Anat Ch. 3 Part 1
Function(s) of Cell Part: Mitochondria
ATP synthesis; a cell's "power plants" or "battery chargers"
Structure of Cell Part: Centrosome
Area near nucleus without a visible boundary; contains centrioles
Function(s) of Cell Part: Centrioles
Help organize and move chromosomes during cell reproduction
Function(s) of Cell Part: Microvilli
Increase surface area of plasma membrane for efficiency of absorption
The plasma membrane is a precise, orderly structure (Figure 3-2). Two layers of phosphate-containing lipid molecules calledphospholipids form a fluid framework for the plasma membrane. Another kind of lipid molecule called cholesterol is also a component of the plasma membrane. Cholesterol helps
stabilize the phospholipid molecules to prevent breakage of the plasma membrane.
Some elements of the cytoskeleton can be seen in Figure 3-1 as small threadlike structures scattered around in the cytoplasm. The thin threadlike filaments in this framework are microfilaments, which, as mentioned earlier, are also found inside microvilli. Thicker, hollow tubes called microtubules are also important components of the cytoskeleton and are involved in cell movement and division. Like the body's framework of bones and muscles, the cytoskeleton provides (2)
support and movement.
Each cell in the body is surrounded by a thin membrane, the plasma membrane. This membrane separates the cell contents from
the dilute saltwater solution called interstitial fluid (IF), or simply tissue fluid,which bathes every cell in the body.
Structure of Cell Part: Lysosome
"Bubble" of hydrolysis enzymes encased by membrane.
Cytoplasm is the internal living material of cells. It fills the space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, which can be seen inFigure 3-1 as a round or spherical structure in the center of the cell. Numerous small structures are part of the cytoplasm, along with the fluid that serves as the interior environment of each cell. The cytoplasm contains small threadlike structures that interconnect to form a (describe)
"cell skeleton"—or cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton organizes and supports a group of small structures collectively called organelles.This name means "little organs," which is an appropriate name because they function for the cell just as organs function for the body.
Cells contain cytoplasm—the living substance that exists only in cells. The word part cyto denotes a relationship to a cell. The word part plasm means
"substance." Thus, the term cytoplasm refers to the substance of the cell.
The three main parts of a cell are: (3) (describe)
1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus. The plasma membrane surrounds the entire cell, forming its outer boundary. The cytoplasm is all the living material inside the cell (except the nucleus). The nucleus is a large, membrane-bound structure in most cells and contains most of the cell's genetic code.
As the name suggests, the plasma membrane is the membrane that encloses the cytoplasm and forms the outer boundary of the cell. It is an incredibly delicate structure—only about (size)__ thick!
7 nm (nanometers)
Function(s) of Cell Part: Lysosome
A cell's "digestive bag," it breaks apart large molecules.
Cell part with function(s): (Help organize and move chromosomes during cell reproduction)
Centrioles
Cell part with structure: (Pair of hollow cylinders at right angles to each other, each made up of tiny tubules within the centrosome)
Centrioles
Cell part with structure: (Area near nucleus without a visible boundary; contains centrioles)
Centrosome
Function(s) of Cell Part: Golgi apparatus
Chemically processes, then packages substances from the ER
The plasma membrane is a precise, orderly structure (Figure 3-2). Two layers of phosphate-containing lipid molecules calledphospholipids form a fluid framework for the plasma membrane. Another kind of lipid molecule called __ is also a component of the plasma membrane. __ helps stabilize the phospholipid molecules to prevent breakage of the plasma membrane.
