AMSCO Unit 7

Which of the following was a major long-term effect of the global economic depression of the 1930s?

A. Governments began to take a more active role in their economies.

Which of the following best supports the contention that the First World War was the first total war?

A. Governments mobilized large segments of their populations and economies and targeted their opponents' military and economic capabilities.

A historian researching the motives of the perpetrators of the Holocaust would find which of the following sources most useful?

A. Letters and publications written by Nazi leaders before the Second World War

Which of the following best describes the cause of the developments described in the passage?

A. Soviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control

"Dear Comrade Lenin! I cannot avoid pointing out an outrageous phenomenon that can still be observed all over our Soviet Russia. Even though it has been more than two years since power in Russia has been in the hands of the Soviets, in all major cities certain things can be observed that do not at all indicate the existence of a dictatorship of the proletariat. I want to point out the most insulting one. In our city, Kazan (and as I mentioned, this also happens in all major cities), there live many former factory owners and other members of the bourgeoisie. Even though their factories and businesses have been nationalized, if you enter their apartments you would see them still living as they did in the 'good old times.' These gentlemen do not seem to know that the Civil War is still raging and that power is in the hands of the workers. As in the past, they continue to reside in the most luxurious, spacious, and warm apartments, with luxurious furniture. In their kitchens, you would still see hired cooks with white caps and uniforms, and in their households you would still see a variety of servants. In the summer they still go out to their country houses to 'relax.' When I see this, I become almost ashamed of our proletarian revolution. Why has no attention been paid to this yet? Why are workers not being moved into the bourgeois apartments and the bourgeois into workers' cellars? Why is their furniture and other belongings not being confiscated and distributed to the workers? And anyway, why has this gang of bourgeois parasites not yet been destroyed? I am turning to you, Comrade Lenin, as our leader and the most loyal friend of the proletariat, and I am waiting so that this issue, which concerns me and many other honest communists, can be resolved by an appropriate decree." Letter to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin from a member of the Communist Party living in Kazan, Russia, November, 1920 Which of the following aspects of the immediate historical situation in which the letter was written best explains the author's demands toward the end of the second paragraph? A. The Soviet government used the pretext of the ongoing civil war to engage in repressive policies against entire sections of its population. B. Soviet leaders scrambled for influence as they sought to replace an ailing Vladimir Lenin. C. The implementation of the first Five Year Plan had resulted in widespread famine and high death rates in the Soviet countryside. D. Because of Russia's late industrialization, its working class was numerically small, limiting popular support for the Bolshevik seizure of power.

A. The Soviet government used the pretext of the ongoing civil war to engage in repressive policies against entire sections of its population.

Which of the following directly enabled the establishment of the government that produced the poster?

A. The collapse of the Russian Empire under the stress of the First World War

The photograph above of German East African troops best illustrates which of the following historical processes during the First World War?

A. The increasing inclusion of non-Europeans in European conflicts

"1. Every Hutu should know that a Tutsi woman, wherever she is, works for the interest of her ethnic Tutsi group. Consequently, we should consider a traitor every Hutu who marries a Tutsi woman, befriends a Tutsi woman, or employs a Tutsi woman as a secretary. 2. Every Hutu should know that our Hutu daughters are more suitable and dutiful in their roles as women, wives, and mothers of the family. . . . 4. Every Hutu should know that every Tutsi is dishonest in business. Their only aim is supremacy for their ethnic minority group. As a consequence, every Hutu is a traitor who makes a business partnership with a Tutsi, invests his money in a Tutsi enterprise, lends money to a Tutsi, or gives business favors to a Tutsi. 5. All strategic posts, political, administrative, economic, military, and those in the area of security, should be entrusted to the Hutu. 6. The majority of the education sector must be Hutu. 7. The Rwandan armed forces should be exclusively Hutu. No member of the military should marry a Tutsi. 8. The Hutu should stop having mercy on the Tutsi." Excerpt from the "Hutu Ten Commandments," a manifesto published in Kangura, a newspaper dedicated to the promotion of Hutu supremacy, Kigali, Rwanda, 1990 Which of the following best explains the similarity between Hutu views of the Tutsi in the "Hutu Ten Commandments" and the treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany? A. Both the Tutsi and Jews were accused of being in league with communists. B. Both the Tutsi and Jews were persecuted based on ethnic prejudice. C. Both the Tutsi and Jews were seen as responsible for defeats suffered during previous wars. D. Both the Tutsi and Jews were attacked as militant colonizers who had displaced native populations.

