Anatom - Ch 12

Nonspecific body defense

1) Intact skin 2) The inflammatory response 3) fever 4) natural killer cells

Aids lymph return

1) milking action of skeletal muscles 2) Pressure changes within the thorax 3) Smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels 4) Presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels

The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called

Peyer's patches

The ________ duct drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax

Right lymphatic

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of

T cells

T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered

immunocompetent

A(n) is a substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response

antigen

The major role of __________ cells is to engulf antigens and present pieces of them to the cells that will deal with those fragments

antigen-presenting

What specific type of acquired immunity to vaccines provide

artificially acquired active immunity

Crosses placenta and provides passive immunity to fetus

IgG

Main antibody of primary and secondary responses

IgG

First immunoglobulin class released to plasma by plasma cels during primate response

IgM

Potent agglutinating agent

IgM

The five major immunoglobulin classes are

IgM, IgA IdD, IdG, IdE

Antibodies constitute an important part of blood proteins and are also referred to as

immunoglobulins

Traps microorganisms in respiratory and digestive tracts

mucus

Filters and traps microorganisms with inhaled air

nasal haris

the specific type of acquired immunity that a fetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called

naturally acquired passive immunity

The binding of antibodies to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or viruses is called

neutralization

One effect of complement fixation that causes the cell membranes of foreign cells to become sticky so that they are easier to phagocytize is called

opsonization

Cells studded with protein molecules found on our own cells that do not trigger an immune response within us (but may within others) are called

self-antigens (auto antigens)

The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease- causing microorganisms is

skin and mucous membranes

Compared to the nonspecific chemicals that cover body surfaces and mucous membranes, the specific body defense system is

slower

Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity

spleen

The role of the ________ in the lymphatic system is to remove worn-out blood cells and return some of the products to the liver

spleen

Which of these lymphoid organs is found along the left side of the abdominal cavity

spleen

filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris

spleen

Lymph fluid and some plasma proteins originate (escape) from the

blood plasma

B cells develop immunocompetence in the

bone marrow

The inflammatory process begins with the release of chemicals which do all of the following except: a) dilate blood vessels b) attract phagocytes to the area c) stimulate release of lysozyme d) cause capillaries to become leaky e) activate pain receptors

c) stimulate release of lysozyme

Migration of phagocytes and WBCs to an inflamed area along a chemical gradient is called

chemotaxis

NOT a method by which antibodies inactivate antigens

chemotaxis

The process by which WBCs and phagocytes migrate to an area experiencing acute inflammation is called

chemotaxis

Propels debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages

cilia

When an antigen binds to B cell surface receptors, it becomes sensitized (activated) and undergoes

clonal selection

Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called

cytotoxic T cells

The process by which neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls is called

diapedesis

Excess accumulations of fluid, which impair the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called

edema

Lymph exists the lymph node via the _________ vessels

efferent lymphatic

T/F Natural killers are unique phagocytic defense cells that can kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells well before the immune system is activated

false

T/F The antibody a mother passes to her fetus is IgM

false

T/F The thymus gland, found around the trachea, programs certain lymphocytes

false

T/F allergies are normal immune responses

false

T/F an antibody is a substance capable of provoking an immune response

false

Contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digested enzymes that destroy pathogens within the stomach

gastric juice

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called

helper T cells

The body's temperature-regulating "thermostat" that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the

hypothalamus

Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be

immunocompetent

The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called

Complement fixation

The term that does not belong... Edema Blockage of lymphatics Elephantiasis Inflammation Abundant supply of lymphatics

Abundant supply of lymphatics

Methods the body uses to help return lymph to the heart

Aided by 1. The milking action of the skeletal muscles 2. Pressure changes in the thorax during breathing 3. Smooth muscles in the walls of the larger lymphatics contract rhythmically

Lymph from the left arm would return to the heart through the

thoracic duct

The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the

thymus

Located overlying the heart

thymus gland

Located in the pharynx (throat)

tonsils

Trap and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat

tonsils

MALT includes

tonsils and Peyer's patches

Lymph flows

toward the heart only

The fibrous capsule of lymph nodes contains strands called ________ that divide the node into compartments

trabeculae

T/F Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts contained within red bone marrow

true

T/F Lymph in the right arm is returned to the heart via the right lymphatic duct

true

T/F Macrophages arise from monocytes formed within the bone marrow

true

T/F The daughter cells of B cells, called plasma cells, release antibodies.

true

T/F The flaplike mini valves of the lymph capillaries act like one-way swinging doors that allow lymph fluid to enter the lymph capillaries but not exit

true

T/F The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation

true

T/F The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination

true

T/F allografts are tissue grafts taken from an unrelated person

true

T/F chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens

true

T/F fever is a systemic response triggered by pyrogens

true

T/F memory cells are descendants of an activated B or T cell

true

Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive

vaccines

Cardiovascular is to veins and lymphatic is to

valves

The term that does not belong... Blood capillary Remarkably permeable Blind-ended Permeable to proteins

Blood capillary

T/F The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils

False

Troublesome small moles or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective are called

Haptens

Specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the placental barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is

IdG

Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens

IgA

Mainly found in mucus secretions such as tears and saliva

IgA

Believed to be cell surface receptor of immunocompetent B cell

IgD

Triggers the release of histamine

IgE

With immediate hypersensitivity, the antibody class that binds to mast cells and basophils that trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals is

IgE

Pathway of lymph

Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up the lymphatic vessels until it's finally returned to the venous system through either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.

Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by

Lymph nodes

The third line of defense involved the adaptive response mediated by

Lymphocytes

Peter's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection are referred to as...

MALT - or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide

Passive immunity

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body are called

Pathogens

Located in the wall of the small intestines

Peyer's patches

The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat

Tonsils

Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract

acid mantle

When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them, we exhibit

active immunity

Redness, heat, swelling and pain are the four most common indicators of

acute inflammation

The clumping of foreign cells, a type of antigen-antibody reaction, is called

agglutination

Antigens that produce abnormally vigorous immune responses whereby the immune system causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless as called

allergens (hypersensitivities)

The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist is determined by

individual genetic makeup

Tissues invaded by viruses, which attempt to replicate themselves by taking over cellular machinery, secret small proteins called _____ to protect nearby cells and hinder further multiplication of the viruses

interferon

Small proteins known as _____ are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected

interferons

Provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes

keratin

Contains lysozyme

lacrimal secretions

The fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called

lymph