Cholesterol
Cell part with function(s): (Sensory "antennae" to detect conditions outside the cell; some __ also move substances over surface of the cell)
Cilia
Cell part with structure: (Hairlike cell surface extensions supported by an internal cylinder made of microtubules (longer than microvilli) Sensory "antennae" to detect conditions outside the cell; some __ also move substances over surface of the cell)
Cilia
Function(s) of Cell Part: Nucleus
Contains DNA, which dictates protein synthesis, thereby playing an essential role in other cell activities such as transport, metabolism, growth, and heredity
Cell part with function(s): (Organizes microtubules of the cytoskeleton)
Controsome
Structure of Cell Part: Nucleus
Double-membraned, spherical envelope containing DNA strands
Structure of Cell Part: Nucleolus
Dense region of the nucleus
Structure of Cell Part: Cilia
Hairlike cell surface extensions supported by an internal cylinder made of microtubules (longer than microvilli)
Cell part with function(s): (Rough __ receives and transports synthesized proteins (from ribosomes); smooth __ synthesizes lipids and certain carbohydrates)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell part with structure: (Membranous network of interconnected canals and sacs, some with ribosomes attached and some without attachments)
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell part with function(s): (The only example in humans is the "tail" of a sperm cell, propelling the sperm through fluids)
Flagellum
Cell part with structure: (Long whiplike projection on the sperm; similar to a cilium but much longer)
Flagellum
Cell part with function(s): (Chemically processes, then packages substances from the ER)
Golgi apparatus
Cell part with structure: (Stack of flattened, membranous sacs)
Golgi apparatus
Structure of Cell Part: Flagellum
Long whiplike projection on the sperm; similar to a cilium but much longer
Cell part with function(s): (A cell's "digestive bag," it breaks apart large molecules)
Lysosome
Cell part with structure: ("Bubble" of hydrolysis enzymes encased by membrane)
Lysosome
Function(s) of Cell Part: Nucleolus
Makes subunits that form ribosomes
Structure of Cell Part: Mitochondria
Membranous capsules containing a large, folded internal membrane encrusted with enzymes
Structure of Cell Part: Endoplasmic reticulum
Membranous network of interconnected canals and sacs, some with ribosomes attached (rough ER) and some without attachments (smooth ER)
Cell part with function(s): (Increase surface area of plasma membrane for efficiency of absorption)
Microvilli
Cell part with structure: (Tiny cell surface extensions supported internally by microfilaments)
Microvilli
Cell part with function(s): (ATP synthesis; a cell's "power plants" or "battery chargers")
Mitochondria
Cell part with structure: (Membranous capsules containing a large, folded internal membrane encrusted with enzymes)
Mitochondria
Cell part with function(s): (Makes subunits that form ribosomes)
Nucleolus
Cell part with structure: (Dense region of the nucleus)
Nucleolus
Cell part with function(s): (Contains DNA, which dictates protein synthesis, thereby playing an essential role in other cell activities such as transport, metabolism, growth, and heredity)
Nucleus
Cell part with structure: (Double-membraned, spherical envelope containing DNA strands)
Nucleus
Function(s) of Cell Part: Centrosome
Organizes microtubules of the cytoskeleton
Structure of Cell Part: Centrioles
Pair of hollow cylinders at right angles to each other, each made up of tiny tubules within the centrosome
Structure of Cell Part: Plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins
Cell part with function(s): (Serves as the boundary of the cell; protein and carbohydrate molecules on the outer surface of __ perform various functions; for example, they serve as markers that identify cells of each individual, as receptor molecules for certain hormones, or transporters to move substances through the __)
Plasma membrane
Cell part with structure: (Phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins)
Plasma membrane
Cell part with function(s): (Synthesize proteins; a cell's "protein factories")
Ribosomes
Cell part with structure: (Tiny particles, each made up of rRNA subunits)
Ribosomes
Function(s) of Cell Part: Endoplasmic reticulum (functions of rough ER and smooth ER)
Rough ER receives and transports synthesized proteins (from ribosomes); smooth ER synthesizes lipids and certain carbohydrates
Function(s) of Cell Part: Cilia (2)
Sensory "antennae" to detect conditions outside the cell; some cilia also move substances over surface of the cell
Function(s) of Cell Part: Plasma membrane
Serves as the boundary of the cell; protein and carbohydrate molecules on the outer surface of plasma membrane perform various functions; for example, they serve as markers that identify cells of each individual, as receptor molecules for certain hormones, or transporters to move substances through the membrane
Membrane function: Despite its seeming fragility, the plasma membrane is strong enough to keep the cell whole and intact. It also performs other life-preserving functions for the cell. It serves as a well-guarded gateway between the fluid inside the cell and the fluid around it. Certain substances move through it, by way of transporter channels and carriers, but it bars the passage of other substances. The plasma membrane even functions as a communication device. In what way, you may wonder? (describe)
Some of the proteins on the membrane's outer surface serve as receptors for certain other molecules when these other molecules contact the proteins. In other words, certain molecules bind to certain receptor proteins. For example, some hormones (chemicals secreted into blood from ductless glands) bind to membrane receptors, and a change in cell functions follows. We might therefore think of such hormones as chemical messages, communicated to cells by binding to their cytoplasmic membrane receptors.