B. Both the Tutsi and Jews were persecuted based on ethnic prejudice.

Which of the following best explains the changes depicted in Map 2 ?

B. European imperialism and increasing ethnic nationalism

Taken together, the two sources best support which of the following conclusions regarding the situation in British India in 1940?

B. Indian opposition to British rule involved groups pursuing very different political goals.

Which of the following most directly led to the start of the First World War?

B. Nationalist competition among industrialized powers for resources

Based on the passage, it can be inferred that Mazower might also support which of the following assertions?

B. The Nazis' rigidly ideological approach to empire building prevented them from consolidating their control of continental Europe.

"1. Every Hutu should know that a Tutsi woman, wherever she is, works for the interest of her ethnic Tutsi group. Consequently, we should consider a traitor every Hutu who marries a Tutsi woman, befriends a Tutsi woman, or employs a Tutsi woman as a secretary. 2. Every Hutu should know that our Hutu daughters are more suitable and dutiful in their roles as women, wives, and mothers of the family. . . . 4. Every Hutu should know that every Tutsi is dishonest in business. Their only aim is supremacy for their ethnic minority group. As a consequence, every Hutu is a traitor who makes a business partnership with a Tutsi, invests his money in a Tutsi enterprise, lends money to a Tutsi, or gives business favors to a Tutsi. 5. All strategic posts, political, administrative, economic, military, and those in the area of security, should be entrusted to the Hutu. 6. The majority of the education sector must be Hutu. 7. The Rwandan armed forces should be exclusively Hutu. No member of the military should marry a Tutsi. 8. The Hutu should stop having mercy on the Tutsi." Excerpt from the "Hutu Ten Commandments," a manifesto published in Kangura, a newspaper dedicated to the promotion of Hutu supremacy, Kigali, Rwanda, 1990 All of the following statements about the Hutu and Tutsi ethnic groups in Rwanda are factually accurate. Which would best explain how the attitudes expressed in the "Hutu Ten Commandments" were a reaction to past developments in Rwandan history? A. Traditional Tutsi society was based on pastoralism and animal husbandry, while traditional Hutu society was based on agriculture. B. The Tutsi were heavily favored and promoted to positions of power under European colonial rule, while the Hutu were not. C. Historically, the Tutsi and Hutu ethnic groups spoke different dialects of the same language. D. Hutu and Tutsi were not the only ethnic groups in Rwanda but coexisted with a third ethnic group, the Twa.

B. The Tutsi were heavily favored and promoted to positions of power under European colonial rule, while the Hutu were not.

