AMS 1A Midterm 1

RECONQUISTA

re-conquest of Spain

REFORM

reaction to change. Some people react to change by refusing to accept it; base their beliefs and actions on nostalgia for a time before the change occurred. Some people react to change by embracing it as positive progress; see the present as empowered and improved by new ideas, etc. Some people react to change by perceiving of it as dangerous; see the present as needing improvement or modification to achieve a more perfect future

ENCOMIENDA

system of forced labor; protection exchanged for service

PERSPECTIVISM

8/30 Colonizing Turtle Island Endeavoring to understand the cultural perspectives of others

CULTURAL ENCOUNTER

8/30 Colonizing Turtle Island Engagement between two groups from different cultures

DOMINATION

8/30 Colonizing Turtle Island To exercise control or influence over someone or something

ETHIOCENTRISM

8/30 Colonizing Turtle Island Viewing others through the lens of one's own culture

COLONIZATION

8/30 Colonizing Turtle Island establishing control over the indigenous people of a religion

Race and racism

9/8 Chattel Slavery, Racism, and the Plantation Economy A social construct based on the classification of noticeable human variation; the belief that one can know things about a person based on race; the idea that people will behave in a certain manner according to physical appearance. The idea is that certain facts are universally true given your assumptions of their race.

Chattel Slavery

9/8 Chattel Slavery, Racism, and the Plantation Economy The Enslaving of human beings and their offspring as property, Able to be bought, sold, and forced into work; distinguished from other systems of forced labor

Commodification

9/8 Chattel Slavery, Racism, and the Plantation Economy The action or process of creating something as a mere commodity (thing, goods)

Dehumanization

9/8 Chattel Slavery, Racism, and the Plantation Economy The process of depriving a person of positive human qualities

A Society with slaves VS. a Slave society

9/8 Chattel Slavery, Racism, and the Plantation Economy a society where slavery exists, compared to one that is dependent on slavery

capital

9/8 Chattel Slavery, Racism, and the Plantation Economy property

"The Coast of Pearls, Paria, and the Island of Trinidad" (The Very Brief Relation of the Devastation of the Indies) Author: Bartolomé de las Casas

Context: 2 million Indian slaves taken to do work in mines; poorly treated when transported by ship; forced dangerous pearl fishing that involves diving Significance: further describing the horrific mistreatment of Indians by Spaniards Lecture: 8/25 Contact/retelling the Columbus story

"Letter to Ferdinand and Isabella Regarding the Fourth Voyage" Author: Christopher Columbus

Context: Columbus indicates he was given leave by the Spanish monarchs to rule all that he discovered in the West Indies; describes the length of his journey; claims that all that he possesses has been stolen from him and begs for consequences; begs the crown to return him to Europe and allow him to perform various pilgrimages to Rome and other places in order to save his soul Significance: karma; greed; completely disregarded all the Native Americans of the lands that he claimed; now is in a bad position and is begging for help Lecture: 8/25 Contact/retelling the Columbus story

"A Model of Christian Charity" Author: John Winthrop

Context: covenant with God; wants to create the city upon a hill Significance: devotion to God; strength of religion; believe that God will provide them the means to successfully settle Lecture: 9/13 - Salem Witchcraft

"Hispaniola" (The Very Brief Relation of the Devastation of the Indies) Author: Bartolomé de las Casas

Context: first land in New World to be taken by Christians; brutal to the Indians; killing as many as they could Significance: not real Christians if they kill for the hell of it; shows their disregard and discrimination for life other than their own; power went to their heads; acted independently from Christian values Lecture: 8/25 Contact/retelling the Columbus story

"Chapter XI: The Remainder of Anno 1620" Of Plymouth Plantation Author: William Bradford

Context: group claiming Cape Cod in the name of God, Christianity, King James, England, France, and Ireland Significance: claiming of land Lecture: 9/13 Salem Witchcraft

"Description of Charles-Town" (Letters from an American Farmer) Author: J. Hector St. John De Crèvecoeur

Context: life in new world; seems nice at first glance, but other aspects are not so great Significance: shows how significant the gap is between blacks and whites; horrific treatment of slaves Lecture: 9/22 Regionalisms, Nationalism, & Identity

"What is an American?" (Letters from an American Farmer) Author: J. Hector St. John De Crèvecoeur

Context: outlines his visit to 18th century America and describes what is is like to be one Significance: emphasized how coming to America was like starting life anew Lecture: 9/22 Regionalisms, Nationalism, & Identify