Structure of Cell Part: Golgi apparatus
Stack of flattened, membranous sacs
Function(s) of Cell Part: Ribosomes
Synthesize proteins; a cell's "protein factories"
Function(s) of Cell Part: Flagellum
The only example in humans is the "tail" of a sperm cell, propelling the sperm through fluids
Structure of Cell Part: Microvilli
Tiny cell surface extensions supported internally by microfilaments
Structure of Cell Part: Ribosomes
Tiny particles, each made up of rRNA subunits
Membrane function: Membrane function: The plasma membrane also identifies a cell as being part of a single individual. Some of its surface proteins serve as positive identification tags because they occur only in the cells of that individual. A practical application of this fact is made in tissue typing, a procedure performed before an organ from one individual is transplanted into another. Carbohydrate chains attached to the surface of cells often play a role in the identification of cell types. Another function of membrane proteins is
as transporters that move various substances across the membrane.
Some elements of the cytoskeleton can be seen in Figure 3-1 as small threadlike structures scattered around in the cytoplasm. The thin threadlike filaments in this framework are microfilaments, which, as mentioned earlier, are also found inside microvilli. Thicker, hollow tubes called microtubules are also important components of the cytoskeleton and are involved in (2)
cell movement and division.
Structure of Cell Part: Centrosome: Area near nucleus without a visible boundary; contains
centrioles
Membrane function: Despite its seeming fragility, the plasma membrane is strong enough to keep the cell whole and intact. It also performs other life-preserving functions for the cell. It serves as a well-guarded gateway between the fluid inside the cell and the fluid around it. Certain substances move through it, by way of transporter channels and carriers, but it bars the passage of other substances. The plasma membrane even functions as a communication device. In what way, you may wonder? Some of the proteins on the membrane's outer surface serve as receptors for certain other molecules when these other molecules contact the proteins. In other words, certain molecules bind to certain receptor proteins. For example, some hormones (chemicals secreted into blood from ductless glands) bind to membrane receptors, and a change in cell functions follows. We might therefore think of such hormones as __, communicated to cells by binding to their __
chemical messages; cytoplasmic membrane receptors.
Structure of Cell Part: Flagellum: Long whiplike projection on the sperm; similar to a __ but much longer
cilium
Cells contain __—the living substance that exists only in cells.
cytoplasm
Structure of Cell Part: Mitochondria: Membranous capsules containing a large, folded internal membrane encrusted with
enzymes
Some elements of the cytoskeleton can be seen in Figure 3-1 as small threadlike structures scattered around in the cytoplasm. The thin threadlike filaments in this framework are microfilaments, which, as mentioned earlier, are also found inside microvilli. Thicker, hollow tubes called microtubules are also important components of the cytoskeleton and are involved in cell movement and division. Like the body's framework of bones and muscles, the cytoskeleton provides support and movement. The various organelles are not just floating around randomly. They are instead being
held (or moved) by the fibers and molecular motors of the cytoskeleton. When a cell moves, or when organelles within a cell move, it is actually the parts of the cytoskeleton that are pulling or pushing membranes and organelles.