"Dear Comrade Lenin! I cannot avoid pointing out an outrageous phenomenon that can still be observed all over our Soviet Russia. Even though it has been more than two years since power in Russia has been in the hands of the Soviets, in all major cities certain things can be observed that do not at all indicate the existence of a dictatorship of the proletariat. I want to point out the most insulting one. In our city, Kazan (and as I mentioned, this also happens in all major cities), there live many former factory owners and other members of the bourgeoisie. Even though their factories and businesses have been nationalized, if you enter their apartments you would see them still living as they did in the 'good old times.' These gentlemen do not seem to know that the Civil War is still raging and that power is in the hands of the workers. As in the past, they continue to reside in the most luxurious, spacious, and warm apartments, with luxurious furniture. In their kitchens, you would still see hired cooks with white caps and uniforms, and in their households you would still see a variety of servants. In the summer they still go out to their country houses to 'relax.' When I see this, I become almost ashamed of our proletarian revolution. Why has no attention been paid to this yet? Why are workers not being moved into the bourgeois apartments and the bourgeois into workers' cellars? Why is their furniture and other belongings not being confiscated and distributed to the workers? And anyway, why has this gang of bourgeois parasites not yet been destroyed? I am turning to you, Comrade Lenin, as our leader and the most loyal friend of the proletariat, and I am waiting so that this issue, which concerns me and many other honest communists, can be resolved by an appropriate decree." Letter to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin from a member of the Communist Party living in Kazan, Russia, November, 1920 Considering the purpose of the letter, it most likely overstates which of the following? A. The period of time that has elapsed since power in Russia has been in the hands of the Soviets (first paragraph). B. The extent to which wealthy Russians continued to live exactly as they did before the revolution (second paragraph). C. The author's sense of indignation and shame at the perceived injustices of Soviet revolutionary society (second paragraph). D. The author's estimation of Lenin as "the most loyal friend of the proletariat" (third paragraph).

B. The extent to which wealthy Russians continued to live exactly as they did before the revolution (second paragraph).

As described by Keshavarz in the first paragraph, which of the following would best explain why European countries were implementing policies to increase the size of their populations?

B. They wanted to address the effects of the First World War and mobilize for future conflicts.

Which of the following best describes the likely intent of the poster?

B. To build support for centrally directed economic modernization programs in the Soviet Union

All of the following resulted from the French and Russian Revolutions EXCEPT

B. a socialist economic system

The Brazilian government's pride in listing the extensive workers' rights guaranteed under the 1937 constitution is significant because it shows that

B. governments across the political spectrum were influenced by socialist economic and social policies

"The German people once built up a colonial empire without robbing anyone and without violating any treaty. That colonial empire was taken away from us unreasonably. First, it was said that the natives in those colonies did not want to belong to Germany. But, who asked them if they wished to belong to some other power and when were these natives ever asked if they had been content with the power that formerly ruled them? Second, it is stated that the colonies were not administered properly by the Germans, but Germany had these colonies only for a few decades and they were in a process of development. Third, it is said that the colonies are of no real value. But, if that is the case, then they can be of no value to any other state. Moreover, Germany has never demanded colonies for military purposes, but exclusively for economic purposes. It is obvious that in times of general prosperity the value of certain territories may decrease, but it is just as evident that in times of distress such value increases. Today, Germany lives in a time of difficult struggle for foodstuffs and raw materials. Sufficient imports are conceivable only if there is a continued and lasting increase in our exports. Therefore, as a matter of course, our demand for colonies for our densely populated country will be put forward again and again." Adolf Hitler, German chancellor, speech delivered in the German parliament, 1937 In the context of the late 1930s, the arguments that Hitler makes in the last paragraph are most significant in explaining how A. the Great Depression gave fascist states an excuse to take over all aspects of economic production B. imperialist aspirations contributed to motivating the policies of fascist states C. the protectionist policies of Western European states contributed to economic collapse in fascist states D. fascist regimes in Europe used settler colonies to provide soldiers for their armies

B. imperialist aspirations contributed to motivating the policies of fascist states

The differences in the passages above are most likely a result of which of the following?