"On Being Brought from Africa to America" Author: Phillis Wheatley

Context: poem; points out that black people have a chance in their world; black people not respected Significance: she is a published writer; inspirational figure to those of her kind and situation Lecture: 9/1 Forced Migration and The Middle Passage and Origins of Slavery

The General History of Virginia Author: John Smith

Context: settlers arrive to Virginia in winter ill prepared; John Smith tells the Natives about many lives lost; the way the earth works so they spared his life; saved by Pocahontas; accepted as Powhatan's son Significance: one of first accounts of collaboration/respect between settlers and Native Americans Lecture: 8/30 Colonizing Turtle Island

Chapter VII of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African Author: Olaudah Equiano

Context: slave who worked to buy his own freedom from his master for 40 pounds Significance: black man treated as property and literally had to buy himself to be free 9/1 Forced Migration and The Middle Passage and Origins of Slavery

"Query XIV. Laws" Notes on the State of Virginia Author: Thomas Jefferson

Context: start to educate black females at 18 years old and males at 21 so that their generation will be self sufficient; send them back to Africa afterwards and let them build and develop Significance: knows that they won't be treated right in America for a very long time; proposed solution to help them Lecture: 9/8 Chattel Slavery, Racism, and the Plantation Economy

A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson Author: Mary Rowlandson

Context: tells of Rowlandson's journey in Indian captivity for 3 months; adjusting to their lifestyle Significance: learned what it was like to be mistreated like the Native Americans; captivity narrative written by woman; very inspiring Lecture 9/20 English Colonization and Women's 'Indian' Captivity Narratives

CITY UPON A HILL

Puritans used this as a symbol to create a pure model of Christianity when colonizing; biblical allusion

EXCEPTIONALISM

The belief that America is different from, but not necessarily better than, other nations, based on its egalitarian ideals and unprecedented form of government (an increasingly democratic republic). This led to America's perceived "manifest destiny" to spread its values of democracy, Christianity, and (eventually) capitalism, around the world.

CULTURE

The distinctive achievements of a social group, for example, its customs, institutions, and creative arts. divided into two categories: popular (low brow) and elite (high brow). The essential difference between them is that while the interpretation and enjoyment of elite requires a measure of education, popular is relatively easy to understand and enjoy. (Think of the difference between a Mozart opera and the Game of Thrones TV series.) As a result, popular usually appeals to a larger and broader audience. In the modern era, both types are generally mass produced and mass consumed. 8/30: Colonizing Turtle Island Lecture: Shared Beliefs, Behaviors, Customs etc, Among a particular group

PERSON

a being with certain attributes or characteristics that are culturally or legally determined; these attributes or characteristics may vary over time and place

ASSIMILATION

a person or group being absorbed by another cultural group

KINSHIP

all life forms are part of one great family

SYMBOL

begins as an image. shared by a community whose members recognize and accept the meanings that encodes over time and through shared experiences. These cultural are called conventional. An example of a conventional visual image would be the American Flag or the Christian Cross. Other images are more personal; these are called "associational" and bundle idiosyncratic associations over time in the life story of a person or creative work of an artist, for example. An example of associational would be a particular sight or sound or taste or scent or touch that means something special to you

MONISM

belief that all life are one essence connected by bonds of kinship

PLACE IDENTITY

drawing of one's personal identity from living on a particular landscape

CONSTITUTIVE OTHER

indicates that each social group's identity is dependent on the other for definition and meaning

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM

knowing that new places mattered for the development of the world

ANIMISM

material universe is animated by supernatural powers and all objects in nature have a life force of soul

AGENCY

organization acts on behalf of individuals or a group to bring about a desired outcome, and the ability to act, especially to effect change, is an exercise of this power. When we study American civilization, we tend to think that some people or groups have this, while others do not. For instance, we assume (rightfully) that the nation's "founding fathers" had agency, but that women, slaves, and Native Americans (to name a few) had little or no power to bring about desired changes to their social status or cultural conditions, only to discover that they and others who were seemingly powerless made concerted efforts to exercise this power with rather surprising results. 8/30 Colonizing Turtle Island Lecture: The Capacity to act independently and make free choices

DEHUMANIZATION

people (slaves) become the equivalent to domesticated animals

OTHERING

process whereby a dominant social group identifies another group for exclusion, making this kind of person an outsider, subordinate and non-normative

AUM

sacred sound; preservation'liberation/destruction

KIVA

sacred underground chambers used for Pueblo rituals

PARADIGM SHIFT

significant change in the way people understand the world - sometimes even the very nature of reality and existence.