Membrane function: Despite its seeming fragility, the plasma membrane is strong enough to keep the cell whole and intact. It also performs other life-preserving functions for the cell. It serves as a well-guarded gateway between the fluid inside the cell and the fluid around it. Certain substances move through it, by way of transporter channels and carriers, but it bars the passage of other substances. The plasma membrane even functions as a communication device. In what way, you may wonder? Some of the proteins on the membrane's outer surface serve as receptors for certain other molecules when these other molecules contact the proteins. In other words, certain molecules bind to certain receptor proteins. For example, some
hormones (chemicals secreted into blood from ductless glands) bind to membrane receptors, and a change in cell functions follows. We might therefore think of such hormones as chemical messages, communicated to cells by binding to their cytoplasmic membrane receptors.
IF stands for
interstitial fluid
Each cell in the body is surrounded by a thin membrane, the plasma membrane. This membrane separates the cell contents from the dilute saltwater solution called __, or simply __ ,which bathes every cell in the body.
interstitial fluid (IF); tissue fluid
Membrane function: Despite its seeming fragility, the plasma membrane is strong enough to
keep the cell whole and intact. It also performs other life-preserving functions for the cell.
Differences in the size and shape of cells are related to their function. Active cells are usually
larger than inactive cells, while cells which line surfaces that are actively involved in the movement of materials tend to be thin and flat.
Cells contain cytoplasm—the
living substance that exists only in cells. The word part cyto denotes a relationship to a cell. The word partplasm means "substance." Thus, the term cytoplasm refers to the substance of the cell.
Function(s) of Cell Part: Plasma membrane: Serves as the boundary of the cell; protein and carbohydrate molecules on the outer surface of plasma membrane perform various functions; for example, they serve as (3) (or)
markers that identify cells of each individual, as receptor molecules for certain hormones, or transporters to move substances through the membrane
Structure of Cell Part: Microvilli: Tiny cell surface extensions supported internally by
microfilaments
Some elements of the cytoskeleton can be seen in Figure 3-1 as small threadlike structures scattered around in the cytoplasm. The thin threadlike filaments in this framework are __, which, as mentioned earlier, are also found inside microvilli. Thicker, hollow tubes called __ are also important components of the cytoskeleton and are involved in cell movement and division.
microfilaments; microtubules
Structure of Cell Part: Cilia: Hairlike cell surface extensions supported by an internal cylinder made of
microtubules (longer than microvilli)
Structure of Cell Part: Cilia: Hairlike cell surface extensions supported by an internal cylinder made of microtubules (longer than __)
microvilli
Some elements of the cytoskeleton can be seen in Figure 3-1 as small threadlike structures scattered around in the cytoplasm. The thin threadlike filaments in this framework are microfilaments, which, as mentioned earlier, are also found inside
microvilli.
Some elements of the cytoskeleton can be seen in Figure 3-1 as small threadlike structures scattered around in the cytoplasm. The thin threadlike filaments in this framework are microfilaments, which, as mentioned earlier, are also found inside microvilli. Thicker, hollow tubes called microtubules are also important components of the cytoskeleton and are involved in cell movement and division. Like the body's framework of bones and muscles, the cytoskeleton provides support and movement. The various organelles are not just floating around randomly. They are instead being held (or moved) by the fibers and __ of the cytoskeleton. When a cell moves, or when organelles within a cell move, it is actually the parts of the cytoskeleton that are pulling or pushing membranes and organelles.
molecular motors
Each cell in the body is surrounded by a thin membrane, the plasma membrane. This membrane separates the cell contents from the dilute saltwater solution called interstitial fluid (IF), or simply tissue fluid,which bathes every cell in the body. Numerous specialized structures called __ (described in subsequent sections of this chapter) are contained within the cytoplasm of each cell.
organelles
The plasma membrane is a precise, orderly structure (Figure 3-2). Two layers of __ form a fluid framework for the plasma membrane.
phosphate-containing lipid molecules called phospholipids
Each cell in the body is surrounded by a thin membrane, the
plasma membrane.