C. Demilitarization imposed by the United States after the Second World War

"1. Every Hutu should know that a Tutsi woman, wherever she is, works for the interest of her ethnic Tutsi group. Consequently, we should consider a traitor every Hutu who marries a Tutsi woman, befriends a Tutsi woman, or employs a Tutsi woman as a secretary. 2. Every Hutu should know that our Hutu daughters are more suitable and dutiful in their roles as women, wives, and mothers of the family. . . . 4. Every Hutu should know that every Tutsi is dishonest in business. Their only aim is supremacy for their ethnic minority group. As a consequence, every Hutu is a traitor who makes a business partnership with a Tutsi, invests his money in a Tutsi enterprise, lends money to a Tutsi, or gives business favors to a Tutsi. 5. All strategic posts, political, administrative, economic, military, and those in the area of security, should be entrusted to the Hutu. 6. The majority of the education sector must be Hutu. 7. The Rwandan armed forces should be exclusively Hutu. No member of the military should marry a Tutsi. 8. The Hutu should stop having mercy on the Tutsi." Excerpt from the "Hutu Ten Commandments," a manifesto published in Kangura, a newspaper dedicated to the promotion of Hutu supremacy, Kigali, Rwanda, 1990 The "Hutu Ten Commandments" is best explained as being part of which of the following continuities in twentieth-century history? A. Authoritarian communist regimes attempting to control the daily lives of their populations B. Liberal governments attempting to manage the interests of competing ethnic groups C. Extremist groups using propaganda to target specific minority populations D. New ideologies emerging and presenting challenges to the economic order

C. Extremist groups using propaganda to target specific minority populations

The opinion expressed in the passage above is most consistent with which of the following?

C. Redistributing one-third of the land controlled by large landholders to landless peasants

The situation shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of twentieth-century warfare?

C. States made full use of their populations and material resources to fight total wars.

Which of the following was the most important factor behind Europeans' readiness to embrace authoritarian political systems in the 1930s?

C. The economic crisis caused by the Great Depression

Which of the following best explains the historical significance of views such as those expressed in the passage?

C. They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, many political leaders saw it as their duty to take an active role in guiding economic life.

"Dear Comrade Lenin! I cannot avoid pointing out an outrageous phenomenon that can still be observed all over our Soviet Russia. Even though it has been more than two years since power in Russia has been in the hands of the Soviets, in all major cities certain things can be observed that do not at all indicate the existence of a dictatorship of the proletariat. I want to point out the most insulting one. In our city, Kazan (and as I mentioned, this also happens in all major cities), there live many former factory owners and other members of the bourgeoisie. Even though their factories and businesses have been nationalized, if you enter their apartments you would see them still living as they did in the 'good old times.' These gentlemen do not seem to know that the Civil War is still raging and that power is in the hands of the workers. As in the past, they continue to reside in the most luxurious, spacious, and warm apartments, with luxurious furniture. In their kitchens, you would still see hired cooks with white caps and uniforms, and in their households you would still see a variety of servants. In the summer they still go out to their country houses to 'relax.' When I see this, I become almost ashamed of our proletarian revolution. Why has no attention been paid to this yet? Why are workers not being moved into the bourgeois apartments and the bourgeois into workers' cellars? Why is their furniture and other belongings not being confiscated and distributed to the workers? And anyway, why has this gang of bourgeois parasites not yet been destroyed? I am turning to you, Comrade Lenin, as our leader and the most loyal friend of the proletariat, and I am waiting so that this issue, which concerns me and many other honest communists, can be resolved by an appropriate decree." Letter to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin from a member of the Communist Party living in Kazan, Russia, November, 1920 The letter's significance as a source of information on popular attitudes to Bolshevik revolutionary policies lies in the fact that it suggests that some Soviet citizens A. condemned the revolution for leaving the means of production in the hands of the bourgeoisie B. felt that the Bolsheviks had gone too far in curtailing the property rights of wealthy Soviet citizens C. supported the Bolsheviks in their nationalization of industrial property but urged them to seize the upper classes' private property as well D. were grateful to the Bolshevik revolutionary government for providing them with improved living conditions in newly built public housing

C. supported the Bolsheviks in their nationalization of industrial property but urged them to seize the upper classes' private property as well

Which of the following best describes the 1936 lithograph (entitled The Hero) by German artist George Grosz?

D. A post-First World War print expressing antiwar sentiment

Which of the following best describes a similarity between the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 ?

