defensive measure by the United States that was soon taken down.

d. the reaction by the Soviet Union to the establishment of a separate currency in western Berlin's occupied zones.

23. According to some critics, how did the casting of the Cold War as a worldwide struggle between freedom and slavery have unfortunate consequences? a. It made it difficult to discern legitimate postwar struggles for economic and political freedom from those simply motivated by American interests. b. It suggested that the United States would align itself against postwar colonial independence movements in the name of anticommunism. c. It prevented any long-term establishment of a diplomatic presence in Moscow. d. It unfortunately positioned the United States as the leader in military aggression, rather than a beacon of peace. e. A and B

e. A and B

34. In the aftermath of World War II: a. very few women lost their wartime jobs to returning veterans. b. the majority of returning GIs went back to work. c. the United States experienced difficulty demobilizing, prompting Congress to keep in place most wartime economic measures. d. Americans paid more for consumer goods. e.B and D

e. B and D

44. All of the following statements about the Cold War's impact on American life are true EXCEPT: a. the Cold War reshaped immigration policy. b. the Cold War promoted the rapid expansion of higher education. c. Cold War policy supported scientific research in medicine and computers. d. the Cold War contributed to the dismantling of segregation. e. Cold War military spending weakened the economy.

e. Cold War military spending weakened the economy.

47. Joseph McCarthy: a. had the full support of the Senate during his anticommunist crusade. b. successfully uncovered the communist infiltration of the federal government. c. successfully uncovered the communist infiltration of the U.S. army. d. was hailed as an American hero for his fight against communism. e. was an embarrassment to his party by 1954.

e. was an embarrassment to his party by 1954.

1. George Kennan's Long Telegram laid the foundation for the policy of containment.

True

45. What reason did the Hollywood Ten give for not cooperating with the HUAC hearings? a. They were all communists and did want to indict themselves. b. Ronald Reagan had threatened that they would lose their jobs if they cooperated. c. They were all busy making movies and did not have time to attend the hearings. d. They felt the hearings were a violation of the First Amendment. e. As Republicans, they were insulted that their loyalty was being questioned.

d. They felt the hearings were a violation of the First Amendment.

15. How did the United States respond to Joseph Stalin's blockade around Berlin? a. Truman ordered that supplies be brought to Berlin via an airlift. b. Truman put American forces on high alert and threatened atomic war if Stalin did not lift the blockade. c. Truman ignored it. d. Truman asked the United Nations to place an embargo on all goods going to the Soviet Union. e.American forces forced their way through the road blockade with a caravan of armored tanks.

a. Truman ordered that supplies be brought to Berlin via an airlift.

30. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: a. was immediately ratified by Congress. b. was honored by both the United States and the Soviets. c. included freedom of speech and religion. d. was drafted by President Truman. e. did not address economic rights.

c. included freedom of speech and religion.