Membrane function: The plasma membrane also identifies a cell as being part of a single individual. Some of its surface proteins serve as positive identification tags because they occur only in the cells of that individual. A practical application of this fact is made in tissue typing, a
procedure performed before an organ from one individual is transplanted into another.
The plasma membrane is a precise, orderly structure (Figure 3-2). Two layers of phosphate-containing lipid molecules calledphospholipids form a fluid framework for the plasma membrane. Another kind of lipid molecule called cholesterol is also a component of the plasma membrane. Cholesterol helps stabilize the phospholipid molecules to prevent breakage of the plasma membrane. Note in Figure 3-2 that __ dot the surfaces of the membrane and many extend all the way through the phospholipid framework.
protein molecules
Function(s) of Cell Part: Plasma membrane: Serves as the boundary of the cell; __ and __ molecules on the outer surface of plasma membrane perform various functions; for example, they serve as markers that identify cells of each individual, as receptor molecules for certain hormones, or transporters to move substances through the membrane
protein; carbohydrate
Function(s) of Cell Part: Endoplasmic reticulum (functions of rough ER and smooth ER): Rough ER receives and transports synthesized proteins (from __);
ribosomes
Structure of Cell Part: Endoplasmic reticulum: Membranous network of interconnected canals and sacs, some with
ribosomes attached (rough ER) and some without attachments (smooth ER)
Membrane function: The plasma membrane also identifies a cell as being part of a (describe)
single individual. Some of its surface proteins serve as positive identification tags because they occur only in the cells of that individual. A practical application of this fact is made in tissue typing, a procedure performed before an organ from one individual is transplanted into another. Carbohydrate chains attached to the surface of cells often play a role in the identification of cell types.
Membrane function: The plasma membrane also identifies a cell as being part of a single individual. Some of its surface proteins serve as positive identification tags because they occur only in the cells of that individual. A practical application of this fact is made in tissue typing, a procedure performed before an organ from one individual is transplanted into another. Carbohydrate chains attached to the surface of cells often play a role in
the identification of cell types.
Cytoplasm is
the internal living material of cells. It fills the space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, which can be seen inFigure 3-1 as a round or spherical structure in the center of the cell. Numerous small structures are part of the cytoplasm, along with the fluid that serves as the interior environment of each cell.
As the name suggests, the plasma membrane is
the membrane that encloses the cytoplasm and forms the outer boundary of the cell. It is an incredibly delicate structure—only about 7 nm (nanometers) or 3/10,000,000 of an inch thick!
Cytoplasm is the internal living material of cells. It fills the space between
the plasma membrane and the nucleus,
Differences in the size and shape of cells are related to their function. Active cells are usually larger than inactive cells, while cells which line surfaces that are actively involved in the movement of materials tend to be
thin and flat.
Function(s) of Cell Part: Nucleus: Contains DNA, which dictates protein synthesis, thereby playing an essential role in other cell activities such as (4)
transport, metabolism, growth, and heredity
Membrane function: Despite its seeming fragility, the plasma membrane is strong enough to keep the cell whole and intact. It also performs other life-preserving functions for the cell. It serves as a well-guarded gateway between the fluid inside the cell and the fluid around it. Certain substances move through it, by way of __ and __, but it bars the passage of other substances.
transporter channels; carriers
Structure of Cell Part: Centrioles: Pair of hollow cylinders at right angles to each other, each made up of tiny
tubules within the centrosome
Membrane function: Despite its seeming fragility, the plasma membrane is strong enough to keep the cell whole and intact. It also performs other life-preserving functions for the cell. It serves as a
well-guarded gateway between the fluid inside the cell and the fluid around it. Certain substances move through it, by way of transporter channels and carriers, but it bars the passage of other substances.