D. Both were able to gain support because of the ineffectiveness and corruption of the existing monarchies.

The global economic downturn of the 1930s had which of the following effects on nations in Europe and North America?

D. Governments took a more active role in directing and regulating their economies to stimulate growth.

Which of the following factors contributed most significantly to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century?

D. Independence movements inspired by ethnic nationalism

Which of the following contributed significantly to the decline of both the Qing and the Ottoman Empires?

D. Internal conflict with ethnic and religious minorities

In the excerpt above, Mustafa Kemal is most clearly supporting which of the following?

D. Nationalism

In Poem 2, the reference to Indian victories on battlefields is best understood in the context of which of the following?

D. The mobilization of Indian troops to fight in Great Britain's wars

"The German people once built up a colonial empire without robbing anyone and without violating any treaty. That colonial empire was taken away from us unreasonably. First, it was said that the natives in those colonies did not want to belong to Germany. But, who asked them if they wished to belong to some other power and when were these natives ever asked if they had been content with the power that formerly ruled them? Second, it is stated that the colonies were not administered properly by the Germans, but Germany had these colonies only for a few decades and they were in a process of development. Third, it is said that the colonies are of no real value. But, if that is the case, then they can be of no value to any other state. Moreover, Germany has never demanded colonies for military purposes, but exclusively for economic purposes. It is obvious that in times of general prosperity the value of certain territories may decrease, but it is just as evident that in times of distress such value increases. Today, Germany lives in a time of difficult struggle for foodstuffs and raw materials. Sufficient imports are conceivable only if there is a continued and lasting increase in our exports. Therefore, as a matter of course, our demand for colonies for our densely populated country will be put forward again and again." Adolf Hitler, German chancellor, speech delivered in the German parliament, 1937 The point of view that Hitler expresses in the first three paragraphs is most directly significant in helping to explain how which of the following contributed to starting the Second World War? A. Nationalist movements in European colonies opposing imperialism B. Ideological rivalry between fascist and communist states C. The use of mass media such as radio to spread propaganda D. The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles that ended the First World War

D. The provisions of the Treaty of Versailles that ended the First World War

"The German people once built up a colonial empire without robbing anyone and without violating any treaty. That colonial empire was taken away from us unreasonably. First, it was said that the natives in those colonies did not want to belong to Germany. But, who asked them if they wished to belong to some other power and when were these natives ever asked if they had been content with the power that formerly ruled them? Second, it is stated that the colonies were not administered properly by the Germans, but Germany had these colonies only for a few decades and they were in a process of development. Third, it is said that the colonies are of no real value. But, if that is the case, then they can be of no value to any other state. Moreover, Germany has never demanded colonies for military purposes, but exclusively for economic purposes. It is obvious that in times of general prosperity the value of certain territories may decrease, but it is just as evident that in times of distress such value increases. Today, Germany lives in a time of difficult struggle for foodstuffs and raw materials. Sufficient imports are conceivable only if there is a continued and lasting increase in our exports. Therefore, as a matter of course, our demand for colonies for our densely populated country will be put forward again and again." Adolf Hitler, German chancellor, speech delivered in the German parliament, 1937 Based on the historical situation in which the speech was given, Hitler's most significant motivation for giving the speech was likely to continue to A. make his case to the German people that Jews and other minority populations were a threat to Germany B. eliminate potential opposition to Nazi rule by labeling political opponents as traitors to the German nation C. overstate the extent to which Nazi economic policies had helped Germany overcome the unjust actions of its Western European rivals and prosper again D. reinforce the idea to the German people that past injustices required Germany to continue its military buildup and engage in future territorial expansion

D. reinforce the idea to the German people that past injustices required Germany to continue its military buildup and engage in future territorial expansion

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the Chinese and the Mexican revolutions during the twentieth century?

E. Both generated land-redistribution policies.

Which of the following countries experienced the greatest number of war-related deaths during the Second World War?

E. The Soviet Union